-
UNIT1
Data acquisitiontechniques
include field surveying, global positioning
system(GPS), satellitepositioning, and remotely
sensed imagery
obtained through aerial
photographyand satellite imagery.
（数据获取技
术包括普通野外测量，
GPS
测量，卫星定位和遥感图像获取，
通过航空摄
影和卫星成像）
It
also includes theacquisition of database material
scanned from older maps and plans and
datacollected by related agencies.
（它还包<
/p>
括数据库资料的获取――通过扫描就有地图和设计图，还有有关机构收集的数据。
）
Data
management
andprocess
are
handled
through
the
use
of
computer
programs
for
engineeringdesign,
digital
photogrammetry,
image
analysis,
relational data
basemanagement, and geographic information systems
(GIS).
（通过计算机程序，数据管理和处理
应用于工程设计，数字摄影测
量【
digita
lphotogrammetry
】
，图像分析，相关资料库的
管理和
GIS
。
）
Dataplotting(presentation)
is
handled
through
the
use
of
mapping
and
otherillustrative
computer
programs;
the
presentations
are
displayed
on
computerscreens(where interactive editing can
occur) and are output on paper fromdigital
plotting devices.
（数据成图【数字成图】是
通过制图和其他直观的计算机程序【
illustrative
直观的、说明性的】进行的；其表达显示在计算机屏幕上（交互式编辑处理）
，也可以
通过数字绘图仪
输出到纸上。
【
han
dle
操作、处理】
）
Once the positionsand attributes of
geographic entities have been digitized and stored
incomputer memory, they are available for use by
a wide variety of users.
（一旦地
理实体的位置和属性被数字化并被存储进计算机存储器，就可以有效的【
availab
le
有效的、可用的】为广泛的各种
的使用者所用）
Through the use ofmodern
information technology(IT), geomatics brings
together professionals inthe following
disciplines: surveying,
mapping, remote
sensing, landregistration, civil and marine
engineering, forestry, agriculture, planning
anddevelopment, geology,
geographicalsciences, infrastructure
management, navigation, environmental and
naturalresources monitoring, and computer science.
（通
过现代【估计
moderm
应该是
modern
】信息技术，测绘学将以
下学科的专业人员整合到一起：测量学、制图学、遥感、国土注册、土木【
civil<
/p>
民用的】
工程和海洋工程，林业，农业，决策与发展，地质学，地
理科学，基础设施【
infrastructure
】管理，导
航，环境与自然资源监测和计算机科学。）
UNIT3
Although there isa wide variety of EDM
instruments available with different wavelengths,
thereare basically only two methods of measurement
employed which may divide
theinstruments into two classification as electro-
optical (light waves) andmicrowaves (radio waves)
instruments.
（尽
管不同的
EDM
用到不同的波长，基本上只有两种测量方法在使用，可以将其【即
EDM
】分为光电测距仪和微波测距仪）
These two basicmethods are namely the
pulse method and more popular phase different meth
od.
（
这两种基本方法即
【
namely
即】
脉冲
【
pulse
】
法和更流行的相位【<
/p>
phase different
相位的不同】法）
They
function bysending light waves or microwaves along
the path to be measured and measuringthe time
differences between transmitted and
received signals, or in measuringthe
phase differences between transmitted and received
signals in returning thereflecting light wave to
source.
（沿着要测的路径发射光波或微波，并测出发射和收到反射信号之间的
时间间隔，或者是测出发射和接受反射信号之间的相差【
phase
< br>differences
】，它们通过这种方法来运行【
function v.
】）
Modern EDMinstruments are fully
automatic to such an extent that, after the
instruments,set up on one station, emits a
modulated light beam to a
passive
reflector setup on the other end of the line to be
measured.
（现代的
EDM
全
自动化到这样的程度【
to such an extent that
到这样的程
度】，在一个站点安置，需测距离线的另一处安置有反射棱镜，发射
一束已调制【
modulated
已调制的】的光束到棱镜上）
The operator needonly
depress a button, and the slope distance is
automatically displayed.
（操作者仅仅需要按一个键，斜
距就自动显示出
来。）
More
complete EDMinstruments also have the capability
of measuring horizontal and vertical orzenith
angles as well as the slope distance.
（
更
完全的【功能更完备的】
EDM
还具
有测水平角、竖直角和天顶角的功能）
These
instrumentsreferred to as total station
instruments.
（这
种仪器被称为全站仪）
UNIT4
For the most part, the
instrument used in the measurement ofangles is
called a transit or theodolite, although angles
can be measured
withclinometers,
sextants (hydrographic surveys), or
compasses.
（在极大程度上【
forthe
most part
】，用来测角的工具被称为经纬仪，虽然角
度可以用倾斜仪【一种测量物体随时间的倾斜变化和铅垂线随时间变化的仪器】、六分仪（用于海道测量）、或罗
盘仪来测）
The theodolite
contains a horizontal and vertical circles
ofeither glass or silver.
