-
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF
CONTRACTS
合同法第二次重述
Chapter 1
MEANING OF TERMS
第一章
合同条款的含义
§1. CONTRACT DEFINED
A
contract is a promise or a set of promises for the
breach of which the law
gives a remedy,
or the performance of which the law in some way
recognizes
as a duty.
§1.
合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果
其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。
§2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE.
(1) A promise is a manifestation of
intention to act or refrain from acting in a
specified
way,
so
made
as
to
justify
a
promisee
in
understanding
that
a
commitment has been made.
(2) The person manifesting the
intention is the promisor
.
(3) The person to whom the
manifestation is addressed is the promisee....
(4) Where performance will benefits a
person other than the promisee, that
person is beneficiary.
§2.
允诺；允诺人；受允诺人
（
1
）允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示，这种意思
表示
使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。
< br>（
2
）作出该意思表示的人是允诺人
（
3
）该意
思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。
（
4
）如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利，则该人为
受益人。
§3.
AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED
An
agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on
the part of two or more
persons. A
bargain is an
agreement to
exchange promises or
to
exchange a
promise for a
performance or to exchange performances.
§3.
协议的定义；交易磋商约定的定义
一
个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致
的意思表示。
一个交易磋商
约定是为允诺
与允诺之间的交换，或为允诺与义务履行的交换
，或为义务履行之间的交换而
达成的协议。
§4. How a
Promise May Be Made
§4.
允诺如何作出
A promise
may be stated in words either oral or written, or
may be inferred w
holly or partly from
conduct.
一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出，也可以完全或部分地从行
为中推断
而得。
§5. Terms of
Promise, Agreement, or Contract
(1) A
term of promise or agreement is that portion of
the intention or assent
manifested
which relates to a particular matter
.
(2) A term of contract is that portion
of the legal relations resulting from the
promise
or
set
of
promises
which
relates
to
a
particular
matter
,
whether
or
not the parties manifest
an intention to create those relations.
§5.
允诺，协议或合同的条件
<
/p>
（
1
）允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特
定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔
约的赞同。
（
2
）合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允
诺，由此
引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在，不管当事人是否
作出意思表示要建立这些
法律关系。
§6.
Formal Contracts
The following types of
contracts are subject in some respects to special
rules
that
depend
on
their
formal
characteristics
and
differ
from
those
governing
contracts in
general:
(1) Contracts
under seal,
(2)
Recognizances
,
(3)
Negotiable instruments
and documents
,
(4) Letters
of credit.
§6.
要式合同
下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征，在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法
律规则的调整：
（
1
）
盖印合同
（
2
）保证书
（
3
）可流
通票据和单据
（
4
）信用证
§7.
Voidable contracts
A
voidable
contract
is
one
where
one
or
more
parties
have
the
power
,
by
a
manifestation of election to do so, to
avoid the legal relations created by the
contract,
or
by
ratification
of
the
contract
to
extinguish
the
power
of
avoidance.
Administrator
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§7.
可撤消的合同
如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示，或通过订
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--------------------------------------------<
/p>
----------------------------
--------------
An unequivocal act or
clear words showing
--
ratification
立一个取消撤消权
n.
Affirmation or approval; adoption of an
a choice between two inconsistent
rights or
remedies. Where a person has,
with full
action that was done on
one’s behalf
and
的合同，撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系，则该合同为可撤消的合同。
knowledge, done an
unequivocal act
treating that action as
if it had been
showing the
simple and clear choice of one
authorized by that person before the
fact of
§8. Unenforceable Contracts
of two alternative and inconsistent
rights,
it having been done. By
ratifying an act or
that
person is bound by his or her own
action, a person becomes responsible
for the
An unenforceable contract is
one for the breach of which neither the remedy
conse-quences of that act or action.
of damages nor the remedy of specific
performance is available, but which is
recognized
in
some
other
way
as
creating
a
duty
of
performance,
though
there has been no ratification.
§8.
不能强制执行的合同
不可强制执行的
合同是指这样一种合同，即违反该合
同导致损害赔偿救济和强
制履行救济均不可适用，但是却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得认可的
履行义务。
Chapter 2
FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES
AND CAPACITY
第二章
合同的订立
——
当事人及其缔约能力
§9. Parties Required
There must be at least two parties to a
contract, a promisor and a promisee,
but there may be any greater
number
.
§9.
合同当事人
合同必须至少有两个当事
人，即允诺人和受允诺人，但是也可
以有两个以上更
多的当事人。
§10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees
of the Same Performance
(1)
Where
there
are
more
promisors
than
one
in
a
contract,
some
or
all
of
them
may
promise
the
same
performance,
whether
or
not
there
are
also
promises for separate performances.
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----------------
----------------------------
针对同一项履行
(2) Where there are more promises than
one in a contract, a promise may be
made to some or
all of them as a unit, whether or not the same or
another
Administrator
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performance is
separately promised to one or more of them.
§10.
针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人
（
1
）如果一个合同中有多个允诺人，则部分或全部的允诺
人可以就同一项履行
作出允诺，不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出允诺。
------------------------------------------
--
就
个别的义务履行作出允诺
（
2
）如果一个合同中不只有一个允诺，则部分或全部的允诺人可以一
个单位作
出允诺，不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对
一个或一个以上的允诺人
允诺。
§11. When a Person May Be Both Promisor
and Promisee
A contract may be formed
between two or more persons acting as a unit and
one or more but fewer than all of these
persons, acting either singly or with
other persons.
§11.
何时允诺人和受允诺人可以同为一人
在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一
个或部分多数之
间可以缔结合同，这些人可以单独地或者同他人一起行事。
§12. Capacity to Contract
(1) No
one can be bound by
contract who has not legal capacity to incur at
least voidable contractual duties,
Capacity to contract may be partial and its
existence
in
respect
of
a
particular
transaction
may depend upon
the
nature
of the transaction or
upon other circumstances.
(2)
A
natural
person
who
manifests
assent
to
a
transaction
has
full
legal
capacity to incur contractual duties
thereby unless he is
(a) under
guardianship,or
(b) an infant, or
(c) mentally ill or defective, or
(d) intoxicated.
§12.
缔约能力
(1)
< br>没有法律行为能力的缔约人所缔结的合同所产生的义务是可撤消的，该合
同对缔约人并没有约束力。
是否享有部分缔约能力以及是否就某一特定
交易享有
缔约能力取决于该交易的本质或者其他一些情况。
(2)
一个自然人如果就某项
交易作出同意的意思表示，则该自然人享有完全合法的创设合同义务的缔约能
力，除非该自然人是
(a)
处于监护之中，或
(b)
为成年人，或
(c)
有精神疾病或精神缺陷者，或
(d)
醉酒者。
§13. Persons Affected by Guardianship
A person has no capacity to incur
contractual duties if his property is under
guardianship by reason of an
adjudication of mental illness or defect.
§13.
受监护的人
如果一个人由于被判决存在精神疾病或精神缺陷，其财产处
于监管之中，则该人没有创设合同义务的行为能力。
§14. Infants
Unless a
statute provides otherwise , a natual person has
the capacity to incur
only
voidable
contractual
duties
until
the
beginning
of
the
day
before
the
person
’
s
eighteenth birthday.
§14.
未成年人
除非法令另有规定，自然人在
18
岁生日之前只具有创设可撤消合同义务的行为
能力。
§15. Mental Illness or
Defect
(1)
A
p
ers
on
in
c
u
rs
onl
y
v
oidabl
e c
on
tr
a
ct
ual
du
t
i
es
b
y
e
n
ter
ing
in
t
o
a
transaction if by reason of mental illness or
defect
(a)
he
is
unable
to
understand
in
a
reasonable
manner
the
nature
and
consequences of the transaction, or
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable
manner in relation to the transaction
and the other party has reson to know
of his condition.
(2) Where the
contract is
made on fair terms and the
other party is without
knowledge
of
the
mental
illness
or
defect,
the
power
of
a
voidance
under
Subsection
(1)
terminates
to
the
extent
that
the
contract
has
been
so
preformed
in
whole
or
in
part
or
the
circumstances
have
so
changed
that
a
voidance
would be unjust. In such a case a court may grant
relief as justice
requires.
§15.
有精神病或精神缺陷的人
(1)
在下列情况下，一个存在精神疾病或精神缺陷的人，在
从事交易活动时所
创设的合同义务是可以撤消的：
(a)
他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者
(b)
他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易，并且交易的相对方
有合理的理由知道
这一事实。
(2)
如果合同的缔结是基于公平的条款，并且他方当事人不
知道该缔约人患有
精神疾病或存在精神缺陷，那么，如果该合
同已经被全部或部分地履行或者情
势变更，以至撤消该合同有失公平，则在
(1)
小节中所规定的撤消权不再适用。
在这种情况下，法院可以依公平正义之需判决给与当事人救济。
§16. Intoxicate Persons
A
person incurs only voidable contractual duties by
entering into a transaction
if the
other party has reason to know that by reason of
intoxication
(a)
he
is
unable
to
understand
in
a
reasonable
manner
the
nature
and
consequences of the transaction, or
(b) he is unable to act in a reasonable
manner in relation to the transaction,
§16.
醉酒的人
如果缔约他方当事人有合理的理由知道一方当事人由于醉酒存
在下列情况，则<
/p>
该当事人在从事交易活动时所创设的合同义务是可以撤消的。
(a)
他不能以正常方式理解此项交易的性质以及会产生的后果，或者
(b)
他不能像正常人那样从事此项交易。
Chapter 3
FORMATION OF
CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT
第三章
合同的订立
——
意思表示一致
TOPIC 1. IN GENRERAL
主题一
一般规定
§17. Requirement of a Bargain
(1) Except as stated in Subsection (2),
the formation of a contract requires a
bargain in which there is a
manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange an
d a consideration.
(2)
Whether or not there is a bargain a contract may
be formed under special
rules
applicable to formal contracts or under the rules
stated in §§82-94.
§17.
交易磋商的条件
(1)
除
(2)
小节的规定外，合同的订立要求当事人就
允诺与允诺、
允诺与义务履行、
以及义务履行之间的交换和约因意思表示一致。
(2)
合同可以依据适用于正式合同中的特殊规则或依据
§§82-94
中的规则订立，
不管有没有交易磋商。
TOPIC
2, MANIFESTATION OF ASSENT IN GERNERAL
§18. Manifestation of Mutual Assent
Manifestation of mutual assent to an
exchange requires that each party make
a promise or begin or render a
performance.
主题二
意思表示的一般条款
§18.
意思表示一致
对一个交换作出一致的
意思表示要求各方当事人作出允诺
或开始或实施一项义
务履行。
§19. Conduct as Manifestation of Assent
(1) The manifestation of assent may be
made wholly or partly by written or
spoken words or by other acts or by
failure to act.
