-
4.3
Environmentally
Conscious Design
and
Manufacturing(ECD&M)
4.3.1
Introduction
Industrial countries
are
beginning to
face one of the
consequences of the rapid
development
of the last decade. Wide diffusion of consumer
goods and shortening of
product
lifecycles
have
caused
an
increasing
quantity
of
used
products
being
discarded.
4.3
环保意识的设计和制造
(ECD
&M)
4.3.1
介绍
工业国家开始面临的后果之一
,
过去十年的快速发
展。广泛扩散的消费品和缩短
产品生命周期造成了越来越多的产品被丢弃的使用。
?
In
Europe, 800,000 tons of old television sets,
computer equipment, radios,
and
measuring
devices,
and
3
million
tons
of
automobile
equipment
are
thrown into the national
garbage center each year.
?
In
the
United
States,
the
municipal
solid
waste
(MSW)
generated
by
house-
holds and industrial
establishments is about 4 pounds per person each
day.
?
According
to
a
current
report,
the
United
States
has
lost
more
than
70%
of
its
landfill
sites
in
the
past
10
years.
The
report
also
infers
that
landfills
in
many
states are reaching their permitted capacities.
?
Facing
this
environmental
problem,
both
the
government
and
industrial
companies
are
making
more
strict
regulations
to
promote
environmentally
friendly
products and technology.
在欧洲
,
每年的国家产生
800000
吨的旧电视机、电脑设备、无线电和测量设
< br>备
,300
万吨汽车设备被扔进垃圾中心。
在美国
,
城市所产生的固
体废弃物
(
垃圾
)
房屋持有者和工业机构大约是每人每天
4
磅。
根据当前的报告
,
美国已
经失去了超过
70%
的垃圾填埋场在过去的
10
年。
该报告还
指出
,
医改垃圾填埋场在许多州已经到达了饱和。
<
/p>
面对这种环境问题
,
包括了政府和工业公
司正在更严格的规章制度来促进环境友
好的产品和技术。
?
For
example
,the
governments
of
Germany
and
the
US
require
that
manufacturers take responsibility for
the disposal of their products. The Green
Plan of Canada was proposed in 1990 to
reduce the stabilization of CO2 and
other greenhouse emissions by the year
2000.
例如
,
德国和美国的政府
要求厂家负责处置他们的产品。加拿大的绿色计划在
1990
年
提出了减少稳定的二氧化碳和其他温室气体排放到
2000
年。
?
Some
governments
have
set
up
official
eco-labeling
schemes
intended
to
inform customers of
environmentally friendly products.
?
All
of
these
regulations
intend
to
minimize
the
environmental
impact
of
products.
一些国家
的政府已经建立了官方的环保标签计划旨在告知客户的环保产品。
所有这些法规打算减少产品对环境的影响。
?
Products
affect
the
environment
at
many
points
in
their
lifecycles.
These
environmental
effects
result
from
the
interrelated
decisions
made
at
various
stages of a product's life. Once a
product moves from the drawing board into
the production line, its environmental
attributes are largely fixed.
产品影响环境在很多
方面上是他们的生命周期。
这些环境影响相关的决策的结果
在不
同阶段的一个产品的生命。一旦产品移动从图纸到生产线
,
其环
境属性基本
上是固定的。
?
Therefore,
it
is
necessary
to
support
the
design
function
with
tools
and
methodologies that enable an assessment
of the environmental consequences
(such
as emissions, exposure, and effects) in each
phase.
?
Environmentally conscious design and
manufacturing (ECD&M) is a view of
manufacturing that includes the social
and technological aspects of the design,
synthesis,
processing,
and
use
of
products
in
continuous
or
discrete
manufacturing
industries.
因此
,<
/p>
有必要以支持设计功能与工具和方法
,
使
评估环境影响
(
如排放、曝光、和
效果
)
在每个阶段。
环保意识的设计和制造
(ECD&M)
是一个视图的制造<
/p>
,
包括社会和技术方面的设计、
合成、加
工、使用产品在连续或离散制造行业。
?
