00522英语国家概况资料

随着法国国王势力日增，

他们渴望占领 这片土地。经济原因

则与弗兰德斯城有关。弗兰德斯地

区生产棉 布的城镇是英国羊毛的主

要进口商，但这些城镇在政治上却

效忠 法国国王。其他原因还有英国

试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，

并且压制不断增强的民族意识。

战争的结果：把英国人赶出法 国对

两个国家都是幸事：若英国人继续

留在法国，那么法国人在 领土和财

富上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的

英国的发展；而在英 国占领大量法

国领土的情况下，

法国也很难统一。

Three stages of the war

战争的三个

阶段

In

the

first

two

stages,

the

English

won

some

big

victories.

But

in

the

third

stage,

they

were

driven

out

of

Fance.

战争初期，英国取 得辉煌胜

利。但是最终被逐出法国

The

battle

of

Argencourt

阿壤科之

战

It took place in 1415 and the English

won

a

crushing

victory.

After

the

victory,

the

English

king

Henry

Ⅴ

was

recognized

as

the

French

King.1 415

年英国大获全胜，亨利

5

世登上 法国王位。

Joan of Arc (1412-1431)

贞德女士

Joan

of

Arc

was

a

nation

heroine

in

French

history.

She

led

and

encourages the French in driving the

English out of French in the Hundred

Years

’

War.

贞德是法国历史上的

女英雄 ，她领导和鼓舞法国人民将

英国军队驱逐处境。

Consequences of the war

战争的后

果影响

①

The

English

lost

the

war.

The

expulsion of the English from French

is

regarded

as

a

blessing

for

both

countries.

②

It

helped

English

national

identity

as

well

as

French

national

identity.

③

Two

separate

nation were born after the war.

V. The Black Death

黑死病

The Black Death is the modern name

given

to

the

deadly

bubonic

plague,an

epidemic

disease

spread

by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th

century. It swept through England in

the

summer

of

1348.

It

reduced

England's

population

from

four

million to two million by the end of

the 14th century.

The

economic

consequences

of

the

Black

Death

were

far-reaching.

As

a

result of the plague, much land

was

left

untended

and

there

was

a

terrible

shortage

of

labour.

The

surviving

peasants

had

better

bargaining

power

and

were

in

a

position

to

change

their

serfdom

into

paid

labour.

Some

landlords,

unable

or

unwilling

to

pay

higher

wages,

tried

to

force

peasants

back

into

serfdom.

In

1351

the

government

issued

a

Statute

of

Labourers which made it a crime for

peasants

to

ask

for

more

wages

or

for their employers to pay more than

the rates laid down by the Justices of

the Peace.

黑 死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的

淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病，在

14

世纪传播了到欧洲。

1348

年 夏天

横扫全英国。

英国的人口在

14< /p>

世纪

末从

400

万锐减至

200

万。

黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深

远。鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管

和劳动力极度匮乏。地主想把耕地

变为人力需求较少的牧场。存活的

农民处于有利的讨价还价地位，从

农奴变为雇佣劳动力。于是一些支

付不起或不愿意支付较高工资的地

主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地< /p>

位。

1351

年政府颁布“劳工法令”< /p>

，

规定农民们涨工资的要求，或者是

雇主 支付比地方官制订的工资水平

要高的工资都是犯罪。

第四章

Transition

to

the

Modern

Age

(1455-1688)

向现代英国的过渡

I.

Transition

to

the

Modern

Age

(1455-1485)

向近代英国的过渡

< br>(1455

年

-1485

年

)

The Wars of Rose

玫瑰战争

The nature and consequences of the

Wars of the Roses.

The

name

Wars

of

the

Roses

was

refer

to

the

battles

between

the

House

of

Lancaster,

symbolized

by

the

read

rose,

and

that

of

York,

symbolized by the white, from 1455

to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of

Duke

of

Lancaster

won

victory

at

Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the

country under the rule of the Tudors.

From

these

Wars,

English

feudalism

received

its

death

blow.

The

great

medieval

nobility

was

much

weakened.

玫瑰战争是指，从

1455

年到

1485

年，以红玫瑰 为象征的兰开斯特大

家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族

之间战争 的普遍接受的名称。

1485

年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎

取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立

了都铎王朝。这些战争使英国 的封

建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受

到了削弱。

II.

Henry

VIII

and

The

English

Reformation

亨利八世和英国的宗教改革

Henry VIII was above all responsible

for the religious reform of the church.

There

were

three

main

causes:

a

desire

for

change

and

reform

in

the

church

had

been

growing

for

many

years

and

now,

encouraged

by

the

success

of

Martin

Luther,

many

people

believed

its

time

had

come;

the

privilege

and

wealth

of

the

clergy

were

resented;

and

Henry

needed

mone y.

亨利八世最重要的

改革是负责进行教会的宗教改革。

改革原因有三个主要方面：

多年来，

人们改革 教会的意愿不断增长，现

在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多

人认 为时机已到；教职人员的特权

和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱。

The reform began as a struggle for a

divorce

and

ended

in

freedom

from

the

Papacy.

Henry

VIII

wanted

to

divorce Catherine of Aragon but the

Pope

refused.

Henry’s

reforms

was

to

get

rid

of

the

English

Church’s

connection

with

the

Pope,

and

to

make

an

independent

Church

of

England.

He

made

this

break

with

Rome

gradually

between

1529

and

1534.

He

dissolved

all

of

England’s

monasteries

and

nunneries

because

they

were

more

loyal

to

the

Pope

than to their English kings. The laws

such as the Act of succession of 1534

and

the

Act

of

Supremacy

of

1535

made

his

reform

possible.

He

established the church of England as

the

national

church

of

the

country,

and

he

made

himself

the

supreme

head of the church of England.