（经纬仪有一个玻璃的或镀银的
水平度盘和竖直度盘）
The horizontal
and vertical circles of theodolite can be linkedto
circular protractors graduated from
0
°
to
360
°
in aclockwise manner
set
in
horizontal
and
vertical
plan
e.
（经纬仪的水平度盘和竖直度盘与顺时针刻【
gradua
te
】了
0
到
360
度刻划的圆分度器【
circular
protractor
】
相连）
The horizontal circle is used when
measuring or laying offhorizontal angles and the
vertical circle is used to measure or lay
offvertical
angles or zenith angles.
（测或拨水平角时用水平度盘，测或拨竖直角或天顶距时用竖直度盘【
lay off
翻译为拨、放样的意思】）
Usually the units of angular
measurement employed in practiceare degrees,
minutes, and seconds, the sexagesimal system.
（通常角度测量
法【
angularmeasur
ement
角度测量法】使用的单位是六十进制【
sexage
simal
六十进制的】的度、分、秒）
Modern electronic digital theodolites
contain circular encodersthat sense the rotations
of the spindles and the telescope, convert
theserotations
into
horizontal
and
vertical
(or
zenith)
angles
electronically,
anddisplay
the
value
of
the
angles
on
liquid
crystal
displays
(LCDs) or light-
emittingdiode displays (LEDs).
（现代的电子数字经
纬仪包含编码【
encoder
编码】度盘，能够感知轴【
spindle
轴、纺锤】和望远
镜的旋转
，并使之电子地转换为水平角度和竖直角度，并在液晶显示器【
LCDs
】或发光二极管显示器【
LEDs
】上显示出来）
These readouts can be
recorded in a conventional field book orcan be
stored in a data collector for future printout or
computation.
（这
些显示可以被一个传统的【
conventional
】野外电子手簿或数据收集器【存储卡】
记录，以便日后打印或计算）
The instrument
contains a pendulum compensator or some
otherprovision for indexing the vertical circle
readings to an absolute
verticaldirection.
（这种仪器具有一个
悬挂【
pendulum
钟摆】补偿器【
compensator
】或其它装置，使竖盘指标【
ind
exing
指标】读数指向一个绝对竖直方向）
The circle can be set to zero readings
by a simple press of abutton or initialized to any
value on the instrument.
（这个度盘可以通过
简单的按一个键就将其置零，或初始化成任一值）
UNIT5
A survey traverse is a
sequence of lengths and directions oflines between
points on the earth, obtained by or from field
angle and
distancemeasurements and used
in determining positions of the point.
（
【测量工作中的】导线是一系列【
sequence
次序、系列
】地球上点之间
的有长度和方向的直线，【导线】由野外角度和距离测量获得，用来确定
点位）
The angles are measured
using transits, theodolites, or totalstations,
whereas the distances can be measured using steel
tapes or
EDMinstruments.
（角度可
以使用经纬仪或全站仪来测，而【
whereas
】距离可以使
用卷尺或
EDM
来测）
A survey traverse may determine the
relativepositions of the points that if connects
in series, and if tied to controlstations based on
some coordinate system, the positions
may be referred to thatsystem.
（导线可以用来确定
互相连接点的相对位置【
relative position
】，如果
想控制某些坐标系中的站点【以某坐标系的点为站点】，其【指
stations
】位置应参考该坐标系）
From these computed relative positions,
additional data can bemeasured for layout of new
features, such as buildings and roads.
（
从这
些计算出的相对位置，另外的数据可以量出来，用以放样【
layout
】新的地物【
features
< br>特征，理解为地物】，如：建筑物和道路。）
Since
the
advent
of
EDM
equipment,
traversing
has
emerged
asthe
most
popular
method
to
establish
control
networks
such
as
basic
areacontrol,
mapping, control of hydrographic
surveys and construction projects.
（自从
EDM
的出现【
advent
】，导线测量作为最常用的建立控制网的方法显
现【
emerge
显现】出来，例如基础区域控制、图根控制、水道测量控制和建筑工程控制
【建筑施工控制】）
In engineering
surveying, it is ideal way to surveys
anddimensional control
of
route-type projects such as highway, railroad,
andpipeline
construction.
（在
工程测量当中，导线测量是线型工程测量和立体【
dimensional
空间的】控制的理想方法，线型工程例如公路、铁路、和管线建筑）
In general, a traverse is always
classified as either an opentraverse or a closed
traverse.
（总体上【
In general
】，导线总是分为支导线
和闭路导线【按说
op
en traverse
是支导线，
closed
traverse
是闭合导线，而
connecting
traverse
是附合导线】）
An open traverse originates either at a
point of knownhorizontal position with respect to
a horizontal datum or at an assumedhorizontal
position, and terminates at a station
whose relative position is notpreviously known.