The benefits of
ECD&M include safer and cleaner factories, worker
protection,
reduced
future
costs
for
disposal,
reduced
environmental
and
health
risks,
improved
product
quality
at
lower
cost,
better
public
image,
and
higher
productivity.
?
Environmentally conscious technologies
and design practices will also allow
manufacturers to minimize waste and to
turn waste into a profitable product.
E
CD&M
的好处包括
:
更安全、更清洁
的工厂
,
工人的保护
,
降低了成本
,
减少了未来
处理
环境和健康风险
,
改进产品质量以较低的成本
< br>,
更好的公众形象
,
和更高的生
产力。
环保意识的技术和设计实践也
将允许制造商减少浪费和把废物变成有利可图的
产
品
。
4.3.2
Overview
?
Although
manufacturing industries contribute significantly
to prosperity, they
also generate
approximately 5.5 billion tons of non-hazardous
waste and 0.7
billion tons of hazardous
waste each year.
?
Historically,
much effort focused on the proper treatment and
disposal of toxic
and hazardous waste
from industries.
4.3.2
概述
尽管制造业繁荣做出显著贡献
,
他们也产生约
55
亿吨的无害废物和危险废物
07
亿
吨每年。
历史上
,
很多工作集中于适当的处理和处置有毒和危险废物从产业。
?
Unfortunately,
this
reactive
environmental
protection
approach
cannot
completely
solve
the
problems
of
potential
toxic
or
hazardous
materials
releasing from
products or the waste stream into the environment.
?
To effectively protect the environment,
pollution control must be incorporated
into every aspect of manufacturing.
不幸的是
,
这种活性环保方法不能完全解决问
题的潜在有毒或有害物质释放与产
品和废物流到环境中。
有效地保护环境
,
污染控制必须被纳入生产
的方方面面。
?
As
opposed
to
the
traditional
treatment
for
pollution
control,
ECD&M
is
a
proactive
approach
to
minimize
the
product's
environmental
impact during its design and
manufacturing, and thus to increase the product's
competitiveness in the environmentally
conscious market place.
?
There are two
general approaches to ECD&M.
与传统的
“
末端治理
”
治疗污染控制
,ECD&M
是积极的方法来减少产
品的环境影响
在其设计和制造
,
从而提
高产品的竞争力
,
在环保意识的市场的地方。
< br>
有两个
ECD&M
的一般方法
。
?
In
the
first
approach
(zero-
wasted
lifecycle),
it
is
assumed
that
the
environmental impact of a product
during its lifecycle can be reduced to zero.
The
cycle
can
be
absolutely
sustainable,
and
the
product
may
be
designed,
manufactured, used, and disposed of
without affecting the environment.
?
The emphasis in
this approach is to create a product cycle that is
as sustainable
as possible.
在第一种方法
(
零
——
浪费生命周期
),
假定环境影响的一个产品在其生命周
期可
以减少到零。这个周期可以绝对可持续
,
< br>产品可能是设计、制造、使用和处置而
不影响环境。
<
/p>
这种方法的重点是创建一个产品周期
,
尽
可能是可持续的。
?
Sustainable
production
means
that
products
are
designed,
produced,
distributed, used and disposed of with
minimal
(or none)
environmental
and
occupational health damages,
and with minimal use of
resources
( material
and energy).
?
The sustainability of a system can be
considered as the ability of that system to
be maintained or prolonged.
可持续生产意味着产品的设计、
生产、
分配和处理使用的最小
(
或没有
)
环境和职
业健康损害
,
以最少的利用资源
(
物质和能量
)
。
可持续性的一个系统可以被认为是该系统的能力是保持或延长。
?
The
second
approach
(incremental
waste
lifecycle
control)
is
based
on
the
premise
that
there
is
a
certain
amount
of
negative
impact
from
the
current
process
cycle.
This
impact
can
be
reduced
or
cleaned
based
on
some
improvement
in
technology
that
is
named
as
incremental
waste
lifecycle
control.
第二种方法
(
增量浪费生命周期控制
)
是基于一个前提<
/p>
,
存在一定程度的负面影响
当前过程循环
。这种影响可以减少或清除基于一些改进技术
,
被誉为增量浪费
生
命周期控制。
?