改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教

皇 而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的

凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了。亨

利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教

皇的联系，

成立独立的英格 兰教会。

1529

年至

1534

年间逐渐地与罗马

脱离了关系。他解散了所有英国的

< br>修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇

比对英国国王更忠诚。

1534

年的

《继位法》

和

年的

《王权法案》

使改革具有了可行性。

1535

年他获

“英格兰教会最高首脑”之称号。

Henry

VIII’s

reform

stressed

the

power of the monarch and certainly

strengthened

Henry’s

position;

Parliament

had

never

done

such

a

long

and

important

piece

of

work

before,

its

importance

grew

as

a

result.

His

attack

on

the

Pope’s

power

encouraged

many

critics

of

abuses

of

the

Catholic

Church.

England

was

moving

away

from

Catholicism

towards

protestant

ideology.

改革的三大影响：亨利的改革强调

了君主权力，自然巩固了亨利的地

位；议会以往从未做过如此漫长而< /p>

重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所

加强；他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞 许

多人批评指责天主教会，并希望从

天主教转向新教。

III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

伊莉莎白一世（

1558

年

-1603

年）

Elizabeth I and parliament

(1)Elizabeth

I

was

the

last

monarch

of

the

Tudor

Dynasty.

She

was

able

to work with avoided

troubling

Parliament

too

often

for

pounds

by

making

strict

economies

at

the

relationship

was

often turbulent. Because Parliament

demanded

that

its

right

of

free

speech

be

confirmed

in

writing

and

it be allowed to discuss all important

questions at will. Elizabeth I did not

agree to their demands.

为了避免经

常向议会索要资金，伊莉莎白在王

室内部制定了严格的节约制度 。但

是，

她与议会的关系也经常不稳定。

因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自

由的一般权力加以确定，同时希望

< br>可以随时对重要问题进行讨论。伊

不同意他们的要求。

Elizabeth's

religious

reform

and

her

foreign policy

伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策

Elizabeth's

religious

reform

was

a

compromise

of

views.

She

broke

Mary's ties

with

Rome

and

restored

her

father's

independent

Church

of

England,i.e.

keeping

to

Catholic

doctrines

and

practices

but

to

be

free

of

the

Papal

control.

His

religious

settlement

was

unacceptable

to

both

the

extreme

Protestants known as Puritans and to

ardent Catholics.

For

nearly

30

years

Elizabeth

successfully

played

off

against

each

other the two great Catholic powers,

France

and

Spain,

and

prevented

England from getting involved in any

major

European

conflict.

Through

her

marriage

alliances

which

were

never

materialized,

Elizabeth

managed

to

maintain

a

friendly

relationship with France. So England

was

able

to

face

the

danger

from

Spain.

伊莉莎白的宗教改革是对不同观点

的妥协。

她中断玛丽与罗马的关系，

恢复她父亲在位 时独立的英格兰教

会，也就是说保持天主教教条及习

俗，但不受 教皇控制。她的宗教定

论既不被以清教徒知名的新教极端

分子所 接受，也不为虔诚的天主教

徒所接受。

近

30

年的时间，

伊莉莎白成功挑起

了两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互

相斗杀，从而免于英国卷入任 何主

要的欧洲国的冲突。通过她从未具

体化的联姻，伊莉莎白设 法与法国

维持友好关系，因此英国能面对来

自西班牙的危险。< /p>

IV. The English Renaissance

英国文艺复兴

Distinctive

features

of

the

English

Renaissance

英国文艺复兴的特点

1) English culture was revitalized not

so much directly by the classics as by

contemporary

Europeans

under

the

influence of the classics;

2)

England

as

an

insular

country

followed

a

course

of

social

and

political history which was to a great

extent independent of the course of

history elsewhere in Europe;

3)

Owing

to

the

great

genius

of

the

14th

century

poet

Chaucer,

the

native

literature

was

sufficiently

vigorous

and

experienced

in

assimilating

for

foreign

influences

without being subjected by them;

4)

English

Renaissance

literature

is

primarily

artistic,rather

than

philosophical

and

scholarly;

5)the

Renaissance

coincided

with

the

Reformation in England.

英国文艺 复兴的五个特点：

1

）

英国

大，更大的影响来自于受古典作品

熏陶的当代欧洲人；

2

）

由于英国是

一个岛国家，其社会和政治历史进

程与欧洲其他 国家相去甚远；

3

）

由

于

14

世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的

出现，

英国本国文学得以蓬勃发展，

能够在吸收外国文学影 响的同时，

并未处于从属地位；

4

）< /p>

英国文艺复

兴文学主要是文艺方面而不是哲学

的和学术方面；

5

）

文艺复兴和英 格

兰的宗教改革正好同步。

VI.

The

Civil

Wars

and

their

consequences

Because

of

the

absolute

rule

of

Charles,

the

confrontation

between

Charles

I

and

the

parliament

developed into the civil war. The war

began on August 22,1642 and ended

in 1651. Charles I was condemned to

death.

The

English

Civil

War

is

also

called

the

Puritan

Revolution.

It

has

been

seen

as

a

conflict

between

the

parliament

and

the

King,

and

a

conflict

between

economic

interests

of

the

Crown.

The

economic

interests of the urban middle classed

coincided

with

their

religious

( Puritan) ideology while the Cro

wn’s

traditional

economic

interests

correspondingly

allied

with

Anglican

religious belief. The English Civil War

not only overthrew feudal system in

England

but

also

shook

the

foundation

of

the

feudal

rule

in

Europe.

It

is

generally

regarded

as

the

beginning

of

modern

world

history.

由于查尔斯的

“君 权神授”

统治权，

他与议会的对质发展成了内战。战