2016考研英语一真题及答案(word版)

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2016

考真题

2016

考研英语一真题

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答案【完整版】

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Section

Ⅰ

Use of English

Directions:

Read

the

following

text.

Choose

the

best

word(s)

for

each

numbered

blank

and

mark A

，

B

，

C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may

involve not only his parents and his friends, _1_ those of the young woman, but also

a matchmaker. A young man can __2_ a likely spouse on his own andthen ask his

parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man'sparents may make the

choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in theselection. 4, a girl may veto the

spouse

her

parents

have

chosen.

5aspouse

has

been

selected,

each

family

investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6

a good family.

The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days,

_ 7 _ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a

short sermon and _ 8 _ prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony the bride

’

s and

groom

’

s wrists, and

10

a candle around a circle of happily in with the wife

’

s

parents and may

12

with them up to a year,

13

they can build a new house

nearby.

Divorce

is

legal

and

easy

to

14

,

but

not

common.

Divorced

persons

are

15

with some disapproval. Each sprouse retains

16

property he or she

17

1

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into

the

marriage,

and

jointly-acquired

property

is

18

equally.

Divorced

persons

may

remarry,

but

a

gender

prejudice

19

up:

The

divorced

male

doesn

’

t have a waiting period before he can remarry

20

the woman must wait

ten months.

1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of

[C]as well as

[D]with regard to

2.[A]adapt to

[B]provide for

[C]compete with [D]decide on

3.[A]close

[B]renew

[C]arrange

[D]postpone

4.[A]Above all

[B]In theory

[C]In time

[D]For example

5.[A]Although

[B]Lest

[C]After

[D]Unless

6.[A]into

[B]within

[C]from

[D]through

7.[A]since

[B]but

[C]or

[D]so

8.[A]copy

[B]test

[C]recite

[D]create

9.[A]folding

[B]piling

[C]wrapping

[D]tying

10.[A]passing

[B]lighting[C]hiding

[D]serving

11. [A]meeting

[B]collection

[C]association

[D]union

12. [A]grow

[B]part

[C]deal

[D]live

13. [A]whereas

[B]until

[C]if

[D]for

14. [A]obtain

[B]follow

[C]challenge

[D]avoid

15. [A]isolated

[B]persuaded

[C]viewed

[D]exposed

16. [A]whatever

[B]however

[C]whenever

[D]wherever

17.[A]changed[B]brought

[C]shaped[D]pushed

18.[A]wit hdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided

2

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19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears

20.[A]so [B]while [C]once [D]in that

Text 1

France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its

fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its

lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime

to

employ

ultra- thin

models

on

runaways.

The

parliament

also

agreed

to

ban

websites that

“

incite excessive thinness

”

by promoting extreme dieting.

Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should

not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That

’

s a start. And the

ban

on

ultra-thin

models

seems

to

go

beyond

protecting

models

from

starving

themselves to death-as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must

take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the

social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

The bans, if fully enforced,would suggest to women (and many men) that they

should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly,they hint that

people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than

dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.

The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change

a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law,

3

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using

a

fashion

model

that

does

not

meet

a

government-defined

index

of

body

mass could result in a $$85,000 fine and six months in prison.

The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material

adornment

and

idealized

body

types.

In

Denmark,

the

United

States,

and

a

few

other

countries,

it

is

trying

to

set

voluntary

standards

for

models

and

fashion

images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.

In contrast to France

’

s actions, Denmark

’

s fashion industry agreed last month

on

rules

and

sanctions

regarding

the

age,

health,

and

other

characteristics

of

models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:

“

We are

aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body

ideals, especially on young people.

”

The charter

’

s main tool of enforcement is to

deny access for

designers and

modeling

agencies

to

Copenhagen

Fashion Week

(CFW),

which

is

run

by

the

Danish

Fashion

Institute.

But

in

general

it

relies

on

a

name-and-shame method of compliance.

Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body

ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty

beyond the material standards of a particular industry.

21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?

[A]New runways would be constructed.

[B]Physical beauty would be redefined.

[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.

[D]The fashion industry would decline.

4

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22. The phrase

“

impinging on

”

(Line2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

[A]heightening the value of.

[B]indicating the state of.

[C]losing faith in.

[D]doing harm to.

23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?

[A]New standards are being set in Denmark.

[B]The French measures have already failed.

[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.

[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse.

24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions.

[B]caring too much about models

’

character.

[C]showing little concern for health factors.

[D]setting a high age threshold for models.

25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?

[A]A Challenge to the Fashion Industry

’

s Body Ideals

[B]A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France

5

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[C]Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty

[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry

Text 2

For

the

first

time

in

history

more

people

live

in

towns

than

in

the

country.

In

Britain

this

has

had

a

curious

result.

While

polls

show

Britons

rate

“

the

countryside

”

alongside

the

royal

family,

Shakespeare

and

the

National

Health

Service

(NHS)

as

what

makes

them

proudest

of

their

country,

this

has

limited

political support.

A

century

ago

Octavia

Hill

launched

the

National

Trust

not

to

rescue

stylish

houses but to save

“

the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.

”

It was

specifically

to

provide

city

dwellers

with

spaces

for

leisure

where

they

could

experience

“

a refreshing air.

”

Hill

’

s pressures later led to the creation of national

parks

and

green

belts.

They

don

’

t

make

countryside

any

more,

and

every

year

concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.

At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.

The

Conservatives

’

planning

reform

explicitly

gives

rural

development

priority

over conservation, even authorizing

“

off- plan

”

building where local people might

object.

The

concept

of

sustainable

development

has

been

defined

as

profitable.