This approach
is to reduce the negative impact of hazardous
materials through
clean
technology.
A
technology
is
a
source
reduction
or
recycling
method
applied
to
eliminate
or
significantly
reduce
hazardous
waste
generation.
?
Research
on
ECD&M
can
be
categorized
into
two
areas,
namely,
environmentally
conscious
product
design
and
environmentally
conscious
process design, also called
environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM).
这种方法是减少负面影响
,
有害物质通过清洁
技术。一个
“
清洁技术
”
是一个源还
原或回收法用于消除或显著减少危险废物生成。
< br>
ECD&M
研究可分为两个区域
,
即
,
环保意识的产品设计和环保意
识的流程设计
,
也
称为环境意识制造<
/p>
(ECM)
。
?
I.
Whitmer
II,
Olson,
and
Sutherland
developed
a
hierarchy
comprised
of
environmentally conscious products
(Fig. 3. 7).
即
Whitmer II,
奥森
,
萨瑟兰发达一个层次组成的环保意识的
产品
(
图。
3
。
7)
。
Environmental
ly
Conscious
Level
1
：
Objective
RUS
Remanufacture
Recycle
Disposa
Level
2
：
Post-Use
Process
Time
Cost
Materials
Energy
Modularity
Level
3
：
Design Factor
?
At
the
first
level
of
the
hierarchy,
the
overall
objectives
for
the
system
are
considered when creating an
environmentally conscious product.
?
At the second
level, the four groups represent a post-use
process that can be
employed to achieve
the objectives.
?
The
third
level
consists
of
the
five
design
factors
that
can
facilitate
the
post-use processes and in turn
accomplish the overall goal.
在第一个层次
,
总体目标为系统被认为是当创建一个环保意
识的产品。
第二层次
,
四组代表一个帖子用的过程
,
可以用来实现目标。<
/p>
第三层次包括五个设计因素
,
可以促进邮报使用过程
,
进而完成总体目标。<
/p>
?
This
hierarchy shows the method of retiring products,
whether the designers
intend
to
have
the
product
discarded
in
a
landfall,
or
whether
they
plan
to
reuse or
recycle part or all of the product.
这个层
次结构显示了退休产品的方法
,
是否有产品设计师打算丢弃在一
个登陆
,
或者他们是否打算重用或回收部分或所有的产品。
?
The
principle
of
ECM
is
to
adopt
those
processes
that
reduce
the
harmful
environmental
impacts of manufacturing, including minimization
of hazardous
waste
and
emissions
reduction
of
energy
consumption,
improvement
of
materials utilization
efficiency, and enhancement of operational safety.
ECM
的原理是采用这些流程
,
减少有害的环境影响的制造
,
包括危险废物和
排放最
小化减少能源消耗
,
提高材料利
用率
,
提高运营安全。
?
Sandia
National
Laboratories
’
Environmentally
Conscious
Manufacturing
Programs
Department
describes
ECM
as
deliberate
attempt
to
reduce
ecological
impacts
of
industrial
activity
without
sacrificing
quality
,cost,
reliability,
performance, or energy utilization efficiency.
桑迪亚国家实验室的环保意识的生产计划部门描述
ECM
是
“
故意试图减少工业活
动的
生态影响不牺牲质量、成本、可靠性、性能、或能源利用效率。
”
?
The
activities
of
ECM
emphasize
largely
extracting
the
useful
product
from
raw materials, the
avoiding of waste generation at the source, or
using waste to
create
other
products.
In
addition,
ECM
involves
refining
operating
procedures,
replacing
existing
processes
and
developing
new,
waste-free
processes,
finding
innovative
ways
to
redesign
products,
and
increasing
recycling.
ECM
的主要活动强调产品从原材料提取有用的部分
,
避免浪费的一代在源
,
或者
使用浪费创建其他产品。
此外
,ECM
涉及炼油操作程序
,
替换现有的流程和开发新<
/p>
的、杜绝浪费的过程
,
寻找创新的方法来
设计产品
,
增加回收。
4.3.4
Environmental Engineering
?