(2)
The
conduct
of
a
party
is
not
effective
as
a
manifestation
of
his
assent
unless
he intends to engage in the conduct and knows or
has reason to know
that the other party
may infer from his conduct that he assents.
(3) The conduct of a party may manifest
assent even though he does not in
fact
assent.
In
such
cases
a
resulting
contract
may
be
voidable
because
of
fraud, mistake, or other
invalidation cause.
§19.
依意思表示实施的行为
(1)
意思表示可以完全或部分地通过书面或口头、或其他作为或不作为作出。
(2)
一方当事人以行为作出的意思表示是无效的，除
非他有意实施这一行为，
并且知道或有理由知道他方当事人可
以从他的行为中推断出他有此缔约意思。
(3)
一方当事人的行为可以作为意思表示，虽然事实上他并没有此缔约意思。在
这种情况下所缔结的合同可以基于欺诈、错误或其他无效的理由被撤消。
§20. EFFECT OF MISUNDERSTANDING
(1) There is no
manifestation of mutual assent to an exchange if
the parties
attach materially different
meanings to their manifestations and
(a) neither party knows or
has reason to know the meaning attached by the
other; or
(b) each party
knows or each party has reason to know the meaning
attached
by the other
.
(2)
The
manifestations
of
the
parties
are
operative
in
accordance
with
the
meaning attached to them
by one of the parties if
(a) that party
does not know of any different meaning attached by
the other
,
and the other
knows the meaning attached by the first party; or
(b)
that
party
has
no
reason
to
know
of
any
different
meaning
attached
by
the other
, and
the other has reason to know the meaning attached
by the first
party.
§20.
误解的效力
(1)
如果当事人就他们的意思表示赋予了实质上不同的理解，并且有如下情况
存在时，则表明他们就磋商的交换没有达成一致：
(a)
双方当事人任一方都不知道或没有理由知道对方的意思
表示所赋予的含义；
或
(b)
任一当事方知道或有理由知道对方的意思表示所赋予的含义。
(2)
一方当事人可以依据该意思表示所指的含义执行该意思表
示，如果
(a)
该当事人不知道另
一方当事人所指的不同含义，而另一方当事人知道第一方
当
事人所指的含义。
(b)
该当事人没有理由知道另一方当事人所指的不同含义，
而另一方当事人有理由知道第一方当事人所指的含义。
§21. INTENTION TO BE LEGALLY BOUND
Neither
real
nor
apparent
intention
that
a
promise
be
legally
binding
is
essential to the formation of a
contract, but a manifestation of intention that a
promise
shall not affect
legal relations may prevent the formation
of a
contract.
§21.
具有法律拘束力的意图
当事人有关允诺具有法律拘束力的
意图无论是真实的还是表面的，对于合同的
缔
结并不重要，但是如果当事人作出允诺并不影响当事人法律关系的意思表示，
则
当事人之间的合同并不成立。
§22. Mode of Assent: Offer and
Acceptance
(1)
The
manifestation
of
mutual
assent
to
an
exchange
ordinarily
takes
the
form of
an
offer
or
proposal by one
party
followed by an
acceptance by the
other
party or parties.
(2) A manifestation
of mutual assent may be made even though neither
offer
nor
acceptance can
be
identified and even
though the
moment of
formation
cannot be
determined.
§22.
合意的模式：
要约与承诺
(1)
双方当事人就交换达成合意的意思表示通常是由一方当事人提出要约或提
议，然后由另一方当事人或另一方多数当事人作出承诺。
(2)
即使要约和承诺都无法被识别，并且合同成立的时间也
无法确定，双方当
事人也可以作出合意的意思表示。
§23. Necessity That Manifestation Have
Reference to Each Other
It is essential
to a bargain that each party manifest assent with
reference to
the manifestation of the
other
.
§23.
作出意思表示应相互参考的必要性
任
何当事人作出意思表示都应参考对方
的意思表示，这一点对交易磋商很重要。
TOPIC 3. MAKING OF OFFERS
主题三
要约的发出
§24. Offer
Defined
An offer is the manifestation
of willingness to enter into a bargain, so made a
s to justify another person in
understanding that his assent to that bargain is i
nvited and will conclude it.
§24.
要约的定义
要约就是以交易磋商为目的而为意思表示，使得他人合理地
认为该意思表示被
邀请并且该交易将要进行。
§25. Option
Contracts
An
option
contract
is
a
promise
which
meets
the
requirements
for
the
formation of a contract
and limits the promisor
’
s
power to revoke an offer
.
§25.
选择权合同
如果一个允诺符合了订立合同的条件，并且限制允诺人撤回
要约，则该允诺即
构成选择权合同。
§26. Preliminary Negotiations
A
manifestation
of
willingness
to
enter
into
a
bargain
is
not
an
offer
if
the
person to whom it is
addressed knows or has reason to know that the
person
making it does not intend to
conclude a bargain until he has made a further
manifestation of assent.
§26.
订约前之商议
如果意思表示所指向的人知道或有理由知道作出意思表示
的当事人在作出进
一
步的意思表示之前并没有意图达成交易，则该以缔结合同为
目的的意思表示并
不属于要约。
§nce of Contract Where Memorial is
contemplated
Manifestations
of
assent
that
are
in
themselves
sufficient
to
conclude
a
contract will not be prevented from so
operating by the fact that the parties
also
manifest
an
intention
to
prepare
an
adopt
a
written
thereof;
but
the
circumstances may show that the
agreements are preliminary negotiations.
§27.
在意图制作记录情况下合同的存在
双方当事人作出意思表示要采用书面
方式缔结合同这一事实，并不影响当事人已经作出的足以导致合同缔结的意思
表示的执行；但是这种情况表明这些合意仍然属于订约前之商议。
§ns
(1) At an auction,
unless a contrary intention is manifested,
(a) the auctioneer invites offers from
successive bidders which he may accept
or reject;
(b) when goods
are put up without reserve, the auctioneer makes
an offer to
sell at any price bid by
the highest bidder
, and after the
auctioneer calls for id
the
goods
cannot
be
withdrawn
unless
no
bid
is
made
within
a
reasonable
time;
(c)
whether or not the auction is without reserve, a
bidder may withdraw his
bid
until
the
auctioneer
’
s
announcement
of
completion
of
the
sale,
but
a
bidder
’
s
retraction does not revieve any previous bid.
(2)
Unless
a
contrary
intention
is
manifested,
bids
at
an
auction
embody
terms
made
known
by
advertisement,
posting
or
other
publication
of
which
bidders are or should
be aware, as modified by announcement made by the
auctioneer when the goods are put up.
§28.
拍卖
(1)
在拍卖时，除非有相反的意思表示，
(a)
拍卖人向所有连续的出价人发出要约邀请，出价人可以
承诺或拒绝；
(b)
如果拍卖标的
实行无保留低价拍卖，则拍卖人应发出要约，将拍卖标的以
任
何价格卖给出价最高者，在拍卖人将标的拍卖后，拍卖人不得撤回其无保留
低价之拍卖标的，除非在合理的时间内无人竞买；
(c)
不管该拍卖是否是无保留低价之拍卖，竞买人可以在拍
卖人宣布成交之前可
以撤回竞价，但是竞买人撤回竞价的行为
不得使先前的出价生效。
(2)
除
非有相反的意思表示，在拍卖标的时，竞买人的出价包含了竞买人知道
或应该知道的广告、
海报或其他出版物所公布的条款，拍卖人在拍卖标的时可以
通过公告的方式对这些条款加以修改。
§29. To Whom an Offer is
Addressed
(1) The manifested
intention of the offeror determines the person or
persons
in whom is created a power of
acceptance.
(2) An offer may create a
power of acceptance in a specified person or in
one
or more of a specified group or
class of persons, acting separately or
together
,
or
in
anyone
or
every
one
who
makes
a
specified
promise
or
renders
a
specified performance.
§29.
要约所指向的对象
(1)
要约人的意思表示决定了有权作出承诺的人。
(2)
要约可以在一个明确的人或一个或多个明确的、单独或
集体行动的群体或团
体之中，或者也可以在作出明确允诺或实
施明确义务的任何人之中创设一种承
诺的权利。
§30. FORM OF ACCEPTANCE INVITED
(1)
An
offer
may
invite
or
require
acceptance
to
be
made
by
an
affirmative
answer
in
words,
or
by
performing
or
refraining
from
performing a
specified
act,
or
may
empower
the
offeree
to
make
a
selection
of
terms
in
his
acceptance.
(2) Unless
otherwise indicated by the language or the
circumstances, an offer
invites
acceptance
in
any
manner
and
by
any
medium
reasonable
in
the
circumstances.
§30.
承诺的形式
(1)
要约人可以要求承诺人通过给出书面的确定性答复、或
者作为或不作为某一
特定的行为来作出承诺，或者要约人可以
授权受约人作出选择性的承诺。
(2)
除非语言或情势有相反的表示，要约人可以要求承诺人以任何方式，采用
特定情况下合理的媒介作出承诺。
§31. Offer Proposing a Single Contract
or a Number of Contracts
An offer may
propose the formation of a single contract
by a single
acceptance
or
the
formation
of
a
number
of
contracts
by
successive
acceptances from
time to time.
§31.
提议缔结一个或几个合同的要约
一个
要约可以通过一个承诺缔结一个合同，
或者也可以通过不时地、
连续性的承
诺缔结几个合同。
§32. Invitation of Promise or
Performance
In case of doubt an offer
is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept
either
by
promising
to
perform
what
the
offer
requests
or
by
rendering
the
performance, as the offeree chooses.
§32.
允诺或义务履行邀请
在存在怀疑的情况下，要约应被解释为邀请受约人选择或者通过允诺履行要约
所要求的义务、或者履行该义务。
§33. Certainty
(1) Even though a manifestation of
intention is intended to be understood as
an offer
,
it
cannot be
accepted so as to form a
contract unless
the terms of
the contract are reasonably certain.
(2) The terms
of a contract are reasonably certain if they
provide a basis for
determining the
existence of a breach and for giving an
appropriate remedy.
(3) The fact
that one
or
more
terms
of
a
proposed bargain are
left
open or
uncertain
may
show
that
a
manifestation
of
intention
is
not
intended
to
be
understood as an offer or
as an acceptance.
§33.
确定性
(1)
虽然意思表示作为一个要约意在使相对方理解，但是该意思表示不能被承
诺以形成一个合同，除非合同的条款相当确定。
(2)
如果合同就违约和适当救济作出基本的规定，则该合同
的条款则是相当确
定的。
(3)
如果一个被提议交易的一个或多个条款悬而未决、或者
是不确定的，则表明
作为要约或承诺的意思表示并不意在使相对方理解。
§34. Certainty and Choice of Terms;
Effect of Performance or Reliance
(1)
The
terms
of
a
contract
may
be
reasonably
certain
even
though
it
empowers one or both parties to make a
selection of terms in the course of
performance.
