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文献出处：
MacDonald R, Jolliffe L.
Cultural rural tourism: Evidence from Canada [J].
Annals of Tourism Research, 2003,
30(2): 307-322.
原文
Cultural rural
tourism: Evidence from Canada
Roberta
Jolliffe
Abstract
Tourism
has become a development tool for many rural and
more isolated areas
to
supplement
traditional
industries
that
are
often
in
decline.
In
this
paper,
development of
cultural rural tourism is examined in a case study
of a French Acadian
region
on
an
island
in
eastern
Canada.
The
roles
of
culture
and
community-based
partnerships
are considered in a proposed framework with four
evolving development
stages.
The
findings
suggest
that
the
framework
is
useful
for
rural
tourism
development; that
culture, which is often well preserved in rural
areas, is a valuable
resource to
include; and that community-based partnerships
such as cooperatives may
be very
effective.
Keywords: cultural tourism;
rural development; community-based partnership
Introduction
Rural
communities
and
peripheral
areas
such
as
islands
face
the
challenge
of
continuous
economic
development.
Where
primary
traditional
industries
such
as
fishing and farming are
in decline, tourism often becomes another tool to
help create
jobs
and
to
raise
the
standards
of
living.
These
areas
realize
this
potential
through
development
of
local
resources,
culture,
and
heritage.
The
integration
of
such
alternative
sources
may
help
to
sustain
local
economies
and
to
encourage
local
development.
Actually
many
tourists
seek
rural
destinations
which
offer
pleasant
experiences related to the natural
environment, historic heritage, and cultural
patterns.
It
is
this
culture
and
heritage
that
are
often
well
preserved
between
generations
in
rural areas and it is in periods of
economic decline that their residents seem to
cling
more
to
a
distinct
heritage.
Culture
and
tourism
then
become
resources
for
socioeconomic
development
in
rural
and
peripheral
communities.
This
has
been
observed
in
studying
cultural
tourism
in
many
of
the
small
islands
of
the
North
Atlantic.
The
rural
tourism
concept
has
many
interpretations
(Page
and
Getz,
1997
and Sharpley et al., 1997).Bramwell and Lane
(1994) propose that rural tourism
can
include activities and interests in farms, nature,
adventure, sport, health, education,
arts, and heritage.
In 1996,
Pedford expands the concept
into living
history such as
rural customs and
folklore, local and family traditions, values,
beliefs, and common
k
(1999)
further
broadens
the
view
of
rural
tourism
to
embrace
all
aspects
of
leisure
appropriate
in
the
countryside.
Given
these
various
findings,
the
concepts
for
this
particular
study
are
integrated
as
cultural
rural
tourism.
This
is
defined as referring to a distinct
rural community with its own traditions, heritage,
arts,
lifestyles,
places,
and
values
as
preserved
between
generations.
Tourists
visit
these
areas
to
be
informed
about
the
culture
and
to
experience
folklore,
customs,
natural
landscapes, and
historical landmarks. They might also enjoy other
activities in a rural
setting such as
nature, adventure, sports, festivals, crafts, and
general sightseeing. This
concept
fits
the WTO
(1994) finding
that
environmental
and
cultural
heritage
are
major themes that can be
conserved for future use while benefiting the
present.
Cultural rural tourism
development
To help understand the
cultural rural tourism process, a framework is
proposed
for analysis of the
development activities that occur in the case
study. The framework
is
based
on
a
variety
of
sources
that
indicate
a
niche
for
providing
tourists
an
educational, adventuresome, and
enriching experience. The sources include the
model
by Lewis
(1998),
the
tourism
product
lifecycle
findings
of Butler
(1980) and Hill
(1993), and
the findings by Prohaska (1995) for the
development of cultural tourism
in
island
destinations,
which
are
often
rural
areas.
Also
considered
are
Pedford
’
s
findings (1996) that
local
residents
need
to
become
involved
as
part
of
an
area
’
s
living
history
to
aide
local
cultural
tourism.
The
host
provides
the
knowledge
of
traditions
and
folklore
which
contribute
to
tourists
’
authentic
experiences
without
endangering
the
resource
concerned.
This
fits
with
the
US
National
Trust
Heritage
Tourism
program
that
promotes
heritage
development
by
balancing
short-term
gain
and
long-
term
preservation.
The
framework
as
shown
inTable
2
incorporates
the
findings of
these studies.
Stage
one
is
the
initial
evolution
when
a
rural
region
employs
the
tourism
concept in its
economic development process. This involves the
integration of cultural
and
rural
resources
into
the
socioeconomic
planning
for
a
community.
The
process
seems
to
begin
slowly
when
a
few
tourists
arrive
in
the
community
and
some
residents
see
an
opportunity.
This
stage
includes
more
of
individual
offerings.
The
second stage evolves
from this simple start. It is the stage to plan
and to implement
strategies that start
to
benefit
the
whole
region.
This
will develop
into more
formal
plans
based
on
cooperation
among
the
community
’
s
residents,
organizations,
and
businesses. In rural
areas, this might involve partnerships between
local and regional
groups as well as
national organizations and various levels of
government. Page and
Getz
(1997)discuss
the
importance
of
community
cooperation
and
partnerships
in
rural
tourism.
Prohaska
(1995) also
notes
that
local
hosts
tend
to
seek
government
assistance
for
heritage
areas
with
unique
or
distinct
identities
that
have
been
developed over generations. At this
stage, examples may include festivals and special
cultural events to attract more
tourists into an area.
The third stage is developing the plans
into more advanced and formal cultural
rural tourism offerings that benefit
the community in the short-term and conserve the
resources for the long-term. At this
stage, there are increased efficiency and
effective
development
of
more
permanent
attractions,
activities,
and
educational
programs
of
the
natural
environment,
historical
sites,
and
cultural
experiences.
A
tourism
organization for the
region also takes control of the process to ensure
more coherent
and integrated marketing
of the area. The final stage is the fully
centralized planning
and implementing
of tourism in the rural region. At this point, the
planning should be
responsible,
appropriate,
and
enduring
for
short
and
long-
term
community
benefits
while
also
preserving
its
resources.
It
is
at
this
fourth
stage
that
five
principles
proposed
by
the
US
National
Trust
play
a
role
to
help
guide
the
preservation
of