All
aspects
of
environmental
problems
are
considered
in
environmental
engineering,
such
as
water
and
wastewater,
environmental
hydrology,
environmental
hydraulics
and
pneumatics,
air,
solid
waste,
noise,
environmental
modeling, and hazardous waste.
4.3.4
环境工程
环境问题的所有方面都被认为是在环境工程
,
比如水和
废水、环境水文、环境水
力学和气体、空气、固体废物、噪声、环境建模、危险废物。<
/p>
?
Sincero defined environmental
engineering as
principles, under
constraint, to the protection and enhancement of
the quality
of the environment and to
the enhancement and protection of public health
and
welfare.
Sincero
< br>定义环境工程作为
“
工程应用的原则
,
在约束
,
保护和提高环境的质量
,
增
强和保护公共健康的福利。
“
?
As
the
US
environmental
policy
expanded
from
clean
air
to
cradle-to-grave
solid
and
hazardous
waste
management,
environmental
engineering
research
helped us better
understand how pollutants migrate through soils,
groundwater,
and
air,
and
developed
treatment
technologies
to
minimize
their
impact
on
natural
and human environment.
作为美国环境政策扩大从清洁空气从
摇篮到坟墓的固体和危险废物管理、
环境工
程研究帮助我们更好
的理解如何通过土壤、地下水污染物迁移、和空气
,
和开发
治疗技术来最小化对自然和人文环境。
?
The water
resource management system includes water
pollution, wastewater
disposal, and the
measurement of water quality, supply, and
treatment.
?
Crook presented
guidelines for water reuse. These guidelines were
developed
to encourage and facilitate
the orderly planning, design, and implementation
of
water reclamation.
水资源管理系统包括水污染
,
废水处理
,
测量水的质量、供应和治疗。
克鲁克提出指导水重用。
这些指南被开发来鼓励和促进有序的规划、
设计和实现
的水填海。
?
The
air
resource
management
system
includes
air
pollution
control
and
the
measurement of air quality. The solid
waste
management system includes
solid waste
collection and landfill design.
?
Williams indicated that source
reduction, recycling and compositing, waste-
to-energy
facilities,
and
landfills
are
the
four
basic
approaches
to
waste
management.
空气资源管理系统包括空气污染控制和测量空气质量。
固体废物管理系统包括固
体废物收集和垃圾填埋场的设计。
威廉姆斯
表示
,
源减少
,
回收和合成
,
浪费能源
,
设施和垃圾填埋场的
废物管理的
四种基本方法。<
/p>
(1) Pollution Prevention
?
The term
is
based on the
technological and management advances program. The
purposes
of this program are
1) to reduce environmental releases and
2) to lower costs in production from
previous methods associated with pollution.
(1)
污染防治
术语
“
污染预防
”
一词在
1976
年由
3
m
公司
,
是基于技
术和管理进步程序。这个程序
的目的
1)
减少环境释放和
2)
降低成本在生产从先前的方法与污染有关。
?
The
Pollution
Prevention
Act
defined
pollution
prevention
as
reduction.
Considering
this
definition,
it
may
infer
that
the
creation
of
pollutants
may
he
reduced or eliminated through increased
efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy,
water, or other resources, or
protection of natural resources by conservation. <
/p>
污染预防行为定义为
“
源削减污染防治。
“
考虑这个定义
,
它可以推断出污染物的生成可能他降低或消除了通过提高效率在
< br>使用原材料、能源、水、或其他资源
,
或保护自然资源的
保护。
?
The second preference is reuse and
recycling of wastes that cannot be reduced
at the source.
?
The third
preference is waste treatment,
and
the least preferred alternative is disposal.
?
Two
methods of source
reduction can be
used. product
changes
and
process
changes. These two methods
reduce the volume and
toxicity of production
wastes and end products during their
lifecycles.
第二偏好是重用和回收废物
,
不能从源头上减少。
第三个偏好是废物处理
,
和最不喜欢的替代方法是处理。
两种
方法可以使用减少来源。
产品变更和工艺变更。
这两个方法减少
体积和毒性
废物和生产终端产品在其生命周期。
?
The pollution
prevention techniques used in industry are waste
minimization
and
clean
technology.