Labour

likewise

wants

to

discontinue

local

planning

where

councils

oppose

development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has

6

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sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its

Campaign

to

Protect

Rural

England

struck

terror

into

many

local

Conservative

parties.

The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are,

in

cities

and

towns

where

infrastructure

is

in

place.

The

London

agents

StirlingAckroyd

recently

identified

enough

sites

for

half

a

million

houses

in

the

London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even

truer of the provinces.

The idea that

“

housing crisis

”

equals

“

concreted meadows

”

is pure lobby talk.

The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under

lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation

and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not

a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always

grow.

They

do

so

best

where

building

sticks

to

their

edges

and

respects

their

character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?

Development

should

be

planned,

not

let

rip.

After

the

Netherlands,

Britain

is

Europe

’

s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has

enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density

urban

living.

There

is

no

doubt

of

the

alternative

—

the

corrupted

landscapes

of

southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should

unite the left and right of the political spectrum.

26. Britain

’

s public sentiment about the countryside____

7

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[A]didn

’

tstart till the Shakespearean age.

[B]has brought much benefit to the NHS.

[C]is fully backed by the royal family.

[D]is not well reflected in politics.

27.

According

to

Paragraph

2,

the

achievements

of

the

National

Trust

are

now

being____

[A]gradually destroyed.

[B]effectively reinforced.

[C]largely overshadowed.

[D]properly protected.

28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development.

[B]The Conservatives may abandon

“

off- plan

”

building.

[C]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.

[D]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.

29. The author holds that George Osborne

’

s preference____

[A]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.

[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.

[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.

8

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[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.

30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of____

[A]the size of population in Britain.

[B]the political life in today

’

s Britain.

[C]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.

[D]the town-and- country planning in Britain.

Text 3

“

There is one and only one social responsibility of business,

”

wrote Milton

Friedman,a

Nobel

prize-winning

economist

“

That

is,

to

use

its

resources

and

engage

in

activities

designed

to

increase

its

profits.

”

But

even

if

you

accept

Fiedman

’

s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a

waste of shareholders money,things may not be absolutely research

suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies

–

at least when they

are prosecuted for corruption.

The largest firms is America and Britain together spend more than $$15 billion a

year on CSR , according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm ,This could add

value to their businesses in three , consumers may take CSR spending as a

“< /p>

signal

”

that a company

’

s products are of high , customers may be

willing

to

buy a

company

’

s

products

as an

indirect

way

to

donate

to

the

good

causes is helps. And third, through a more diffuse

“

halo effect,

”

whereby its good

9

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deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because

consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them

by looking at bribery prosecutions under America

’

s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

(FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as

part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The

study

found

that,

among

prosecuted

firms,

those

with

the

most

comprehensiveCSR programmes tendedto getmore lenient penalties. Their analysis

ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR

stand,that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political

campaigns did not receive lower fines.

In

all,

the

study

concludes

that

whereas

prosecutors

should

only

evaluate

a

case based on its merits, they do seen to influenced by a company

’

s record in CSR.

estimate

that either

eliminating a

substantial

labour-rights

concern,

such as

child

labour,

or

increasing

corporate

giving

by

about

20%

results

in

fines

that

generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,

says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much

businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are

banking

on

the

halo

effect,

rather

than

the

other

possible

benefits,

when

they

decide

their

do-gooding

policies.

But

at

least

have

demonstrated

that

whencompanies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win

10

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them a less costly punishment.

31.

The author views Milton Friedman

’

s statement about CSR with

[A] tolerance

[B] skepticism

[C] uncertainty

[D]approval

32.

According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company

[Al winning trust from consumers.

[B] guarding it against malpractices.

[C] protecting it from being defamed.

[D] raising the quality of its products.

ression

[Al more effective.

[B] less controversial.

[C] less severe.

[D] more lasting.

34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record

[Al has an impact on their decision.

[B] comes across as reliable evidence.

[C]increases the chance of being penalized.

[D] constitutes part of the investigation.

35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph ?

11

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[Al Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

[B]Thenecessaryamount of companies'spending on it is unknown.

[C] Companies' financial capacityforithasbeenoverestimated.

[D] Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.

Text 4

There will eventually come a day when The New York Times cases to publish

stories

on

newsprint

.Exactly

when

that

day

will

be

is

a

matter

of

debate.

“

Sometime in the future

“

the paper

’

s publisher said back in 2010.

Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ,there

’

s plenty of

incentive to ditch print .The infrastructure required to make a physical newspapers

-printing presses .delivery truck -isn

’

t just expensive ;it

’

s excessive at a time when

online-only competition don

’

t have the same set financial constraints . Readers are

migrating away from print away,And although print ad sales still dwarf their online

and mobile counterparts revenue from print is still declining.

Overhead may be high and circulation lowe ,but rushing to eliminate its print

editor would be a mistake ,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.

Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting of the print business, only if

they

go

about

doing

it

the

right

away

“

Figuring

out

a

way

to

accelerate

that

transition would make sense for them

“

he said,

“

but if you discontinue it, you're

going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.

12

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Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway

discontinuing

its

DVD-mailing

service

to

focus

on

streaming.

was

seen

as

a

blunder.

he said.

The move

turned

out

to be

foresighted.

And

if

Peretti

were

in

charge at the times?

“

I would raise and

make it into more of a legacy product.

”

The most loyal costumer would still gel the product they favor. the idea goes, and

they

’

d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in.

increase

it

at

rate

each

year

and

essentially

try

to

generate

additional

revenue.

who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already.

Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $$500 a year

—

more than

twice as much as a digital-only subscription.

have a legacy business,

that

where

we

have

things

we're

doing

that

don't

make

sense

when

the

and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more

aggressive than less aggressive.

New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due

[A]the high cost of operation.

[B]the pressure form its investors.

13

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