-
英国文化概况
Chapter 1 Land and People
第一章
英国的国土与人民
Different Names for Britain and its
Parts
英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
1. Geographical names: the British
Isles, Great Britain and England.
地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2. Official name: the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3. The British Isles are made up of two
large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and
Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. <
/p>
不列颠群岛由两个大岛
—
大不列颠岛
（较大的一个）
和爱尔兰岛，
及成千上万个
小岛组成。
4. Three political
divisions on the island of Great Britain: England,
Scotland and Wales.
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1)
England
is
in
the
southern
part
of
Great
Britain.
It
is
the
largest,
most
populous
section.
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great
Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands
in the
north; the Central lowlands; the
south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh
苏格兰位
于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱
丁堡。
(3) Wales is in the west
of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff
威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫
(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth
region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.
北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。
5.
The
Commonwealth
(of
nations)
is
a
free
association
of
independent
countries
that
were once colonies of Britain. It was
founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until
1991.
英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体
。
它成立于
1931
年，
至
1990
年止已有
50<
/p>
个成员国。
Chapter 2 the Origins of a Nation
(5000BC-1066)
第二章
英国的起源（公元前
5000
年
—
1066
年）
I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts
克尔特人的到来和定居
Celts
were practiced farmers. The drained much of
marshlands and built houses of wood.
They were ironworkers, too. Their
languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of
the
language which is still used by
some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion
was
Druidism
(n.
德鲁伊教
).
克尔特人是有经验的农民，
他们排干沼泽地，
用木材
建造房屋。
他们还打造铁器。
苏格兰和
威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。
1
、
The
Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
约公元前
700
年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2
、
The
Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave was the Gaels-came about
600 BC.
第一次高潮是约公元前
600
年盖尔人的来临。
The second
wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是约公元前
400
年布列吞人的抵达。
The third wave was the
Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是约公元前
150
年比利其人的到达。
II. The Anglo-Saxons
(446-871)
盎格鲁
—
撒克逊
人（公元
446
—
871
年）
1
．
Basis of Modern
English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁
—
萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的
基础）
In the mid-5th century a new
wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came
to Britain.
They were three Teutonic
tribes.
①
The
Jutes,
who
fished
and
farmed
in
Jutland,
came
to
Britain
first.
A
Jutish
chief
became
the
King
of
Kent
in
449.
②
Then
the
Saxons,
users
of
the
short-
sword
from
northern Germany,
established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and
Wessex from the end
of
the
5th
century
to
the beginning
of
the
6th
century.
③
In
the
second
half
of
the 6th
century, the Angles,
who also came from northern Germany and were to
give their name
to
the
English
people,
settled
in
East
Anglia,
Mercia
and
Northumbria.
These
seven
principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex,
Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and
Northumbria
have been given the name of
Heptarchy.
五
世纪中
叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部
落。
居住在日德兰半岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打鱼农耕的朱特人先抵不
列颠。一个朱特人
首领于
449
年当上
了国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克
斯和威塞克斯建立
了王国，
统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，
同样来自德国北
部的盎格鲁人，
在东盎格利亚
、
麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，
同时把他们的族名加诸在英国<
/p>
人够上。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和
诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。
2
．
The
early
Anglo-Saxons
converted
to
Christianity.
最早的盎格鲁
< br>—
撒克逊人改信基督
教。
The
Anglo-Saxons
brought
their
own
Teutonic
religion
to
Britain.
Christianity
soon
disappeared, except among the Celts of
Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597,
Pope
Gregory
I
sent
St.
Augustine,
the
Prior
of
St.
Andrew‘s
Monastery
in
Rome,
to
England
to
convert
the
heathen
(
异教的
)
English
to
Christianity.
In
597
St.
Augustine
became the first Archbishop of
Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in
converting
the king and the nobility,
but the conversion of the common people was
largely due to the
missionary
activities of the monks in the north.
盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。
< br>除了康瓦尔、
威尔士、
苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克
尔特人还信奉基督教外，
基督教很快就消失了。
公
元
597
，
教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安
德鲁
修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，
其使命是使异教徒
的英国人皈依基督教。
公元
579
年圣
奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。
在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，
奥古斯丁特别成功。
但
是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修
道们的传教活动。
3
．
The Early
Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English
state.(formation of the
English nation)
早期盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人为英国做出的贡
献。
The
Anglo-
Saxons
laid
the
foundations
of
the
English
state.
Firstly,
they
divided
the
country into shires (which the Normans
later called counties), with shire courts and
shire
reeves,
or
sheriffs,
responsible
for
administering
law.
Secondly,
they
devised
the
narrow-strip,
three-field
②
farming
system
which
continued to
the
18th
century.
Thirdly,
they
also
③
established
the
manorial
system(
庄园制
).
Finally,
they
④
created
the
Witan
（
council or
meeting of the wiremen
）
to advise the king, the basis of the
Privy Council
which still exists today.
盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基
础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、
或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他
们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至
18
世纪。此外，他们
还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会
(
贤人会议
)
，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今
< br>天尚存的枢密院的前身。
IV
．
Viking and
Danish invasions
北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1
．
The
invaders
were
the
Norwegians
and
the
Danes. They
attacked
various
parts
of
England
from
the
end
of
the
8th
century.
They
became
a
serious
problem
in
the
9th
century,
especially
between
835
and
878.
They
even
managed
to
capture
York,
an
important center of
Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century,
the Viking and the
Danes were posing a
threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.
入
侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从
8
世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。
9
世纪，
尤其是公元
835-87
8
年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元
867<
/p>
年时的基督
教中心。到
9
世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。
2
．
King Alfred
(849-899) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王
（
849-899
）和他所做出的
贡献
Alfred was a king of
Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a
friendly agre
ement
with them
in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and
east, while he ruled the rest.
He also
converted some leading Danes into Christians. He
founded a strong fleet and is
known as
―the
father of
the British navy‖. He reorganized the Saxon
army
, making it more
efficient.
He
translated
a
Latin
book
into
English.
He
also
established
schools
and
formulated a legal
system. All this earns him the title ―Alfred the
Great.‖
阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹
麦人，并于公元
879
年与他们达成了友好协议。
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部
（丹麦法区）
，
而他统治其他地区。
他还劝服一些丹
麦首领成为基督教徒。
他因为建立了强大舰队，而以
―
英国海军之父
‖
闻
名于世。他改组了
―
弗立德
‖
（撒克逊军队），
使之更为高效。
他将一本拉丁
语的书翻译成英语。
同时他还建立了学校，
并且阐明了法律制<
/p>
度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于
―
阿尔弗
雷德大王。
‖
的称号。
V
．
The
Norman Conquest (1066)
诺曼征服（公元
1066
年）
1
．
Rea
sons for
William‘s invasion of England after Edward‘s death
(
威廉在爱德华死后入侵
英国的原因<
/p>
)
It
was said that
king Edward had promised the English throne to
William, but the Witan
chose Harold as
king. So William led his army to invade England.
In October 1066, during
the important
battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and
killed him. One Christmas
Day,
William
was
crowned
king
of
England,
thus
beginning
the
Norman
Conquest
of
England.
据说，<
/p>
爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，
但是贤人会
议挑选了哈罗德为
国王。公元
1066
年
10
月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军
队，同时
哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开始了诺曼征服
。
2
．
The Norman
Conquest and its consequences
(
诺曼征服及其产生的影
)
The
Norman
Conquest
of
1066
is
perhaps
①
the
best-known
event
in
English
history.
William
the
Conqueror
②
confiscated
almost
all
the
land
and
gave
it
to
his
Norman
followers. He
replaced the weak Saxon rule with
③
a strong Norman government.
So the
feudal
system
was
completely
established
in
England.
④
Relations
with
the
Continent
were
opened,
and
the
civilization
and
commerce
were
extended.
⑤
Norman-French
culture, language, manners and
architecture were introduced.
⑥
The Church was brought
into
closer
connection
with
Rome,
and
the
church
courts
were
separated
from
the
civil
courts.