Waste
minimization
includes
source
reduction
and
environmentally sound
recycling.
?
Source reduction is defined as many
practice that reduces the amount of any
hazardous substance, pollutant,
or contaminant entering
any
waste stream
or
otherwise
released
into
the
environment
prior
to
recycling,
treatment,
or
disposal.
污染预防技术用于工业废物最少化和清洁
技术。
废物最少化包括减少来源和环保
回收。
< br>
源还原被定义为许多实践
,
减
少数量的任何有害物质、污染物或污染物进入任何
废物流或释放到环境之前
,
治疗
,
或处置回收。
Fig
4.8 shows source reduction methods.
图
4.8
显示了源还原方法。
Source Reduction
Product
Changes
*Design for environmental
impact
*Increase product life
Process Changes
Input Material Changes
*Material Purification
*Substitution of Less-Toxic
Materials
……
Technology Changes
*Layout
Changes
*Increased Automation
*Improved
Condition
Operating
Improved Operating
Practices
*Operating
Procedure
*Management
Practices
……
and
Maintenance
?
Clean
technology uses less raw materials, energy, and
water, generates less or
no waste (gas,
liquid, and solid), and recycles waste as useful
materials in a
closed system.
?
The
clean technology used in pollution prevention can
be categorized into five
groups:
improved plant operations, in-process recycling,
process modification,
materials and
product substitutions, and material separations. <
/p>
清洁技术使用更少的原材料、
能源和水
,
生成更少或没有浪费
(
气体、
液体、
固体
)
和回收废
物作为有用的材料在一个封闭的系统。
清洁技术用于污染防治
可分为五组
:
改善工厂操作
,
进程内的回收、
流程改造、
材
< br>料和产品替换
,
和物质的分离。
(2) Design for
Environment
?
Design for Environment (DFE) is defined
by Lenox, Jordan, and Ehrenfeld as
systematic
process
by
which
firms
design
products
and
processes
in
an
environmentally conscious way.
Wapman is
development of
design issues associated with environmental safety
and health
over the full product life
cycle.
(2)
设计环境
设计环境
(DFE)
被定义为雷诺克斯、<
/p>
乔丹
,
艾伦菲尔德为
“
系统性的过程
,
公司设计
产品和过程在一个环保意识的方法。
“
另一个
定义
Fiksel
和
Wapman
提供的是
“
系统
考
虑在新的生产和过程开发设计相关的问题与环境安全健康在整个产品生命周
期。
“
?
The
scope
of
DFE
encompasses
many
disciplines,
including
environmental
risk
management,
product
safety,
occupational
health
and
safety,
pollution
prevention,
ecology,
resource
conservation,
accident
prevention,
and
waste
management.
DFE
的范围包含了许多学科
,
包括
环境风险管理、
安全生产、
职业健康和安全、
< br>污
染防治、生态、资源保护、事故预防、和废物管理。
?
Horvath
et
al.
provided
three
main
goals
of
DFE:
1)
minimize
the
use
of
nonrenewable
resources,
2)
effectively
manage
renewable
resources,
and
3)
minimize
toxic release to the environment.
?
The elements of
DFE include :
metrics,
practices, and analysis methods.
霍瓦特等人提供的三个主要目标的
DFE:1)
减
少不可再生资源的使用
,2)
有效管理
可再生资源
,
和
3)
< br>减少有毒释放到环境中。
DFE
的元素包括
:
指标、实践和分析方法。
Mizuki, Sandborn, and Pitts explained
that DFE requires the coordination of several
design
and
data-
based
activities
such
as
environmental
impact
metrics,
data
and
database
management, and design optimization (including
cost assessments).
水木
,Sandbo
rn
和皮茨解释说
,
需要协调的
DFE
几个设计和基于数据的活动
,
如环
境影响指标、数据和数据库管理和设计优化
(
包括成本评估
)
。
< br>
The
environmental
metric
is
defined
by
Veroutis
and
Fava
as
algorithmic
interpretation
of
levels
of
performance
within
an
environmental
criterion.
