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生化名词解释
1.
Isoelectrrc point (PI):
AAs
in solution at certaon PH are predominately in
dipolary fom,fully ionized but without net charge
due
to-COO and-NH3+groups.
2.
Primary
structure of protein:
A linear
connection of AAS along the protein chain,which is
linked together by is also called
amino sequence.
3.
Secondary
structure of protein:
A local spatial
structure of a certain
peptides segment,that is, the relatice
position of backbone atoms of
this
peptide segment.
4.
Motift:
When several local peptides of defined
secondary structures are close enough space,they
are able to form
a Particularsular
super-secondary structure.
Forexample
：
Zincfinger,HLH(helix-loop-
helix),HTH(helix-turn-helix),Leucine zipper.
5.
Pertiary structure:
The
spatial positions of all atoms of a protein,
i..e,thethree-dimensional(3D) arrangement of all
atoms.
6.
Auaternary structure:
The
spatial arrangement of multiple subunits of a
protein.
7.
Domain:
large
polypeptides may be organized into structurally
close but functionally independentunits.
8.
Denaturation:
A process in
which a protein loses its native conformation
under the treatment of denaturants..(DEcreaes
in solubility;incresse the
visecosity;lose the biological
activity;losecrystalizability;be susceptible to
enzymatic
digestion).
9.
Hybridization:
TwoDNAs
form
different
spacies
are
completely
denatured
by
mixedand
slowly
mentary DNA strands of each species
will associste and anneal to form normal the
different
dans
have
significance
homology,the
will
teed
to
form
partiarl
duplexes
or
hybrids
with
cach
other,this is called
hybridization.
10.
Denaturation
of DNA:
The unfolding of the duplex
strsnds into signle chains is referred to
asdenaturation.
1
11.
Meltion
temperature(TM):
A260The
temperature at which UV adsorption
reaches the half of the maximum value as=lsomens
that
about 50
％
of the dsDNA is disassociated into the
single-stranded DNA.
12.
Enzymes:
A biomolecule. Either protion or
nucleic acid, that catalyzes aspecific chemical
reaction.
They have extraordinary
catalytic power and ahigh degree of spaecifity for
their substrates.
13.
Active
centers:
Some
functional
groups
are
close
enough
in
sasce
to
form
a
hydrophobic
portion
where
substrates
are
catalyzed into products
within the confines of a pocket on the enzyme.
14.
Isoenzyme:
A group of
enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but differ
form each other in their structure,substrate
affinity, V max, and/of regulatory
properties.
15.
Km:
The
substrate
concentrates
at
which
enzyme-
catalyzed
reaction
proceeds
at
one-half
itsmaximum
velocity.
16.
Ribozymes:
Ribonucleic
acid(RNA) molecules with catalytic; RNA enzymes.
17.
Glycolysis:
A molecule of
glucose is degraded in a series of enzymatic
reaction to yield two molecules of or lactate in
cyto
sol.
glucoss(G)→lactic acid (lactic acid(lack of
O2)
18
．
Gluconeogenesis:
The process
of transformation of non-carbohydrates to glucose
or glycogen.
18.
TCA:
The
reaction
procedure
is
a
cycle;form
acetyl
CoA+oxaloacetic
acid→citric
acid
on,by
a
few
times
of
dehydrogenesis and
decarboxylation→oxaloacetic acid cycle;Also called
citrate/Krebs cycle.
19.
Cori cycle:
A
metabolic
process
in
which
lactate,produced
in
tissues
such
as
muscle,is
transferred
to
liver
where
it
becomes a substrate in
gluconeogenesis.(prevent acidosis;reduced
lactate).
20.
AEerobic oxidation of glucose:
The process of complete oxidation of
glucose to CO2 and water with liberation of energy
as The form of
e(G)
→H2O+CO2(O2)
21.
Biological oxidization:
the
process in which
substance(Carbohydrate,lipid,AAs)are oxidized in
living organism.
2
22.
Respiratory
china(Electron transfer chain,ETC):
A
chain in the inner membrara of the mitochondria
consists of redox carriers for transferring
electrons
form the substrate to
molecular an oxygen ion,which combines with
protons to form water.
23.
P/O ration:
is the number of inorganic phosphates
incorporates into ATP per oxyfen atom
consumed.(Number of mol of
ATP/2H)
25.
Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL):
TG
lipase
is
the
rate-limiting
enzyme
in
the
TG
degradation
in
adipose
is
alsonamed
HSL
because it is regulated some hormones.
26.
Oxidative phosphorylation:
The
enzymatic
phosphorylation
of
ADP
to
ADP
coupled
to
clectron
transfer
from
a
substrate
from
a
substrate
to molecular oxygen.
27.
Substrate
level phosphorylation:
phosphorylation
of
ADP
or
some
other
nucleoside
5'-diphosphate
coupled
to
the
dehydrogenation
of
an
organic substrate;
independent of the electron
transfer chain.
28.
Putrefaction
of protein:
some un-
digested proteins and no absorbed are anaerobic by
the bacteria in intestine. The products are toxic
to body except few viamin and fatty
acid.
29.
Essential fatty acids (EFA):
Liinoleic, Linolenic and arechidonic
acids are called essential fatty acids,because
they cannot be synthesized
by the body
and must be obtained through diet.
30.
Fat mobilization:
The triacyglycerol stored in the
adipocytes are hydrolysized by lipsses,to produce
free fatty acids(FFA) and
glycerol,
which are released to the blood, this process is
called fat mobilization.
31.
Ketone bodies:
water-soluble fuels normally exported
by the liver but overproduced during fasting or in
underated diabetes
mellitus, including
acetoactate,
β
-hydroxybutyrate,and
acetone.
32.
Essential amino acids:
acids that can not be synthesized by
the body and must be obtained from the diet. 8
kinds of essential AAs:
Val,Ile,LEU,Phe,Met,Trp,Thr,Lys.
33.
Union deamination:
The
α
-amino group
of most amino acids is transfereed to
α
-ketoglutarate toform a
α
-keto acid and glutamate
by
transaminase,Glutamate
is
then
oxidatively
deaminated
to
yied
ammonia
and
α
-ketoglutarate
by
glutamate dehydrogenase.
3