(2)
Part
performance
under
an
agreement
may
remove
uncertainty
and
establish that a
contract enforceable as a bargain has been formed.
(3)
Action
in
reliance
on
an
agreement
may
make
a
contractual
remedy
appropriate even though uncertainty is
not removed.
§34.
条款的选择与确定性；义务履行或信赖的效力
(1)
合同当事人在履行义务过程中，虽然可以就合同的条款
作出选择，但是合
同的条款应是具有相当确定性的。
(2)
部分履行的合同具有确定性，并且表明作为交易的可执
行合同已经成立。
(3)
虽然合同
的条款并不确定，但是基于对合同的信赖而实施的行为可以获得
适当的合同救济。
TOPIC 4. DURATION OF THE
OFFERE
E’
S POWER OF
ACCEPTANCE
主题四
受要约人承诺能力的期间
§35. The
Offeree
’
s Power of
Acceptance
(1) An offer gives to
the offeree a continuing power to complete
the
manifestation of mutual assent by
acceptance of the offer
.
(2)
A contract cannot be created by acceptance of an
offer after the power of
acceptance has
been terminated in one of the ways listed in §36
§35.
受要约人的承诺能力
(1)
受要约人有权通过对要约的承诺持续地作出合意的意思表示。
(2)
如果受要约人的承诺能力依据
§36
所列方式终止之后，则该受要约人的承诺
并不创设一个合同。
§36.
Methods of Termination of the Power of Acceptance
(1) An offeree
’
s
power of acceptance may be terminated by
(a) rejection or counter-offer by the
offeree, or
(b) lapse of time,or
(c) revocation by the
offeror
, or
(d) death or
incapacity of the offeror or offeree.
(2) In
addition, an
offeree
’
s
power
of acceptance is
terminated by
the
non-
occurrence of any condition of
acceptance under the terms of the
offer
.
§36.
承诺权利终止的方式
(1)
受要约人的承诺能力可以通过下列方式终止
(a)
受要约人拒绝要约或提出反要约，或
(b)
期间届满，或
(c)
要约人撤回要约，或
(d)
要约人或受要约人死亡或丧失行为能力。
(2)
除此之外，如果受要约人对要约条款未作任何承诺，则该受要约人的承诺
能力终止。
§37.
Termination of Power of Acceptance Under Option
Contract
Notwithstanding §§38-49, the
power of
acceptance under
an
option contract
is not
terminated by rejection or counter-
offer
, by revocation, or by death or
incapacity of the offeror
,
unless the requirements are met for the discharge
of
a contractual duty.
§37.
选择权合同项下承诺能力的终止
虽然有
§§38-49
的规定，但是选择权合同项下的承诺能力并不因受要约人拒绝
要
约或提出反要约、
或要约人撤回要约
、
或要约人的死亡或丧失行为能力而终止，
除
非解除合同义务的条件已经成就。
§38. Rejection
(1)
An
offeree
’
s
power
of
acceptance
is
terminated
by
his
rejection
of
the
offer
, unless the offeror
has manifested a contrary intention.
(2) A manifestation of intention not to
accept an offer is a rejection unless the
offeree manifests an intention to take
it under further advisement.
§38.
要约的拒绝
(1)
受要约人如果拒绝要约，则其承诺的能力终止，除非要约人有相反的意思
表示。
(2)
未作出承诺的意思表示也属于对要约的拒绝，除非受要约人表示要作进一
步的考虑。
§39.
Counter-offers
(1) A counter-offer is
an offer made by an offeree to his offeror
relating to the
same matter as the
original offer and proposing a substituted
bargain
differing from that proposed by
the original offer
.
(2)
An
offeree's
power
of
acceptance
is
terminated
by
his
making
of
a
counter-offer
, unless the
offeror has manifested a contrary intention or
unless
the counter-offer manifests a
contrary intention of the offeree.
§39.
反要约
(1)
如果受要约人对与原要约相
同事项的实质性内容作出了修改，并提出一项
新的替代交易回复给要约人，则该项提议为反要约。
(2)
受要约人如果提出反要约，则该受要约人的承诺能力终
止，除非要约人有
相反的意思表示、或反要约代表了受要约人相反的意思表示。
§40.
Time
When
Rejection
or
Courter-offer
Terminates
the
Power
of
Acceptance
Rejection or
counter-offer by mail or telegram does not
terminate the power
of
acceptance
until
received
by
the
offeror
,
but
limits
the
power
so
that
a
letter
or
telegram
of
acceptance
started
after
the
sending
of
an
otherwise
effective
rejection
or
counter-offer
is
only
a
counter-offer
unless
the
acceptance
is
received
by
the
offeror
before
he
receives
the
rejection
or
counter-offer
.
§40.
拒绝或反要约终止承诺能力的时间
如
果受约人通过邮件或电报拒绝要约或
提出反要约，则在要约人收到之前，受
要约人的承诺能力虽然并不终止，但是有所限制，以便于承诺的邮件或电报
在
相反、
有效的要约拒绝或反要约发
送之后是唯一的反要约，除非要约人在收到要
约拒绝或反要约之前收到此承诺。
§41. Lapse of Time
(1) An
offeree's power of acceptance is terminated at the
time specified in the
offer
,
or
, if no time is specified, at the end
of a reasonable time.
(2) What is a
reasonable time is a question of fact, depending
on all the circu
mstances existing when
the offer and attempted acceptance are made.
(3) Unless otherwise indicated by the
language or the circumstances, and sub
ject to the rule stated in §49, an
offer sent by mail is reasonably accepted if a
n acceptance is mailed at any time
before midnight on the day on which the o
ffer is received.
§41.
期间届满
(1)
< br>要约中应明确受要约人承诺能力的终止时间，或者如果没有明确时间，则
其承诺能力应在合理的时间之后终止。
(2)
什么是合理的时间，这属于一个事实问题，要随发出要
约和试图作出承诺
时的情况而定。
(3)
除非有相反的规定或情形，依据
§49
中的规定，如果一个承诺是在受要约人
收到要约当日的午夜之前的任何时候发出的，则该通过邮件的要约就应是被合
理承诺的要约。
§42.
Revocation by Communication From Offeror Received
By offeree
An offeree's power of
acceptance is terminated when the offeree receives
fro
m the offeror a manifestation of an
intention not to enter into the proposed c
ontract.
§42.
要约人通知受要约人撤回要约
如果受
要约人收到了要约人不愿缔结计划中
的合同的意思表示，则受要约人的
< br>
承诺能力终止。
§43. Indirect
Communication of Revocation
An
offeree's power of acceptance is terminated when
the offeror takes definit
e action
inconsistent with an intention to enter into the
proposed contract and
the offeree
acquires reliable information to that effect.
§43.
撤回要约的间接通知
如果要约人采取了明确的、
与缔结合同的意思表示不一致的行为，并
且受要约人
获得了有关此事实的可靠信息，则受要约人的承诺能力终止。
§44. Effect of Deposit on Revocability
of Offer
An
offer
’
s power of revocation
is not limited by the deposit of money or other
property to be forfeited in the event
of revocation, but the deposit may be for
feited to the extent that it is not a
penalty.
§44.
存款对要约撤回的效力
如果撤回要约
，则存款或其他要被没收的财产并不
会限制要约的撤回，但是该
项存款可能要被没收，只是这种没收不属于惩罚。
§45. Option Contract Created By Party
Performance of Tender
(1) Where an
offer invites an offeree to accept by rendering a
performance an
d does not invite a
promissory acceptance, an option contract is
created when
the offeree tenders or
begins the invited performance or tenders a
beginning
of
it.
(2) The offeror's duty of
performance under any option contract so created
is
conditional on completion or tender
of the invited performance in accordance
with the terms of the offer
.
§45.
一方当事人以履行义务缔结选择合同
< br>
(1)
如果一个要约邀请受要与人以履行义务的方式
作出承诺，而不需要作出允
诺性的承诺，则如果受要约人履行
或开始履行被邀请的义务，那么选择权合同
就算缔结。
(2)
要约人在选择权合同项下的义务是附随性的，取决于被邀请义务是否依据
要约条款被实现或被履行。
§46.
Revocation of General Offer
Where an
offer is made by advertisement in a newspaper of
other general not
ification to the
public or to a number of persons whose identity is
unknown to
the offeror
, the
offeree
’
s power of
acceptance is terminated when a notice of t
ermination is given publicity by
advertisement or other general notification eq
ual to that given to the offer and no
better means of notification is reasonably
available.
§46.
一般要约的撤回
如果要约通过广告在
其他通常向公众、
或要约人并不知晓其身份的人公布信息的
<
/p>
报纸上发出，则如果终止承诺能力的通知书通过广告或发给要约人的其他类似
通知书向公众发布，并且没有更好的通知方式可以合理地加以利用，那么，
受
要约人的承诺能力终止。
§47. Revocation of Divisible Offer
An offer contemplating a series of
independent contracts by separate accepta
nces may be effectively revoked so as
to terminate the power to create future
contracts, though one or more of the
proposed contracts have already been f
ormed by the
offeree
’
s acceptance.
§47.
可分要约的撤回
如果一个要约预计通过独立的承诺达成一系列独立的合同，则要约人可以有效
地撤该要约以终止受要约人的承诺能力，尽管一个或一个以上被提议的合同已
经由受要约人作出承诺而成立。
§48. Death or Incapacity of
Offeror or Offeree
An
offeree
’
s power of
acceptance is terminated when the offeree or
offeror di
es or is deprived of legal
capacity to enter into the proposed contract.
§48.
要约人或受要约人死亡或丧失行为能力
如果受要约人或要约人希望或被剥
夺缔结合约的法律能力，则受要约人的承诺
能力终止。
§49. effect of Delay in Communication
of Offer
If communication of an offer
to the offeree is delayed, the period within which
a contract can be created by acceptance
is not thereby extended if the offere
d
knows or has reason to know of the delay, though
it is due to the fault of th
e offeror;
but if the delay is due to the fault of the
offeror or to the means of t
ransmission adopted by him, and the
offeree neither knows nor has reason to
know that there has been delay, a
contract can be created by acceptance with
in the period which would have been
permissible if the offer had been dispatc
hed at the time that its arrival seems
to indicate.
§49.
要约传达过程中延迟的效力
如果一个
针对受要约人的要约在传达过程中出
现延迟，那么，如果受要约人知
道或有理由知道此延迟，则其作出承诺缔结合同的期限并不因此延期，即使延
期是由于要约人的过错所导致的；但是如果延期是由于要约人的过
错所致，或
者是由于要约人所采用的发送方式所导致的，并且
受要约人不知道或没有合理
的理由知道延迟的存在，则如果要
约是在它应到达时的日期被发送，那么，受
要约人可以在可允许的期间内作出承诺缔结合同。
TOPIC 5. ACCEPTANCE OF
OFFERS
主题五
要约的承诺
§50. Acceptance of Offer
Defined; Acceptance by Performance; Acceptance by
Promise
(1) Acceptance of an
offer is a manifestation of assent to the term
thereof ma
de by the offeree in a
manner invited or required by the
offer
.