The
environmental
criterion
is
the
environmental
attribute
of
the
product
,
that
is
,
the
energy
to
heat
water
for
a
specific
function,
grams
of
CO
2
produced
to
deliver
the
above
energy, chemical oxygen demand generated in the
wastewater, degree of risk of
exposure
to a toxic substance, and so on.
环境指标被定义为
Veroutis
和蚕豆为
“
一个算法解释水平的性能在一个环境标
准
。
“
环境标准是产品的环境属性
,
即能量来加热水为一个特定的函数
,
克二氧
化
碳生产交付上述能源、化学需氧量产生的废水
,
程度的暴露危险的有毒物质
,
等
等。
?
The New Jersey Department of
Environment Protection (NJDEP) conducted a
major
lifecycle
assessment
of
the
environmental
impact
of
producing
and
disposing of packaging materials.
?
NJDEP
analyzed
the
specific
pollutants
released
form
packaging
materials.
The Hewlett-
Packard Co. also provides the tools of DFE for the
company's use:
DFE guidelines, product
assessments, and product stewardship metrics.
新泽西部门环境保护
(NJDEP)
进行了一项
主要的生命周期评估环境影响的生产和
包装材料的处理。
NJDEP
分析了特定污染物释放形式包装材料。
< br>在惠普公司还提供了工具的
DFE
为
公司的使用
:DFE
指南、产品评估和产品管理指标。
?
The
product
stewardship
metrics
include
material
conservation
and
waste
reduction, energy efficiency, and
design for environmental and manufacturing
process emissions.
产品管理指标包括材
料环保、
废弃物的减少、
能源效率和设计环境和生产过程排
放。
(3)Lifecycle Engineering
and Lifecycle Assessment
?
Lifecycle
engineering
(LCE)
may
also
be
referred
to
as
lifecycle
design
(LCD).
?
An outstanding
analysis of lifecycle design that provides design
support from
the environmental point of
view was provided by Alting.
(3)
生命周期工程和生命周期评估
生命周期工程
(LCE)
也可以被称为
生命周期设计
(LCD)
。
一个杰出的分析设计
,
提供设计支持生命周期从
环保的观点是
Alting
提供。
?
Lifecycle
design is based on the early product concept,
including product and
market
research,
design
phases,
manufacturing
process,
qualification,
reliability
issues,
customer
service,
maintainability,
and
supportability
issues.
?
Boothroyd and Alting distinguished six
phases in the product lifecycle: need
recognition, design development,
production, distribution, use, and disposal.
生命周期的设计是基于早期的产品概念
,
包括产品和市场研究、
设计阶段
,
生产过
程、资格、可靠性问题、客户服务、可维护性和可支持性
问题。
博斯罗伊德和
Alting<
/p>
杰出六阶段的产品生命周期
:
需要识别、
设计开发、生产、
销售、使用和处置。
?
All of the
phases must be considered during the conceptual
stage, where it is
possible to
inexpensively change solutions to accommodate the
requirements
in each phase and in the
total lifecycle.
所有的阶段必须考虑在概念阶段
< br>,
在那里可以廉价地改变
,
以适
应需求的解决方
案在每个阶段和总生命周期。
?
Lifecycle
assessment is a family of methods for assessing
materials, services,
products
processes, and technologies over the entire
product life.
?
The
definition
of
product
lifecycle
assessment,
developed
by
the
Society
of
Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, is as follows:
生命周期评价是一个家庭的方法来评估材料
,
服务
,
产品流程和技术在整个产品
生命。
产品生命周期评价的定义
,
发达的社会环境毒理学和化学
,
如下
:
?
Lifecycle
assessment
is
an
objective
process
to
evaluate
the
environmental
burdens
associated
with
a
product
or
activity
by
identifying
and
quantifying
energy and
materials used and wastes released to the
environment , to access
the impact of
those energy and material uses and releases to the
environment,
and
to
evaluate
and
implement
opportunities
to
affect
environmental
improvements.
生命周期评价是一个客观过程环境负荷评估有关的产品或活动通过识别并量化
能源和材料的使用和废物释放到环境中
,
访问影响
能源和材料的使用、
发布环境
,
评估和
实施机会影响环境的改善。
?
