2018年11月3日雅思阅读考情回顾

判断题

7

，填空题

6

参考答案：

判断题

1. Aoshx

是一个统一的部落

T

2.

其中两个部落的关系是敌对的

F

3.

一个部落曾经帮助一个部落攻打另一个部落

4.

有一个部落曾经移民其它地区

T

（答案仅供参考）

相关拓展

Although

humans

have

established

many

types

of

societies

throughout

history,

sociologists

and

anthropologists

tend

to

classify

different

CLASSIFYING SOCIETIES

雅思考试机经

societies

according

to

the

degree

to

which

different

groups

within

a

society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or

power,

and

usually

refer

to

four

basic

types

of

societies.

From

least

to

most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.

Clan

These

are

small- scale

societies

of

hunters

and

gatherers,

generally

of

fewer

than

100

people,

who

move

seasonally

to

exploit

wild

(undomesticated) food resources. Most surviving hunter- gatherer groups

are

of

this

kind,

such

as

the

Hadza

of

Tanzania

or

the

San

of

southern

Africa.

Clan

members

are

generally

kinsfolk,

related

by

descent

or

marriage.

Clans

lack

formal

leaders,

so

there

are

no

marked

economic

differences or disparities in status among their members.

Because

clans

are

composed

of mobile

groups

of hunter-gatherers,

their

sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and

more

specialized

sites.

Among

the

latter

are

kill

or

butchery

sites

—

locations

where

large

mammals

are

killed

and

sometimes

butchered

—

and

work

sites,

where tools

are

made or other

specific activities

carried

out.

The

base

camp

of

such

a

group

may

give

evidence

of

rather

insubstantial

dwellings

or

temporary

shelters,

along

with

the

debris

of

residential occupation.

Tribe

These are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely

number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based

largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are

settled

farmers,

but

they

may

be

nomadic

with

a

very

different,

mobile

economy

based

on

the

intensive

exploitation

of

livestock.

These

are

generally

multi-community

societies,

with

the

individual

communities

integrated

into

the

larger

society

through

kinship

ties.

Although

some

tribes

have

officials

and

even

a

“

capital

”

or

seat

of

government,

such

officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.

雅思考试机经

The

typical

settlement

pattern

for

tribes

is

one

of

settled

agricultural

homesteads

or

villages.

Characteristically,

no

one

settlement

dominates

any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence

for

isolated,

permanently

occupied

houses

or

for

permanent

villages.

Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like

those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe.

Or they may be

clusters

of

buildings

grouped

together,

for

example,

the

pueblos

of

the

American

Southwest,

and

the

early

farming

village

or

small

town

of

?atalh?

yü

k in modern Turkey.

Chiefdom

These

operate

on

the

principle

of

ranking

—

differenc es

in

social

status

between people. Different lineages (a lineage is a group claiming descent

from a common ancestor) are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior

lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige

and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and

there is no true stratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.

Often,

there

is

local

specialization

in

craft

products,

and

surpluses

of

these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He

uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution

to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with

temples,

residences

of

the

chief

and

his

retainers,

and

craft

specialists.

Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about

5000 and 20,000 persons.

Early State

These preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler (perhaps

a king or sometimes a queen) has explicit authority to establish laws and

also

to

enforce

them

by

the

use

of

a

standing

army.

Society

no

longer

depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different

classes.

Agricultural

workers

and

the

poorer

urban

dwellers

form

the

lowest

classes,

with

the

craft

specialists

above,

and

the

priests

and

kinsfolk

of

the

ruler

higher

still.

The

functions

of

the

ruler

are

often

雅思考试机经

separated

from those

of

the

priest:

palace is

distinguished

from

temple.

The

society

is

viewed

as

a

territory

owned

by

the

ruling

lineage

and

populated

by

tenants

who

have

an

obligation

to

pay

taxes.

The

central

capital

houses

a

bureaucratic

administration

of

officials;

one

of

their

principal

purposes

is

to

collect

revenue

(often

in

the

form

of

taxes

and

tolls)

and

distribute

it

to

government,

army

and

craft

specialists.

Many

early

states

developed

complex

redistribution

systems

to

support

these

essential services.

This

rather

simple

social

typology,

set

out

by

Elman

Service

and

elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticized, and

it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk

about

early

societies,

we

must

use

words

and

hence

concepts

to

do

so.

Service

’

s

categories

provide

a

good

framework

to

help

organize

our

thoughts.

Passage 2

：

文章内容

题型分布与

答案参考

关于气温上升对新西兰环境的影响，如海洋生物和动物的种类数量下降等。

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标题配对题

6

，填空题

< br>

3

，选择题

3

参考答案待补充

相关拓展

New Zealand Seaweed

Call us not weeds; we are flowers of the sea.

Section A

Seaweed is a particularly nutritious food, which absorbs and concentrates

traces of a wide variety of minerals necessary to the body

’

s health. Many

elements

may

occur

in

seaweed

–

aluminium,

barium,

calcium,

chlorine,

copper, iodine and iron, to name but a few

–

traces normally produced by

erosion

and

carried

to

the

seaweed

beds

by

river

and

sea

currents.

Seaweeds

are

also

rich

in

vitamins:

indeed,

Eskimos

obtain

a

high

proportion

of

their

bodily

requirements

of

vitamin

C

from

the

seaweeds

they eat.