(2) Acceptance by
performance requires that at least part of what
the offer re
quests be performed or
tendered and includes acceptance by a
performance
which operates
as a return promise.
(3) Acceptance by a promise
requires that the offeree complete every act ess
ential to the making of the promise.
§50.
承诺的定义；通过履行义务而为承诺；通过允诺作出承诺
(1)
承诺就是受要约人依照要约所邀请或要求的方式，对要
约人表示接受其要
约而成立合同之意思表示。
(2)
通过履行义务而为承诺，要求至少要约的部分请求被履行或被实施，并且
包含通过履行义务表示承诺，该义务的履行相当于相应的承诺。
(3)
通过允诺作出承诺要求受要约人完成每一个对发出允诺
具有重要意义的行
为。
§51. Effect of Part Performance Without
Knowledge of Offer
Unless the offeror
manifests a contrary intention, an offeree who
learns of an
offer after he has
rendered part of the performance requested by the
offer m
ay accept by completing the
requested performance.
§51.
在不知道要约的情况下部分履行的效力
除非要约人作出相反的意思表示，
如果受要约人在已经履行了部分要约所要求
的义务之后得知该要约的存在，则该受要约人可以通过完成被要求的义
务履行
来作出承诺。
§52. Who May Accept an Offer
An offer can be accepted only by a
person whom it invites to furnish the consi
deration.
§52.
有权作出承诺的人
只有那些被邀请提供约因的人可以就要约作出承诺。
§ance by Perfor
mance
Manifestation of Intention Not to Accept
(1) An offer can be
accepted by the rendering of a performance only if
the off
er invites such an acceptance.
(2) Except as stated in §69, the
rendering of a performance does not constitut
e an acceptance if within a reasonable
time the offeree exercises reasonable d
iligence to notify of non-acceptance.
(3) Where an offer of a promise invites
acceptance by performance and does
not
invite a promissory acceptance, the rendering of
the invited performance
does not
constitute an acceptance if before the offeror
performs his promise t
he offeree
manifests an intention not to accept.
§53.
通过履行义务作出不予承诺的意思表示
(1)
只有在要约人要求以履行义务作出承诺时，受要约人才
可以通过履行义务
承诺。
(2)
除
§69
< br>的规定外，如果受要约人在合理的时间内尽到合理的勤勉向要约人发
出不予承诺的通知，则义务的履行并不构成承诺。
(3)
如果一个允诺的要约要求通过履行义务来作出承诺，并
不要求以允诺承诺
，
则如果在要约人履行允诺之前，受要约人作出不予承诺的意思表示，则该义务
的
履行并不构成一个承诺。
§54. Acceptance By Performance;
Necessity of Notification to Offeror
(1) Where an offer invites an offeree
to accept by rendering a performance, n
o notification is necessary to make
such an acceptance effective unless the off
er requests such a notification.
(2) If an offeree who accepts by
rendering a performance has reason to know
that the offeror has no adequate means
of learning of the performance with r
easonable promptness and certainty, the
contractual duty of the offeror is disc
harged unless
(a) the
offeree exercises reasonable diligence to notify
the offeror of acceptan
ce, or
(b) the offeror learns of the
performance within a reasonable time, or
(c) the offer indicates that
notification of acceptance is not required.
§54.
通过履行义务作出承诺；向要约人发出通知的必要性
(1)
如果一个要约要求受要约人通过履行义务而为承诺，则
除非该要约要求发
出承诺的通知，否则受要约人没有必要发出
通知宣布该承诺生效。
(2)
如果
受要约人通过履行义务而为承诺，并且有合理的理由知道要约人没有
< br>足
够的渠道以合理的迅急和确定性知晓义务的履行，则要约人的合同义务解除，<
/p>
除
非
(a)
受要约人尽到合理勤勉就承诺的作出通知要约人，或
(b)
要约人在合理的期间内知晓了义务的履行，或
(c)
该要约并没有要求就承诺作出通知。
§55. Acceptance
of Non-Promissory Offers
Acceptance by
promise may create a contract in which the
offeror
’
s performan
ce is completed when the
offeree
’
s promise is made.
§55.
非允诺要约的承诺
通过允诺而为的承诺可以创设合同，并且当受要约人
作出允诺时，要约
人已经
履行了该合同的义务。
§56. Acceptance By Promise; Necessity
of Notification t
o
Offeror
Except as stated in
§69 or where the offer manifests a contrary
intention, it is
essential to an
acceptance by promise either that the offeree
exercise reasona
ble diligence to
notify the offeror of acceptance or that the
offeror receive the
acceptance
reasonably.
§56.
通过允诺而为承诺；向要约人发出通知的必要性
除
§69
节的规定或要约有相反的意
思表示外，受要约人尽到合理的勤勉就承诺
通知要约人或者要
约人合理地收到承诺对于通过允诺而为的承诺而言至关重要。
§57. Effect of Equivocal Acceptance
Where notification is essential to
acceptance by promise, the offeror is not bo
und by an acceptance in equivocal terms
unless he reasonably understands it
as
an acceptance.
§57.
模棱两可承诺的效力
如果通过允诺而
为的承诺要求发出通知，则模棱两可
作出的承诺对要约人并不
具有约束力，除非要约人合理地认为其属于承诺。
§58. Necessity of Acceptance Complying
with Terms of Offer
An acceptance must
comply with the requirements of the offer is to
the promi
se to be made or the
performance to be rendered.
§58.
依照要约条款所作承诺的必要性
承诺应按照要约对允诺或义务履行的要求作出。
§59. Purported Acceptance Which Adds
Qualifications
A reply to an offer
which purports to accept it but is conditional on
the offero
r's assent to terms
additional to or different from those offered is
not an acce
ptance but is a counter-
offer
.
§59.
附带有限制条件的声称的承诺
如果对
一个旨在承诺的要约的回复，取决于
要约人对附加条款的同意，或者该
< br>
恢复与要约的内容实质上不符，则该回复并非承诺，而应属于反要约。
§60. Ac
ceptance of Offer Which States Place,
Time or Manner of Acceptance
If an offer prescribes the place, time
or manner of acceptance its terms in this
respect must be complied with in order
to create a contract. If an offer merely
suggests a permitted place, time or
manner of acceptance, another method of
acceptance is not precluded.
§60.
说明承诺地点、时间或承诺方式的承诺
如果一个要约规定了承诺的地点、
时间或方式，则该要约在此方面的条款就必须
保持一致以创设合同。
如果一个要约只是就
允许的承诺地点、
时间或方式提出建
议，则并不排除使用其他的承诺方式。
§61. ACCEPTANCE
WHICH REQUESTS CHANGE OF TERMS
An
acceptance which requests a change or addition to
the terms of the offer i
s not thereby
invalidated unless the acceptance is made to
depend on assent
to the changed or
added terms.
§61.
要求变更要约条款的承诺
如果一个承
诺要求变更或增加要约的条款，则该
承诺并非就是无效的，除非该
承诺取决于要约人对这些变更或增加条款的同意。
§62. EFFECT OF PERFORMA
NCE BY OFFEREE WHERE OFFER INVITES
EITHER PERFORMANCE OR PROMI
SE
(1) Where an offer
invites an offeree to choose between acceptance by
promi
se and acceptance by performance,
the tender or beginning of the invited per
formance or a tender of a beginning of
it is an acceptance by performance.
(2)
Such an acceptance operates as a promise to render
complete performanc
e.
§62.
如果要约要求履行义务或作出允诺而为承诺，则受要约人履行义务的效力
(1)
如果要约要求受要约人选择通过作出允诺或履行义务而
为承诺，则履行义
务或开始履行义务即为通过履行义务作出承诺。
(2)
如此作出的承诺相当于作出完全履行义务的允诺。
§63. TIME WHEN ACCEPTANCE TAKES EFFECT
Unless the offer provides otherwise,
(a) an acceptance made in a manner and
by a medium invited by an offer is o
perative and completes the
manifestation of mutual assent as soon as put out
of the offeree's possession, without
regard to whether it ever reaches the offe
ror; but
(b) an acceptance under an
option contract is not operative until received by
t
he offeror
.
§63.
承诺生效的时间
除
非要约有相反的规定，
(a)
以某种方式或要约规定的媒介作出的承诺是有影响力的，并且一经受要约
人作出，不管是否到达要约人，即构成了双方当事人一致的意思表示；但是
(b)
选择权合同项下的承诺直到该承诺到达要约人才开始生效。
§64. ACCEPTANCE BY TELEPHONE OR
TELETYPE
Acceptance given by telephone
or other medium of substantially instantaneou
sly two-way communication is governed
by the principles applicable to accept
ances where the parties are in the
presence of each other
.
§64.
通过电话或电传打字机作出承诺
通过
电话或其他实质上是两种即时同步传
递的媒介作出承诺时，应适用双方当
事人均在场时的承诺原则。
§65. REASONABLENESS OF MEDIUM OF
ACCEPTANCE
Unless circumstances known
to the offeree indicate otherwise, a medium of a
cceptance is reasonable if it is the
one used by the offeror or one customary i
n similar transactions at the time and
place the offer is received.
§65.
承诺媒介的合理性
除非受要约人所知道的情形表明了相反的迹象，否则，
如果作出承诺的媒介属于要约人使用的媒介或者是在类似交易中，收到要约的
< br>
时
间地点习惯使用的媒介，则该媒介就是合理的。
§66. ACCEPTANCE MUST BE PROPERLY
DISPATCHED
An acceptance sent by mail
or otherwise from a distance is not operative whe
n dispatched, unless it is properly
addressed and such other precautions take
n as are ordinarily observed to insure
safe transmission of similar messages.
§66.
承诺必须适当地发出
通过邮件或其他方式从远距离发送的承诺并非有效，
除非该承诺适当
地写明了
地址，并且采取了通常情况下可预料到的、
能够确保类似信息安全传送的预防措
施。
§67. EFFECT
OF RECEIPT OF ACCEPTANCE IMPROPERLY
DISPATCHED
Where an acceptance is
reasonably dispatched but the offeree uses means
of
transmission not invited by the
offer or fails to exercise reasonable diligence t
o insure safe transmission, it is
treated as operative upon dispatch if received
within the time in which a properly
dispatched acceptance would normally hav
e arrived.
§67.