The assessment includes the entire
lifecycle of the product, process, or activity,
encompassing
extracting
and
processing
raw
materials
,
manufacturing,
transportation
and
distribution,
use,
reuse,
maintenance,
recycling
and
final
disposal.
评
估包括整个生命周期的产品、过程或活动
,
包括提取和加工原料
、生产、运输
和分配、使用、重用、维护、回收和最终处置。
?
Zust
and Wagner explained four
phases of the product lifecycle: 1) product
definition, 2) product development, 3)
product manufacturing and marketing,
and 4) product usage.
?
At each of
these phases there exists a definition of
objectives, activities, and
deliverables for the next phase.
Zust
和瓦格纳解释产品生命周期的四个阶段
:1
)
产品定义
,2)
产品开发
,3)
产品生
产和营销
,
4)
产品的使用。
在这些阶段中的每
一个都会存在一个定义目标、活动和交付产物
,
为下一阶段。<
/p>
(4)Green Product Design
?
Green product
design is expanded from pollution prevention.
Green products
——
products that can reduce the burden on
the environment during use
and disposal
——
have additional marketing
appeal.
(4)
绿色产品设计
绿色产品设计是扩大从污染防治。绿色产品
——
产品可
以减少环境负担
,
在使用
和处理
,
有额外的营销魅力。
?
Green
product
design
refers
to
green
engineering
design,
defined
by
Navinchandra
as
study
of
and
an
approach
to
product
and
process
evaluation
and
design
for
environmental
compatibility
that
dose
not
compromise products' quality or
function.
绿色产品设计
是指绿色工程设计、
Navinchandra
定义为
“
研究和方法评价和设计
产品和工艺的环境兼容
性
,
不妥协的产品质量或功能。
“
?
This
approach is comprised of two parts:
1) the
evaluation of designs to assess their
environmental compatibility and
2)
the relationship between design decisions and the
green indicators. The aim of
green
engineering
design
is
to
develop
an
understanding
of
how
design
decisions
affect a product's
environmental compatibility.
这种方法包括两个部分
:
1)
设计的评价来评估其环境兼容性和
2)
设计决策之间的关系和绿色指标。
绿色工程设计的目的是开发一个理解如何设
计决策影响一个产品的环境兼容性。
Navinchandra further stressed
the need for green design for the following
reasons: 1)
environmental
legislation, 2) corporate image and
public reception, 3) demanding consumers, and 4)
rising waste
disposal costs.
The Office of Technology Assessment
focused on four objectives of green design in
its report:
1)
Design
for
pollution
prevention:
refers
to
activities
by
manufacturers
and
consumers that
prevent
the
generation
of
waste
in
the
first
place
(that
is,
using
less
material
to
perform the same
function,
or designing durable products to extend the
product service life).
2)
Design
for
better
materials
management:
refers
to
activities
that
allow
product
components
or materials to
be recovered and reused in their highest value-
added application (that
is, designing
products
that
can
be
readily
disassembled
into
constituent
materials,
or
using
materials that can be
recycled together without the need for
separation).
Navinchandra
进一步
强调需要绿色设计的原因如下
:1)
环境
立法
,2)
企业形象和公共接待<
/p>
,3)
要求的消费者
,
< br>和
4)
上升的浪费
处理成本。
技术评估的办公室集中在四个目标的绿色设计在其报告中
: <
/p>
1)
设计为污染防治
:
< br>是指由制造商和消费者的活动
防止一代的垃圾放在第一
位
(
即
,
使用
较少的材料来执行相同的
函数
,
或设计耐用产品来延长产品的使用寿命
)
。
2)
设计更好的材料管理
:
是指活动
,
允许产品组
件
或材料被回收和重用在最高增值应用程序
< br>(
即
,
设计
产品
,
随时可以分解为组成材料
,
或使用材料
,
可以
一起回收不需要分离
)
。
3)
Design
for
re-
manufacturing
and
recycling:
refers
to
reducing
virgin
material
extraction
rates, waste generated from raw
material separation and processing, and energy
uses
associated with
manufacturing.
It
can
also
divert
residual
material
from
municipal
waste|
relieving
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