（支导线起始于【
originate
起源】
一个水平位置已知
（相对于一个水平基准【水平坐标系】）或水平位置假定的点，终止【
terminate
】于相对位置【
r
elative position
】事先未知的站点。）
The open traverse provides no check
against mistakes and largeerrors for its
termination at an unknown horizontal position and
lack
ofgeometric closure.
（由于
其终点位置未知并且缺乏图形闭合【
geometric
几何的
】【
closure
闭合
n.
】，支导线不能提供对错误和较大误差的检核）
This lack of geometric closure means
that there is no geometricverification possible
with respect to the actual positioning of the
traversestations.
（这种图形闭合的缺少意味着没有
几何上的检核【
verification
检核】可能性【
possible
可能性
n.
】，对于实际的导线点的确定。
【对于实际导线点的测量来说，这种图形闭合
的缺少意味着没有几何检核条件】）
Thus, the
measuring technique must be refined to provide
forfield verification.
（因而，这种测量技术应当提供野外的
检核使之精确【
refine
精炼】。）【字面的意思是该技术
应当被精确化提供给野外确认【
verification
确认
、核实】】
At a minimum,
distances are measured twice and angles aredoubled
.
（至少【
minimum
最小值】，
距离测两遍，角度测两个测回。）
Open
traverses are often used for preliminary survey
for a roador railroad.
（支导线经常用于道路或铁路的初测【
preliminary
survey
】）
A closed
traverse can be described in any one of the
followingtwo
ways:
（闭路导线可以由下面两种方式的任一种描述：）
⑴
A closed looptraverse, as
the name implies, forms a continuous loop,
enclosing an area.
（闭合环路导线，正如名字所示，呈一个连续
的环，围绕【
enclose
】一个区域）
This type of closed traverse starts
at assumed horizontalposition or at a known
horizontal position with respect to a horizontal
datumand
ends at the same point.
（这种闭路导线起始于一个平面位置假设或相对于一个水平基准【坐标系统】已知的点，并终止于该点）
⑵
A
connectingtraverse starts and ends at separate
points, whose relative positions have
beendetermined by a survey of equal or higher
order accuracy.
（附合导线起始和终止于不同
【
separate
】的点，它们【起点与终点】由等于或高于
规定精度的测量测设）
A known
horizontal position is defined by its
geographiclatitude and longitude, or by its X and
Y coordinates on a grid system.
（一个
已知的水平位置是由它的大地经纬度【
geographic
latitude
大地纬度；
geographic
longitude
大地精度】或格网系的
X Y
坐标表示【
define
】）
Closed traverses, whether they return
to the starting point ornot, provide checks on the
measured angles and distances.
（闭合导线，无
论它们是否回到起始点，都能提供角度和距离检核。）
In both cases, the angles can be closed
geometrically, and theposition closure can be
determined mathematically.
（在两种情况中，角度
可以在几何上闭合，位置闭合可以数学的确定【计算出来】）
Therefore they are more desirable and
used extensively incontrol, construction,
property, and topographic surveys.
（因此它
们更理想
【
desirable
理想的
】，在控制测量、建筑测量、房地产测量和地形测量使用更广泛）
UNIT6
An elevation is a
vertical distance above or belowa reference datum.
（高程是高于或低于一个参考基准的一个垂直距离。）
Although vertical distance can be
referenced to anydatum, in surveying, the
reference datum that is universally employed is
thatof mean
sea level (MSL).
（虽然垂直距离可以参考任何一个基准，但是在测量上，这个参考基准一般使用【
emp
loy
使用、雇佣】的是平均海平面（
MSL
< br>））
MSL is assigned a
vertical value (elevation) of 0.000 ft or 0.000 m.
（
MSL
被赋予【
assign
】一个
0.000
英
尺或
0.000
米的高程）
All other points on the earth can be
described bythe elevations above or below zero.
（地球上所有其它点可以用高于或低于
0
的高
程来描述）
Permanent points whose
elevations have beenprecisely determined
(benchmarks) are available in most areas for
survey use.
（高程精确测
出的永久点（水准点）被
用于【
available
可利用、可用到的】大多数区域的测
量工作）
In China, 7 years of
observations at tidal stationsin Qingdao from 1950
to 1956 were reduced and adjusted to provide the
Huanghaivertical
datum of
1956.
（在中国，利用青岛验潮站【
tidal
stations inQingdao
】从
1950
年到
1956
年
7
年的观测数据处理【
reduce
处理、分
析、减少】和平
差，建立了
56
黄海高
程系统）
In the 1987, this datum
was further refined toreflect long periodical
ocean tide change to provide a new national
verticaldatum of 1985,
according to the
observations at tidal stations from 1952 to1979.
（
1987
年，在依照了【
according to
】验潮站
1952
到
1979
年的观测资料后，
< br>这个基准【
56
基准】被进一步精确【
< br>refine
精确、精制
v.
】
——反映长时期海潮变化的
85
国家高程基准建立起来。）
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