收到
未适当发出的承诺时的效力
如果受要约人合理地发出了承诺，
但是没
有使用要约中所要求的传送方式、
或没
< br>
有尽到合理勤勉以确保承诺的安全传送，那么，如果在一个适当发送的承诺正<
/p>
常到达要约人的时间内达到要约人，则该承诺一经发出就应被视
为是有效的。
§68. WHAT CONSTITUTES RECEIPT OF
REVOCATION, REJECTION, OR ACCEP
TANCE
A written revocation, rejection, or
acceptance is received when the writing co
mes into the possession of the person
addressed, or of some person authoriz
ed by him to receive it for him, or
when it is deposited in some place which h
e has authorized as the place for this
or similar communications to be deposit
ed for him.
§68.
什
么情况下应认为要约撤回，要约拒绝或承诺的通知书被收到
如
果书面的要约撤回、
拒绝或承诺的通知书为指定的收件人拥有，或者被授权接
收此类通知书的人收到，或者如果该通知书被存放于要约人授权接收该通
知书
或类似通知书的某一地点时，则应认为该书面的要约撤回
、
要约拒绝或承诺通知
书被收到。
§69. ACCEPTANCE BY SILENCE
OR EXERCISE OF DOMINION
(1) Where an
offeree fails to reply to an offer
, his
silence and inaction operate
as an
acceptance in the following cases only:
(a) Where an offeree takes the benefit
of offered services with reasonable op
portunity to reject them and reason to
know that they were offered with the e
xpectation of compensation.
(b) Where the offeror has stated or
given the offeree reason to understand th
at assent may be manifested by silence
or inaction, and the offeree in remaini
ng silent and inactive intends to
accept the offer
.
(c) Where
because of previous dealings or otherwise, it is
reasonable that the
offeree should
notify the offeror if he does not intend to
accept.
(2) An offeree who does any act
inconsistent with the offeror's ownership of o
ffered property is bound in accordance
with the offered terms unless they are
manifestly unreasonable. But if the act
is wrongful as against the offeror it is
an acceptance only if ratified by him.
§69.
通过沉默或实施控制权作出承诺
(1)
如果受要约人没有就一个要约作出答复，则该受要约人
的沉默与不作为只
有在下列情况下才可以视为承诺：
(a)
如果受要约人从要约人提出的服务当中获利，并且有合
理的机会拒绝这些
服务，同时也有合理的理由知道要约人期待
从其所提供的服务中获得补偿。
(b)
如果要约人已经说明或者已经使受要约人合理地相信，可以通过沉默或不
作为的方式作出同意的意思表示，并且在此情况下，持续保持沉默和不作为的
受要约人有意就此要约作出承诺。
(c)
如果由于先前的交易行为或其他行为，此行为是合理的
，即受要约人如果不
愿承诺就应该通知要约人。
(2)
如果受要约人实施了任何与要约人对被要约财产的所有权不一致的行为，
则该受要约人应受要约条款的规定的制约，除非这些条款的规定明显不合理。
但
是如果这一行为对要约人而言是不
正当的，则只有在受要约人作出修正之后，
该行为才可以作为承诺存在。
§70. EFFECT OF RECEIPT BY OFFEROR OF A
LATE OR OTHERWISE DEFECTIV
E ACCEPTANCE
A late or otherwise defective
acceptance may be effective as an offer to the or
iginal offeror
, but his
silence operates as an acceptance in such a case
only as
stated in §69.
§70.
要约人收到迟延的或有其他缺陷的承诺时的效力
迟延的或有其他缺陷的承诺可以作为对原要约人发出的一个要约而生效，但是
这种情况下，原要约人对此新要约表示沉默的承诺只能适用
§6
9
节的规定。
CHAPTER 4
FORMATION OF
CONTRACTS
—
CONSIDERATION
TOPIC1. THE REQUIREMENT OF
CONSIDERATION
第四章
合同的订立
——
约因
主题一
约因需要成就的条件
§71.
REQUIREMENT OF EXCHANGE; TYPES OF EXCHANGE
(1) To constitute consideration, a
performance or a return promise must be ba
rgained for
.
(2)
A performance or return promise is bargained for
if it is sought by the pro
misor in
exchange for his promise and is given by the
promisee in exchange f
or that promise.
(3) The performance may consist of
(a) an act other than a promise, or
(b) a forbearance, or
(c)
the creation, modification, or destruction of a
legal relation.
(4) The performance or
return promise may be given to the promisor or to
so
me other person. It may be given by
the promisee or by some other person.
§71.
交换的条件；交换的种类
(1)
约因的构成要求履行行为或相应承诺必须经过交易磋商之过程。
(2)
如果允诺人想要以自己之允诺换取他人之履行行为或相
应承诺，并且被允
诺人为换取该允诺而为履行或作出相应承诺，则认为该履行行为或相应承诺经
过了交易磋商。
(3)
履行行为包括：
(a)
行为而不是承诺，或者
(b)
权力之不行使或行为之容忍，或
(c)
法律关系之创设、变更或消灭
(4)
履行行为或相应承诺可以由受允诺人或其他人向允诺人
或其他人作出。
§72. EXCHANGE OF
PROMISE FOR PERFORMANCE
Except as
stated in §§73 and 74, any performance which is
bargained for is co
nsideration.
§72.
允诺与行为履行的交换
除
§§73
和
74
的规定外，任何经过交易磋商的行为履行均为约因。
§73. PERFORMANCE OF LEGAL DUTY
Performance of a legal duty owed to a
promisor which is neither doubtful nor
the subject of honest dispute is not
consideration; but a similar performance i
s consideration if it differs from what
was required by the duty in a way which
reflects more than a pretense of
bargain.
§73.
法律义务的履行
允诺人应履行的法律
义务如果既非可疑，又非合法争议
的对象，则该义务不属
于约因；但是某一类似履行行为如果有别于此项法律义务的要求，表明不只一
个磋商存在，则该履行行为属于约因。
§74. SETTLEMENT OF CLAIM
(1)
Forbearance to assert or the surrender of a claim
or defense which proves
to be invalid
is not consideration unless
(a) the
claim or defense is in fact doubtful because of
the uncertainty as to th
e facts or the
law, or
(b) the forbearing or
surrendering party believes that the claim or
defense ma
y
be
fairly determined to be valid.....
(2) The execution of a written
instrument surrendering a claim or defense by
one who is under no duty to execute it
is consideration if the execution of the
written instrument is bargained for
even though he is not asserting the claim
or defense and believes that no valid
claim or defense exists.
§74.
请求权争议的解决
(1)
不主张权利或提交被证明是无效的权利请求书或抗辩书并非约因，除非
(a)
该权利请求或抗辩由于法律或事实的不确定性，在事实
上是可疑的，或
(b)
不主张权利
方或提交请求或抗辩方认为该权利请求或抗辩可能被公平地认
定为有效
……
(2)
如果没有执行义务的一方陈述请求或抗辩的书面文书经
过了交易磋商，那
么，即使该方当事人目前并没有主张该请求
或抗辩，而且认为不存在合法的请
求或抗辩，则执行该书面文书的行为应属约因。
§GE OF PROMISE
FOR PROMISE
except as stated in §76 and 77, a
promise which is bargained for is considerati
on if ,but only if, the promised
performance would be consideration.
§75.
允诺与允诺之间的交换
除
§§76
和
77
的规定外，一个经过磋商的允诺，如果，并且在只有被允诺的行
为履行属于约因的情况下，才属于约因。
§IONAL PROMISE
(1) A conditional promise is not
consideration if the promisor knows at the tim
e of making the promise that the
condition cannot occur
.
(2)
A promise conditional on a performance by the
promisor is a promise of al
ternative
performances within §77 unless occurrence of the
condition is also p
romised.
§76.
附有条件之允诺
(1)
如果允诺人在作出允诺时知道附带的条件不可能成就，
则该附带条件的允
诺不属于约因。
(2)
取决于允诺人某一行为履行的允诺属于
§77
中的有选择性行为的允诺，除非
允诺人也就该条件的成就作出允诺。
§RY AND
ALTERNATIVE PROMISE
A promise or
apparent promise is not consideration if by its
terms the promiso
r or purported
promisor reserves a choice of alternative
performances unless
(a) each of the
alternative performances would have been
consideration if it a
lone had been
bargained for
, or
(b) one of
the alternative performances would have been
consideration and th
ere is or appears
to the parties to be a substantial possibility
that before the p
romisor exercises his
choice events may eliminate the alternatives which
woul
d not have been consideration.
§77.
空洞和选择性的允诺
如果一个允诺人或声称的允诺人按照允诺的条款保留
了对履行行为的
选择权，
则该允诺或表面上的允诺不属于约因，除非
(a)
每一个供选择的履行行为如果进行单独磋商时本为约因，或者
(b)
供选择的履行行为之一本为约因，并且好象对于当事人
而言，在允诺人作
出选择之前，那些不属于约因的选择行为实质上有可能被消除。
§LE AND UNENFORCEABLE PROMISE
The fact that a rule of law renders a
promise voidable or unenforceable does
not prevent it from being
consideration.
§78.
可撤消的和不可强制执行的允诺
对一
个可撤消的或不可强制执行的允
诺的实施并不能阻止该允诺成为约因。
< br>
§79. ADEQUACY OF
CONSIDERATION; MUTUALITY OF OBLIGATION
If the requirement of consideration is
met, there is no additional requirement
of
(a) a gain, advantage, or
benefit to the promisor or a loss, disadvantage,
or d
etriment to the promisee; or
(b) equivalence in the values
exchanged; or
(c)
§79.
约因的适当性；义务的相互性
如果约因的条件已经成就，则对下列事项
不存在额外的要求
(a)
要约人获益或受要约人受损；或
(b)
交换价值的对等性；或
(c)
“
义务的相互性
”
。
§80.
MULTIPLE EXCHANGE
(1) There is
consideration for a set of promises if what is
bargained for and gi
ven in exchange
would have been consideration for each promise in
the set if
exchanged for that promise
alone.
§80.
多重交换
(1)
如果双方交易磋商和交换之对象，在换取单一允诺时为
一系列允诺中任一
允诺之约因，则此一系列允诺存在约因。
(2) The fact that part of what is
bargained for would not have been considera
tion if that part alone had been
bargained for does not prevent the whole fro
m being consideration.
(2) <
/p>
如果当事人可以就部分交易磋商之对象进行单独磋商，则该部分被磋商的
< br>
对象则不应为约因，但是这一事实并不阻止整体交易磋商之对象成为约因。
§81. CONSIDERATOIN AS MOTIVE
OR INDUCTING CAUSE
(1) The fact that
what is bargained for does not of itself induce
the making of
a promise does not
prevent it from being consideration for the
promise.
(2) The fact that a promise
does not of itself induce a performance return pro
mise does not prevent the performance
or return promise from being consider
ation for the promise.
§81.
