语言学英汉术语对比

1.

语言的普遍特征：

任意性

arbitrariness

双层结构

duality

既由声音和意义结构

多产性

productivity

移 位性

displacement:

我们能用语言可以表达许多不 在场的东西

文化传播性

cultural transmission

2

。语言的功能：

传达信息功能

informative

人济功能：

interpersonal

行事功能：

Performative

表情功能：

Emotive

寒暄功能：

Phatic

娱乐功能

recreatinal

元语言功能

metalingual

3.

语言学

linguistics

：包括六个分支

语音学

Phonetics

音位学

phonology

形态学

Morphology

句法学

syntax

语义学

semantics

语用学

pragmatics

4.

现代结构主义语言学创始人：

Ferdinand de saussure

提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：

语言与 言语

language and parole

，

体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的 具体话语

5.

语法创始人：

Noam Chomsky

提出概念语言能力与语言运用

competence and performance

1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique

properties of language:

a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language

b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.

c. we can u se language to refer to something not present

d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.

is the most important function of language?

a. interpersonal

b. phatic

c. informative

ingual

function of the sentence

a informative

b. phatic

c. directive

d. performative

distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __

a saussure

b. halliday

c. chomsky

d. the prague school

5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?

a. saussure

b. chomsky

c. halliday

d anomymous

第二节

语音学

1.

发音器官由声带

the vocal cords

和三个回声腔组成

2.

辅音

c onsonant

：

there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.

3.

辅音的发音方式

爆破音

complete obstruction

鼻音

nasals

破裂音

plosives

部分阻塞辅音

partial obstruction

擦音

fricatives

破擦音

affricates

等

4.

辅音清浊特征

voicing

辅音的送气特征

aspiration

5.

元音

vowel

分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状

6

双元音

diphthongs,

有元音过渡

vowel glides

1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.

a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech

b. the perception of sounds

c. the combination of sounds

d. the production of sounds

2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __

a. the place of articulation

obstruction f airstream

c. the position of the tongue

d. the shape of the lips

3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t

a. voiceless

b. spread

4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?

a. voicing

b. aspiration

ess

d. nasality

of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?

a. voicing

c. approximation

d. aspiration

phonological features of the consonant k are __

a. voiced stop

b. voiceless stop

c. voiced fricative

d. voiceless fricative

7.p is divverent from k in __

a. the manner of articulation

b. the shape of the lips

c. the vibration of the vocal cords

palce of articualtion

ion of the vocal cords results in __

a. aspiration

ty

c. obstruction

d. voicing

第三节

音位学

phonology

1.

音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注 所有语言中人可能发出

的所有声音；

音位学则强调语音的社会功 能，

其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的

那些语音。< /p>

2.

音位< /p>

phoneme

：最小语音单位

3.

音位变体

allophones:

读音差别

4.

对比 性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，

5.

互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环 境中，那么它们之间就

是互补性分布的关系，如送气

p

绝不会出现在

s

之后，不送气的

p

绝不会出现在词首

6.< /p>

音节

syllable

，分为节首

onset

，节峰

peak

< br>，节尾

coda

7.

辅音群< /p>

:

一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过< /p>

4

个

8.

最小语音对

minimal pairs

I. Introduction

1. What is Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. What is Linguistics(

语言学

)

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

Basic Distinctions(

区分

) in Linguistics

3.1 Speech and Writing

One general principle(

原则

) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing

gives language new scope(

范畴

) and uses that speech does not have.

3.2 Descriptive(

描述性

) or Prescriptive(

说明性

)

A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it

tries to lay down rules for

3.3 Synchronic(

共时

) and Diachronic(

历时

) Studies