高分子化学常见名词

高分子化学常见名词（中英文）

Side groups

All

the

carbon

based

polymers

you

will

find

mentioned

on

this

site

have

the

structure

-C-C-C-C-C-C-

etc.

Anything

hanging

off

that

centre chain that is not a hydrogen atom is a side

group.

侧基

：任何悬挂在高分子主链上的非氢原子均称为侧基。

Functional Group

An

atom

or

group

of

atoms

that

has

similar

chemical behavior, no matter what the rest of the

molecule looks like. For example, the hydroxy (OH)

group in all alcohols has similar reactivity, as does

the thio (SH) group in all

thiols

.

< br>官能团

：分子中存在的一部分原子、原子团或特征结构，容

易发生体现分子主要性质的某些特征反应，

因此称它们为官

能 团。

Hydrogen bond

The

strongest

attraction

between

two

dipoles

is

when one or both of them involves a bond between

hydrogen and a strongly electronegative atom, like

oxygen,

fluorine,

or

nitrogen.

Because

hydrogen

only

has

one

electron,

if

it

forms

a

bond

with

an

element that is very keen to grab an

electron

, it

becomes much more positive than an element that

has

plenty

of

other

electrons

left

to

hang

around

the

positively

charged

nucleus.

Dipole-dipole

interactions between these sort of molecules (like

water {H2O}, ammonia {NH3}, hydrofluoric

acid

{HF})

are

so

much

stronger

than

ordinary

dipole-dipole bonds that we give them the special

name of 'hydrogen bonds'.

氢键

：

氢键 是极性很强的

X

－

H

< br>键上的氢原子与另外一个键

上电负性很大的原子上的孤对电子相互吸引而形成的一 种

键。氢键作用力比一般的偶极间相互作用力大。氢键具有饱

和 性和方向性。

Monomer

Any small molecule that can undergo a reaction in

which

it

is

incorporated

into

a

large

molecule

containing

many

similar

units.

Common

monomers

are

vinyl

acetate,

styrene,

butadiene

and

vinyl

chloride.

(Yes,

it

is

appropriate

to

consider hydrocarbons as polymers of methylene!)

单体< /p>

:

能够发生反应生成大分子的小分子物质，最常用的单

（习惯上

称亚甲基聚合物为碳氢化合物）

Polymer

A

large

molecule

(molecular

weight

~10

000

or

greater)

composed

of

many

smaller

molecules

(monomer)

covalently

bonded

together.

Some

of

us

think

they

are

much

better

than

any

of

those

little molecules, but the other chemists are always

telling us size doesn't matter.

聚合物

< br>：由许多小分子（单体）通过共价键连接而成的大分

子物质（分子量大于

1

万）

。

Polymerisation

The

process

in

which

many

small

molecules

(molecular

weight

~100)

are

joined

together

to

form

a

few,

much

larger

molecules

(molecular

weight

10

000

-

10

000

000).

The

two

ways

in

which

this

happens

are

chain-growth

and

step-growth polymerisation.

聚合

：

许多小分子物质（分子量约为< /p>

100

）连接在一起生成

高分子（分子量 为

10

4

－

1 0

7

）的过程。主要有连锁聚合和

逐步 聚合两大类。

Free Radical

A

member

of

the

socialist

party

not

caught

by

McCarthy's inquisition. Also a molecule which has

an

odd

number

of

electrons.

The

electron feels lonely and wants to find a friend. If

it finds something that might be willing to give it

an electron it reacts very quickly with it. Molecules

such

as

other

radicals

and

alkenes

turn

out

to

be

good things for radicals to attack. The reaction of

radicals

with

the

double

bonds

in

alkenes

is

how

some of us earn our living.

自由基

：化合物中 共价键发生均裂时，共价键上两个电子分

属于两个基团，这种带独电子的基团呈中性。< /p>

Radical Chain Polymrization

Chain

polymerization

is

initiated

by

a

reactive

species

R*

produced

from

some

compound

I

termed

an

initiator.

The

reactive

species,

which

may

be

a

free-radical,

adds

to

a

monomer

molecule

by

opening

the

?

-bond

to

form

a

new

radical.

The

process

is

repeated

as

many

more

monomer

molecules

are

successively

added

to

continuously

propagate

the

reactive

center.

Polymer

growth

is

terminated

at

some

point

by

destruction

of

the

reactive

center

by

an

appropriate

reaction

depending

on

the

type

of

reactive

center

and

the

particular

reaction

conditions.

自由基聚合：

由一种称为引发剂的化合物产生的反应种所引

发的链式聚合。

这个带有自由基的反应种通过打开双键加入

到单体分子上，从而形成新的自由基。这个过 程不断重复，

更多的单体连续地加入到反应中心上，

形成大的自 由基反应

中心。当一种破坏反应中心的反应发生时，聚合物增长被终

止，这将依赖于反应中心的类型和特定的反应条件。

Addition Polymerisation

Also

known

as

chain-growth

polymerisation.

The

mechanism

in

which

large

numbers

of

usually

identical

small

molecules

are

joined

together

to

rapidly form a single large molecule. This involves

the

addition

of

reactive

centre

(anion,

cation,

or

unpaired

electron)

to

a

multiple

bond

to

form

a

new bond and a new reactive centre - which reacts

with

another

multiple

bond,

et

cetera...

The

finished chain then hangs around without reacting

while more of the starting material reacts to form

new polymer chains.

加成聚合：

又称为连锁聚合。聚合机理是，大量的小分子快

速地连接在一起形成一个大分 子。反应中心（阴离子、阴离

子和不成对电子）

加成到单体的双 键中生成新的键和新的反

应中心，之后再与另一个单体反应，以此持续反应下去。当

不再反应时，链的增长停止，同时新的反应开始，生成新的

聚合物链 。

Initiator

A

compound

required

to

start

a

chain

reaction,

such

as

free- radical

polymerisation.

Unlike

a

catalyst, it is consumed in the reaction, but only a

small

quantity

is

normally

required

since

one

molecule

of

initiator

can

initiate

the

reaction

of

many other molecules.

引发剂：

能够引起连锁反应（如自由基聚合）的化合物。与

催化剂不同，引发剂在反应 中能被消耗掉，但是一般只需要

少量的引发剂，

因为一个引发剂 分子能够引发许多单体分子

的反应。

Benzoyl Peroxide

A

common

initiator

used

to

start

chain

growth

polymerisation.

It

undergoes

a

decomposition

reaction

at

the

peroxide

(O-O)

bond.

Here

is

a

picture:

过氧化二苯甲酰（

BPO

）

：用于引发链增长聚合的常用过氧