作为诱因的约因
(1)
交易磋商对象本身并不能导致允诺的作出，但是这一事实并不能阻止该交
易磋商之对象成为该允诺的约因。
(2)
允诺本身并不能导致一个相应承诺的履行，但是这一事实并不能阻止该相
应承诺的履行成为该允诺的约因。
TOPIC 2. CONTRACTS WITHOUT
CONSIDERATION
主题二
没有约因的合同
§82. PROMISE TO PAY INDEBTEDNESS;
EFFECT ON THE STATUTE OF LIMITA
TIONS
(1) A promise to pay all or part of an
antecedent contractual or quasi-contract
ual indebtedness owed by the promisor
is binding if the indebtedness is still e
nforceable or would be except for the
effect of a statute of limitations.
(2)
The following facts operate as such a promise
unless other facts indicate a
different
intention:
(a) A voluntary
acknowledgment to the obligee, admitting the
present existen
ce of the antecedent
indebtedness; or
(b) A voluntary
transfer of money, a negotiable instrument, or
other thing by t
he obligor to the
obligee, made as interest on or part payment of or
collateral
security for the antecedent
indebtedness; or
(c) A statement to the
obligee that the statute of limitations will not
be pleade
d as a defense.
§82.
给付债务之允诺；时效法的效力
(1)
如果允诺人作出允诺给付全部或部分先前的合同债务或
准合同债务，并且
如果此债务仍然是可执行的或者是排除适用
时效法的，则该允诺具有拘束力。
(2)
< br>除非其他事实表明了不同的意图，则下列事实可以作为允诺存在：
(a)
自
愿向债权人承认先前的债务仍然存在；或
(b)
债务人自愿向债权人转让金钱、票据或其他物品，作为
对先前债务的利息或
部分给付或抵押担保品；或
(c)
债务人向债权人作出声明，表示不将时效法作为抗辩理由。
§83. PROMISE TO PAY INDEBTEDNESS
DISCHARGED IN BANKRUPTCY
An express
promise to pay all or part of an indebtedness of
the promisor
, disc
harged or dischargeable in bankruptcy
proceedings begun before the promise
is
made, is bindding.
§83.
给付在破产程序中已履行的债务之允诺
如果允诺人对于在允诺作出之前已
经开始的破产程序中已履行的或可履行的债
务允诺全部或部分给付，则该允诺具有拘束力。
§84. PROMISE TO PERFORM A
DUTY IN SPPITE OF NON-OCCURRENCE OF A
CONDITION
(1) Except as
stated in Subsection (2), a promise to perform all
or part of a co
nditional duty under an
antecedent contract in spite of the non-occurrence
of
the condition is binding, whether
the promise is made before or after the time
for the condition to occur
,
unless
(a) occurrence of the condition
was material part of the agreed exchange for t
he performance of the duty and the
promisee was under no duty that it occur;
or
(b) uncertainty of the
occurrence of the condition was an element of the
risk
assumed by the
promisor
.
(2) If such a
promise is made before the time for the occurrence
of the condit
ion has expired and the
condition is within the control of the promisee or
ben
eficiary, the promisor can make his
duty again subject to the condition by noti
fying the promisee or beneficiary of
his intention to do so if
(a) the
notification is received while there is still a
reasonable time to cause th
e condition
to occur under the antecedent terms or an
extension given by the
promisor; and
(b) reinstatement of the requirement of
the condition is not unjust because of
a material change of position by the
promisee or beneficiary; and
(c) the
promise is not binding apart from the rules stated
in Subsection (1)
§84.
条件不成就时而履行义务之允诺
(1)
除
(2)
小节的规定外，允诺人在条件不成就的情况下，允诺全部或部分履行
先前合同项下附带条件的义务，则不管该允诺是在条件成就时之前还是之后作
出，该允诺具有约束力，除非
(a)
条件的成就属于双方为义务履行而达成交换
之重要部分，并且受要约人对条件的成就不承担义务；或
(b)
条件成就的不确定性是允诺人所承担风险的一个要素。
(2)
如果一个允诺是在条件成就的期限届满之前作出，并且该条件处于受允诺
人或其受益人的控制当中，则在下列情况下，允诺可以人履行其受条件制约的
义务，只要向受要约人或其受益人通知履行该义务的意图即可
(a)
在条件依据先前合同的条款或允诺人对该合同作出的延伸而成就之前的一
段合理时间内，受要约人或其受益人收到了此通知；和
(b)
由于受要约人或其
受益人的主张发生
了重大改变，使得恢复条件的制约是公平的；和
(c)
除了
(1)
小节规定的原则外，允诺并不具
有约束力。
§E TO PERFORM A
VOIDABLE DUTY
except as stated in §93,
a promise to perform all or part of an antecedent
con
tract of the promisor
,
previously violable by him, but not avoided prior
to the
making of the promise, is
binding.
§85.
履行可撤消义务之允诺
除
§93
的规定外，如果允诺人先前
的合同在允诺之前虽然可撤消但是不可避免
，
则允诺人就完全或部分履行该合同所作出的允诺，具有约束力。
§E
FOR BENEFIT RECEIVED
(1) A promise made
in recognition of a benefit previously received by
the pro
misor from the promisee is
binding to the extent necessary to prevent
injustic
e.
(2) A promise is
not binding under Subsection (1)
(a) if
the promisee conferred the benefit as a gift or
for other reaons the pro
misor has not
been unjustly enriched; or
(b) to the
extent that its value is disproportionate to the
benefit.
§86.
因受有利益而为给付之允诺
(1)
基于对允诺人过去从受允诺人处所获取利益的确认而作出的允诺，在为了
防止不公正而必要的程度上是有约束力的。
(2)
在以下情况下，上述允诺将失去约束力：
(a)
允诺人作为赠与而提供了该利益，或者，由于其他原因
，允诺人并不会不当
得利。
(b)
在该允诺的价值与该利益的价值不相称的程度上，该允
诺没有约束力。
§87. OPTION CONTRACT
(1) An offer is binding as an option
contract if it
(a) is in writing and
signed by the offeror
, recites a
purported consideration fo
r the
making of the offer
, and
proposes an exchange on fair terms within a
reasona
ble time; or
(b) is
made irrevocable by statute.
(2) An
offer which the offeror should reasonably expect
to induce action or for
bearance of a
substantial character on the part of the offeree
before acceptan
ce and which does
induce such action or forbearance is binding as an
option c
ontract to the extent
necessary to avoid injustice.
§87.
选择权合同
(1)
作为一个选择权合同，要约在下列情况下是有约束力的：
(a)
如果该要约
是由要约人以书面形式签署发出，并且陈述了发出该要约的约因，提议在合理
的时间内通过公平的条款作出交换；或
(b)
法律规定该要约是不可撤回的。
(2)
如果要约人应当合理地预见到其要约会使受要约人在承
诺之前采取具有某
种实质性质的作为或不作为，并且该要约的
确导致了这样的作为或不作为，该
要约便同选择权合同一样，
在为避免不公正而必需的范围内具有约束力。
§88.
GUARANTY
A promise to be surety for the
performance of a contractual obligation, made
to the obligee, is binding if
(a) the promise is in writing and
signed by the promisor and recites a purport
ed consideration; or
(b) the
promise is made binding by statute; or
(c) the promisor should reasonably
expect the promise to induce action or for
bearance of a substantial character on
the part of the promisee or a third pers
on, and the promise does induce such
action or forbearance.
§88.
担保
为确保合同义务的履行，允诺人向
受允诺人作出的允诺在下列情况下是有拘束
力的：
(a)
允诺由允诺人书面签署发出，并且陈述了约因；或
(b)
允诺按照法令是有约束力的；或
(c)
允诺人应该合理地预料到该允诺能够引起受允诺人或第
三人的行为或负担，
并且事实上该允诺也确实引起了此种行为或负担。
§89. MODIFICATION OF EXECUTORY CONTRACT
A promise modifying a duty under a
contract not fully performed on either sid
e is binding
(a) if the
modification is fair and equitable in view of
circumstances not antici
pated
by the parties when the contract was
made; or
(b) to the extent provided by
statute; or
(c) to the extent that
justice requires enforcement in view of material
change
of
position in
reliance on the promise.
§89.
待履行合同之修订
修订任何一方当事
人未完全履行之合同义务的允诺在下列情况下是具有约束力
的：
(a)
鉴于发生了当事人在缔结合
同时无法预料的情况，对合同义务作出修订是
公平公正的；或
(b)
该允诺是在法令规定的范围内作出；或
(c)
基于对允诺之信赖，当事人的主张发生了重大变更，该
允诺是在执行合同义
务属公平正义之需的情况下作出的。
§90. PROMISE REASONABLY INDUCING ACTION
OR FORBEARANCE
(1)
A promise which the promisor should reasonably
expect to induce action
o
r
forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third
person and which does in
duce such
action or forbearance is binding if injustice can
be avoided only by
enforcement of the
promise. The remedy granted for breach may be
limited a
s justice requires.
(1)
允诺如果是在允诺人通过合理的推想可以预见到能够引起受允
诺人或第三人
的行为或负担，并确实引起了此种行为或负担的
情况下作出的话，如果只有通
过允诺的履行才能避免不公正，
则该允诺必须得到履行。
对因违背诺言而给予的
救济应限制在正当范围内
(2)
A charitable subscription or marriage
settlement
is binding under
Subsection(1) without proof that the promise
induced action
or
forbearance.
(2)
对教会的捐赠或婚姻财产协议依
(1
)
小节是有约束力的，受允诺人无须证明
该允诺诱使了作为或不作为。
§
of Promises Enumerated in §§82-90 When Conditional
If a promise within the terms of
§§82-90 is in terms conditional or performabl
e at a future time the promisor is
bound thereby ,but performance becomes d
ue only upon the occurrence of the
condition or upon the arrival of the specifi
ed time.
§91.
附条件情况下
§§82-90
中所列举允诺之效力
如果
§§82-90
中所列举允诺之条款是附有条件的或者允诺人的履行受将来某个
时间的制约，则只有在条件成就或特定时间到来后，该履行行为才到期。
§92 TO WHOM
PROMISES ENUMERATED IN §§82-85 MUST BE MADE
The new promise referred to in §§82-85
is not binding unless it is made to a p
erson who is then an obligee of the
antecedent duty.
§92.
§§82-85
中所列举允诺作出之对象
§§82-85
中所指的新允诺并不能被执行，除非它是针对
在当时还是先前义务之
债务人而作出的。
§93.
PROMISES ENUMERATED IN §§82-85 MADE IN IGNOR
ANCE OF FACTS
A promise
within the terms of §§82-85is not binding unless
the promisor kne
w or had reason to
know the essential facts of the previous
transaction to whi
ch the promise
relates, but his knowledge of the legal effect of
the facts is im
material.
§93.
§§82-85
中所列举的、在不知晓事实情况下作出的允诺
§§82-85
中所列举的允诺是不能被执行的，除非允诺人知道或有理由知道与该
允诺相关的先前交易的重要事实，但是他对这些事实之法律效力是否知晓并不
重要。
§94
STIPULATIONS
A promise or agreement
with reference to a pending judicial proceeding,
mad
e by a party to the proceeding or
his attorney, is binding without consideratio
n. By statute or rule of court such as
agreement is generally binding only
(a)
if it is in writing and signed by the party or
attorney, or
(b) if it is made or
admitted in the presence of the court, or
(c) to the extent that justice requires
enforcement in view of material change
of position in reliance on the promise
or agreement.
§94
法令规定
一方当事人或其律师在未决
诉讼程序中所作出的，与该程序有关的
允诺或协议，
在没有约因的情况下也是具有约束力的。
依据法令或法院的判决，这些协
议只有
在下列情况下具有普遍的约束力：
(a)
该允诺或协议是由当事人或其律师书面签署的，或
(b)
该允诺或协议是在法庭作出或确认，或
(c)
基于对该允诺或协议之信赖，当事人的主张发生了重大
变更，该允诺或协议
是在执行合同义务属公平正义之需的情况下作出的。
TOPIC 3. CONTRACTS UNDER SEAL; WRITING
AS A STATUTOTY SUBSTITUT
E FOR THE SEAL
主题三
盖印合同；盖印的法定替代
——
书面形式
§95.
Requirements for sealed contract or written
contract or instrument (1)
In the
absence of statute a promise is binding without
consideration if (a)
it is in writing
and sealed; and
(b) the
document containing the promise is delivered; and
(c) the promisor and promisee are named
in the document or so described as
to
be capable of identification when it is delivered.
(2) When a statute provides in effect
that a written contract or instrument is b
inding without consideration or that
lack of consideration is an affirmative def
ense to an action on a written contract
or instrument, in order to be subject t
o the statute a promise must either
(a) be expressed in a document signed
or otherwise assented to by the promi
sor and delivered; or
(b) be
expressed in a writing or writings to which both
promisor and promisee
manifest assent.
§95.
盖印合同或书面合同之要求
(1)
如果法令没有作出规定，则一个没有约因的允诺在下列
情况下是具有约束
力的：
(a)
该允诺是以书面形式为之，并附有盖印；和
(b)
包含有此允诺的文书被交付；和
(c)
该文书中提到了允诺人或受允诺人，或者在该文书被交
付时允诺人和受允诺
人被认为有识别能力。
(2)
如果有效的法令规定没有约因的书面合同是具有约束力的，或者规定缺少
约因可以作为一个对依据书面合同而为行为之明确抗辩，那么，对该法令的遵
守，要求允诺必须或者
(a)
在由允诺人签署或以其他方式表示同意并交付的文书中作出；或
(b)
由允诺人和受允诺人一致同意的书面形式作出
§96. WHAT CONSTITUTES
A SEAL
(1) A seal is a manifestation in
tangible and conventional form of an intention
that a document be sealed.
(2) A seal may take the form of a piece
of wax, a wafer or other substance aff
ixed to the document or of an
impression made on the document.
(3) By
statute or decision in most States in which the
seal retains significance
a seal may
take the form of a written or printed seal, word,
scrawl or other si
gn.
§96.
何为盖印
(1)
盖印就是通过有形的、
惯用的形式而为的、
加盖在文书上的一种
意思表示。
(2)
盖印可以是蜡状物、干胶或其他附于文书上
的物质，或者也可以是在文书上留
下的压痕。
(3)
依据多数州认为盖印仍然具有重要意义的法令或判决，盖印也可以是书面
或印刷之印文、文字、草签或其他记号。
§97. WHEN A PROMISE IS SEALED
A written promise is sealed if the
promisor affixes or impresss a seal on the d
ocument or adopts a seal already
thereon.
§97.
允诺何时盖印
如果要约人在文书上加盖了印章或者使用了上述盖印，则该
书面允诺被盖印。
§98. ADOPTION
OF A SEAL BY DELIVERY
Unless extrinsic
circumstances manifest a contrary intention, the
delivery of a
written promise by the
promisor amounts to the adoption of any seal then
on
the document which has apparent
reference to his signature or to the signatu
re of another party to the document.
§98.
以交付而为盖印
除非外界情况表现出允诺人有相反意图，允诺人交付书
面允诺即相当于在
文书
上盖印，且该印章与允诺人或文书他方当事人的签名有关。
§99. ADOPTION OF THE SAME SEAL BY
SEVERAL PARTIES
Any number of parties
to the same instrument may adopt one seal.
§99.
多方当事人使用相同的印章
同一合同
的多方当事人可以采用一个印章。
§100. RECITAL OF SEALING OR DELIVERY
A recital of the sealing or of the
delivery of a written promise is not essential t
o its validity as a contract under seal
and is not conclusive of the fact of sealin
g or delivery unless a statute makes a
recital of sealing the equivalent of a se
al.
§100.
盖印或交付的说明
就书面允诺之盖印或交付的说明并不影响此允诺作为盖印合同的效力，也不是
盖印或交付的确证，除非法令规定对盖印之说明相当于盖印本身。
§101 DELIV
ERY
A written promise, sealed or unsealed,
may be delivered by the promisor in es
crow, conditionally to the promisee, or
unconditionally.
§101
交付
一个书面要约，不管盖印与否，
可以由允诺人附条件暂交第三者保管或无条件
地交付受允诺人。
§102 UNCONDITIONAL DELIVERY
A written promise is delivered
unconditionally when the promisor puts it out
o
f his possession and
manifests an intention that it is to take effect
at once acc
ording to its terms.
§102
无条件交付
当书面允诺脱离允诺人之占有，并表示该允诺将依据其条款立即生效，那么，
该书面允诺应无条件地被交付。
§103. DELIVERY IN ESCROW; CONDITIONAL
DELIVERY TO THE P
ROM
ISEE
(1)
A written
promise is delivered in escrow by the promisor
when he puts it i
nto the possession of
a person other than the promisee without reserving
a p
ower of revocation and manifests an
intention that the document is to take eff
ect according to its terms upon the
occurrence of a stated condition but not o
therwise.
(2) A written promise is delivered
conditionally to the promisee when the pro
misor puts it into the possession of
the promisee without reserving a power of
revocation and manifests an intention
that the document is to take effect acco
rding to its terms upon the occurrence
of a stated condition but not otherwise.
§103.
附条件暂交第三人保管之交付；向受允诺人有条件之交付
(1)
如果允诺人在没有保留撤回权的情况下，将
书面允诺之占有转让与受允诺
人之外的人，并且表示该书面允
诺一经所陈述的条件而不是其他条件成就时，
即依据其条款开始生效，那么该书
面允诺以条件未完成前寄存于第三人的方式
交付。
(2)
如果允诺人在没有保留撤回权的情况下，将书面允诺之
占有转让与受允诺
人，并且表示该书面允诺一经所陈述的条件
而不是其他条件成就时，即依据其
条款开始生效，那么该书面允诺被无条件地交付于受允诺人。
(3) Delivery of a written promise in
escrow or its conditional delivery to the pr
omisee has the same effect as
unconditional delivery should have if the requir
ement of the condition were expressed
in the writing.
(4) In the absence of a
statute modifying the significance of a sealed
promise
in escrow or its conditional
delivery to the promisee is irrevocable for the
time
specified by the promisor for the
occurrence of the condition, or , if no time is
specified, for a reasonable time.
(3)
如果在书面允诺中明确了条件的成就，则采用条件未成
就前寄存于第三人
之方式或附条件向受允诺人交付书面允诺之
方式与无条件交付方式相同的效力。
(4)
如果法令没有就采用条件未成就前寄存于第三人交付或附条件交付之盖印
允诺之重要性作出修订，则该盖印允诺在允诺人所规定的条件成就之前的时间
内不可撤回，如果允诺人没有规定时间，则在合理的时间内允诺人不得撤回允
诺。
§104. ACCEPTANCE OR DISCLAIMER BY THE
PROMISEE
(1) Neither acceptance by the
promisee nor knowledge by him of the existenc
e of a promise is essential to the
formation of a contract by the delivery of a
written promise which is binding
without consideration.
(2) A promisee
who has not manifested assent to a written promise
may, with
in a reasonable time after
learing of its existence and terms, render it
inopera
tive by disclaimer
.
(3) Acceptance or disclaimer is
irrevocable.
§104.
受允诺人的承诺或不承诺
(1) <
/p>
如果一个具有约束力的没有约因的书面允诺一经交付，则受允诺人的承诺
< br>
或对现有允诺的不知情并不影响合同的形成。
(2)
受允诺人如果不同意书面允诺，则可以在得知允诺存在
和允诺条款的合理
时间内，通过拒绝承诺指出该书面允诺是没有影响力的。
(3)
承诺或不承诺的意思表示是不可撤回的。
§105. ACCEPTANCE WHERE RETURN PROMISE
IS CONTEMPLATED
Where a conveyance or a
document containing a promise also purports to con
tain a return promise by the grantee or
promisee, acceptance by the grantee
or
promisee is essential to create any contractual
obligation other than an opti
on
contract binding on the grantor or
promisor
.
§105.
相应承诺存在时的承诺
<
/p>
如果包含允诺的信息或文书中声称还包含受让人
或受允诺人的相应
承诺，则受
让人或受允诺人的承诺对于创设任何合同义务至关
重要，但是对转让人或允诺
人有约束力的选择权合同义务除外。
§106. WHAT AMOUNTS TO ACCEPTANCE OF
INSTRUMENT
Acceptance of a conveyance
or of a document containing a promise is a manif
estation of assert to the terms thereof
made, either before or after delivery, in
accordance with any requirements
imposed by the grantor or promisor
. If
the
acceptance occurs before delivery
and is not binding as an option contract , it
is revocable until the moment of
delivery.
§106.
接受允诺文书的意义
如果受允诺人不
管是在交付前还是交付后，按照转
让人或允诺人规定的条件，
接受了包含允诺的信息或文书，则相当于受允诺人对允诺的条款作出了同意的
意思表示。
如果是在交付之前接受，并且接受行
为作为一个选择权合同是不具有
约束力的，则在交付之前受允诺人可以作出撤回的意思表示。
§107.
CREATION
OF
UNSEALED
CONTRACT
BY
ACCEPTANCE
BY
PROMISEE
Where a grantee or
promisee accepts a sealed document which purports
to co
ntain a return promise by him, he
makes the return promise. But if he dose n
ot sign or seal the document his
promise is not under seal, and whether it is b
inding depends on the rules governing
unsealed contracts.
§107.
受允诺人之接受以创设无盖印合同
如
果受让人或受允诺人接受了一个包
含由他来作出相应承诺的盖印文书，则该
受让人或受允诺人应作出相应承诺。
但是如果他没
有签字或没有盖章，则他的允
诺为无盖印允诺，是否无盖印允
诺具有约束力取决于法律对无盖印合同之规定。
§108.
REQUIREMENT OF NAMING OR DESCRIBING POMISOR AND
PROMISEE
A promise under
seal is not binding without consideration unless
both the pro
misor and promisee are
named in the document or so described as to be
capa
ble of identification when it is
delivered.
§108.
必须指明或描述允诺人和受允诺人
除非允诺人和受允诺人在允诺文书中
被指明或在交付允诺时被认为是有识别能力的，否则没有约因的盖印允诺不具
有约束力。
§EMENT OF A
SEALED CONTRACT BY PROMISEE WHO DOES NO
T SIGN OR SEAL IT
The
promisee of a promise under seal is not precluded
from enforcing it as a
sealed contract
because he has not signed or sealed the document,
unless his
doing so was a condition of
the delivery, whether or not the document contain
s a promise by him.
§109.
受允诺人没有签字或盖印而对盖印合同之执行
如果一个盖印允诺之受允诺
人没有签字或盖印，则他仍然有权执行该盖印合同，
除非受允诺人如此之行为属交付条件之一，而不论该文书中是
否包含有受允诺
人之允诺。
CHAPTER 5
THE
STATUTE OF FRAUDS
第五章
防止欺诈条例
§110. CLASSES OF CONTRACTS
COVERED
(1) The following classes of
contracts are subject to a statute, commonly calle
d the Statute of Frauds, forbidding
enforcement unless there is a written mem
orandum or an applicable exception:
(a) a contract of an executor or
administrator to answer for a duty of his dece
dent (the executor administrator
provision);
(b) a contract to answer
for the duty of another (the suretyship provison);
(c) a contract made upon consideration
of marriage( the marriage provision);
(d) a contract for the sale of an
interest in land (the land contract provision);
(e) a contract that is not to be
performed within one year from the making th
ereof (the one-year provision).
§110.
防止欺诈条例所涉及到的合同种类
(1)
下列种类的合同受通常被称
为是防止欺诈条例的法令的制约，不得加以执
行，除非有书面的备忘录或是可适用的例外情况：
(a)
遗产管理人为死者偿还
债务之合同（遗产管理人之条款）；
(b)
为他人偿还债务之合同（保证条款）；
(c)
以婚姻为约因之合同（婚姻条款）；
(d)
土地及土地利益买卖或设定负担之合同（土地合同条款）；
(e)
一年之内不能履行完成之合同（一年期限的条款）。
(2) The following classes of contracts,
which were traditionally subject to the
Statute of Frauds, are now governed by
Statute of Frauds provisions of the U
niform Commercial Code:
(a)
a contract for the sale of goods for the price of
$$500 or more (Uniform Co
mmercial Code
§2-201);
(b) a contract for the sale of
securities( Uniform Commercial Code§8-319);
(c) a contract for the sale of personal
property not otherwise covered, to the
extent of enforcement by way of action
or defense beyond $$5,000 in amount
or
value of remedy (Uniform Commercial Code §1-206)
(2)
下列种类的合同，过去受防止欺诈条例的调整，现在则
受统一商法典中防
止欺诈条款的调整：
(a)
价值为
500
美元或高于
500
美元的货物买卖合同（统一商法典
§2-201
）；<
/p>
(b)
证券买卖合同（统一商法典<
/p>
§8-319
）；
(c)
其他法令中没有涉及到的，救济金额或价值超过
5000
美元，通过诉讼或者
抗辩予以执行的动产买卖合同（统一商法典
§1-206
）。
(3) In addition the
Uniform Commercial Code requires a writing signed
by the
debtor for an agreement which
creates or provides for a security interest in p
ersonal property or fixtures not in the
possession of the secured party.
(3)
另外，统一商法典规定由债权人书面签署一个协议，该协议对被担保人并
不享有的动产或固定设备创设或规定了一个担保利益。
(4) Statutes in most sta
tes provide that no acknowledgement or
promise is sufficient evidence of a ne
w or continuing contract to take a case
out of the operation of a statute of lim
itations unless made in some writing
signed by the party to be charged, but t
hat the statute does not alter the
effect of any payment of principal or interes
t.
(4)
许多州的法令规定承诺或允
诺并非新合同或连续合同存在的充分证据，从
而免受时效法的
调整，除非该合同由一方当事人为支付而出面签署，但是时效
法并不改变本金或利息的支付效力。
(5) In many states other classes of
contra
cts are subject to a
requirement of a writing.
(5
)
对其他种类合同，许多州的法令只要求采用书面形式。
TOPIC 1. THE EXECUTOR-ADMINISTRATOR
PROVISION
§111. CONTRACT OF EXECUTOR OR
ADMINISTRATOR
A contract of an executor
or administrator to answer personally for a duty
of h
is decedent is within the statute
of Frauds if a similar contract to answer for t
he duty of a living person would be
within the Statute as a contract to answer
for the duty of another
.
主题一
遗产管理人之条款
§111.
遗产管理人之合同
如果一个为生存者
偿还债务之类似合同，作为为他人
偿还债务之合同而受防止
欺诈条例调整，则遗产管理人之合同应受防止欺诈条例调整。
TOPIC 2. THE SURETYSHIP
PROVISION
§112. REQUIREMENT OF SURESHIP
A contract is not within the Statute of
Frauds as a contract to answer for the d
uty of another unless the promisee is
an obligee of the other
’
s
duty, the promi
sor is a surety for the
other
, and the promisee knows or has
reason to know o
f the suretyship
relation.
主题二
保证条款
§112.
保证要求
为他人偿还债务之合同并不受防止欺诈条例的调整，除非受允诺人是他方当事
人义务的债务人，允诺人是他方当事人的保证人，并且受允诺人知道或有理由
知道保证关系的存在。
§113. PROMISES OF THE SAME
PERFORMANCE FOR THE SAME CONSIDERAT
ION
When promises of the same performance
are made by two persons for a cons
ideration which inures to the benefit
of only one of them, the promise of the o
ther is within the Statute of Frauds as
a contract to answer for the duty of an
other
, whether or not the
promise is in terms conditional on default by the
on
e to whose benefit the consideration
inures, unless
(a) the other is not a
surety for the one to whose benefit the
consideration in
ures; or
(b) the promises are in terms joint and
do not create several duties or joint an
d several duties; or
(c) the
promisee neither knows nor has reason to know that
the consideration
does not inure to the
benefit of both promisors.
§113.
为相同约因而为相同履行行为之允诺
如果相同履行行为之允诺是由两个
人
为一个约因而作出，而该约因只对其中的一人有利，则另一方的允诺则为为
他人偿还债务之允诺而受防止欺诈条例的调整，不管该允诺之条款是否取决于
一方当事人对约因受益方实施违约，除非
(a)
他方当事人并非约因受益方之保证人；或
(b)
允诺的条款具有共同性，并不能创设数种责任或连带责任；或
(c)
受允诺人不知道或没有理由知道该约因并不对两个允诺人有利。
§114 INDEPENDENT DUTY OF PROMISOR
A contract to perform or otherwise to
satisfy all or part of a duty of a third per
son to the promisee is not within the
Statute of Frauds as a contract to answe
r for the duty of another if, by the
terms of the promise when it is made, perf
ormance thereof can involve no more
than
(a) the application of funds or
property held by the promisor for the purpose,
or
(b) performance of any
other duty owing, irrespective of his promise, by
the p
romisor to the promisee, or
(c) performance of a duty
which is either owing, irrespective of his
promise, b
y the promisor to the third
person, or which the promisee reasonably believes
to be owing.
§114
允诺人之独立责任
如果依据作出允诺时的条款，合同的履行行为只涉及到下列情形，则履行或以
< br>
其他方式偿还第三人对受允诺人全部或部分债务之合同不受防止欺诈条例的调<
/p>
整：
(a)
使用允诺人为此目的持有的资金或财产，
(b)
允诺人对受允诺人之履行任何其他与其允诺无关的义务，或
(c)
允诺人对第三人履行与其允诺无关的义务或受允诺人合
理地认为允诺人应承
担义务之履行。
§115. NOVATION
A contract
that is itself accepted in satisfaction of a
previously existing duty of
a third
person to the promisee is not within the Statute
of Frauds as a c
on
tr
< br>a
c
t to answer for the
duty of another
.
§115.
债务更新
如果合同本身之所以被接受
是因为第三人对受要约人履行了既存义务，则该为
他人偿还债务之合同不受防止欺诈条例调整。
§ PRUPOSE;
ADVANTAGE TO SURETY
A contract that all
or part of a duty of a third person to the
promisee shall be
satisfied is not
within the Statute of Frauds as a promise to
answer for the dut
y of another if the
consideration for the promise is in fact or
apparently desire
d by the promisor
mainly for his own economic advantage, rather than
in or
d
e
r to
benefit the third person. If, however
,
the consideration is merely a premiu
m
for insurance, the contract is within the Statute.
§116.
主要目的；保证的利益
如果允诺的约因在事实上或表面上是允诺人主要
为自身经济利益
而为，并非为
了第三人的利益，则第三人对受允诺人全部或部
分责任之履行，作为为他人偿
还债务之允诺并不受防止欺诈条
例的调整。
但是，如果该约因仅仅只是为保险费
的支付，则该合同应受防止欺诈条例的调整。
§117. PROMISE
TO SIGN A WRITTEN CONTRACT OF SURETYSHIP
A promise to sign a written contract as
a surety for the performance of a duty
owed to the promisee or to sign a
negotiable instrument for the accommodati
on of a person other than the promisee
is within the Statute of Frauds
§117.
签署一个书面保证合同之允诺
如果为
保证对受要约人履行义务而签署一
书面合同，或者为了非受允诺人之便
< br>
利而签署一可转让票据，则由此作出的允诺并不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
§118. PROMISE TO INDEMNIFY
A SURETY
A promise to indemnify against
liability or loss made to induce the promisee t
o become a surety is not within the
Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer
for the duty of another
.
§118.
为保证作出赔偿之允诺
如果一个允诺是为了赔偿允诺人为了诱使受允诺
人变成保证人而
导致的责任或
损失，则作为为他人偿还债务之合同，该允诺并
不受防止欺诈条例的调整。
§TION OF DUTY
BY ANOTHER
A contract not within the
Statute of Frauds as a contract to answer for the
dut
y of another when made is not
brought within it by a subsequent promise of a
nother person to assume performance of
the duty as principal obligor
.
§119.
他人承担的责任
如果为他人偿还债务之合同在缔结时并不受防止欺诈条例之调整，则不得通过
< br>
他人以后允诺承担其作为主债务人之债务履行，将此合同列入防止欺诈条例的<
/p>
调整范围。
§120.
OBLIGATIONS ON NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT
(1) An obligation on a negotiable
instrument or a guaranty written on the inst
rument is not within the Statute of
Frauds.
(2) A promise to pay a
negotiable instrument, made by a party who has
been
or may be discharged by the
holder
’
s failure or delay in
making presentment
o
r
giving notice of dishonor or in making protest, is
not within the Statute of Fr
auds.
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