1066
年
年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，
将其分
发给他的诺曼追随者。
他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。
于是，
封建
制度在英国完全建立。
开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，
文明和商业得到发展，
引进了诺
曼
—
法兰
西文化、
语言、
行为规范和建筑艺术。
教会与罗马的联系更为密切，
教会法庭与民事法庭分
离。
3
．
The
English
is
a
mixture
of
nationalities
of
different
origins.
The
ancestors
of
many
English
people
were
the
ancient
Angles
and
Saxons.
Some
English
people
are
of the
Norman-French origin.
英国是一个
集不同民族于一体的国家。
许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。
< br>而还有一
些英国人的是诺曼血统。
Chapter 3 the Shaping of
the Nation (1066-1381)
第三章
英国的形成（公元
1066-1381
）
I. Norman
Rule (1066-1381)
诺曼统治（公元
1066
-1381
）
1. William's Rule
（
1066-1087
）
威廉一世
的统治（公元
1066-1087
）
England's feudalism under the rule of
William the Conqueror
在威廉统治下的英国封建制度
①
Under William, the feudal
system in England was completely established.
②
According
to
this system, the King owned all the land
personally.
③
William gave
his barons large
estates in England in
return for a promise of military service and a
proportion of the land's
produce.
④
These estates were
scattered far and wide over the country, so that
those who
held
them
could
not
easily
combine
to rebel
the
king.
⑤
The
barons,
who
had
become
William's
tenants-in-chief,
parceled
out
land
to
the
lesser
nobles,
knights and
freemen,
also in return for goods and services.
⑥
At the bottom of the feudal
scale were the villeins
or serfs.
⑦
One peculiar feature of the
feudal system of England was that all landowners
must take the oath of
allegiance
，
not only to their
immediate lord, but also to the king.
在威廉统治下，
英国的封建制度得到完全确立。
②根据此制度，
国王拥有全国所有土地。
③
威廉把英国
的大片土地分给贵族，
条件是换取对方服役和物品。
④这些地产
分散于各处，
相
距遥远，
这样土地拥有
者就不易联合起来反叛国王。
⑤已成为国王总佃户的贵族又把土地分
配给小贵族、
骑士和自由民，
同样换取货物和服役。
⑥处于封建等级最底层的是农奴。
⑦英
国封建
制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接地主，
而且
要效忠于国王。
II
．
Contents and
the significance of the Great Charter
(
《大宪章》的内容及意义
)
Great Charter was signed by King John
in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists
of sixty-three clauses. Its important
provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be
made
without the approval of the Grand
Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested,
imprisoned
or
deprived
of
their
property; (3)
the
Church
should
possess all
its rights,
together
with
freedom of elections; (4) London and
other towns should retain their traditional rights
and
privileges,
and
(5)
there
should
be
the
same
weights
and
measures
throughout
the
country. (Significance)
Although The Great Charter has long been popularly
regarded as
the
①
foundation
of
English
liberties,
it
was
a
②
statement
of
the
feudal
and
legal
relationships
between
the
Crown
and
the barons,
③
a guarantee
of
the
freedom
of
the
Church and a
④
limitation of the powers
of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was
the limitation of the powers of the
king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal
law
of the land.
《大宪章》是约翰国王
1215
年在封建贵族压力下签订的。《大宪章》总共
63
条，其中最
重要的内容是：
(1)
未经大议会同意，不得征税；
(2)
只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监
禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；<
/p>
(3)
教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；（
< br>4
）
伦敦和其
它城镇应保留其贵族的传统权力和特权；
(5)
全国
要统一度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为《大宪
章》
为英国的自由奠定
了基础，
但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声
明书，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王权利。
《大宪章》的精神实质就是把国王的权
利限制
在英国封建法律允许的范围之内。
III. The origins of the
English Parliament (
英国议会的起源
)
The Great Council is known to be the
prototype (
原型
) of the
current British Parliament. In
1265,
Simon de Montfort summoned
（召集）
the Great
Council, together with two knights
from
each county and two citizens from each town. It
later developed into the House of
Lords
and
the
House
of
Commons.
Its
main
role
was
to
offer
advice
，
not
to
make
decisions. There were no elections or
parties. And the most important part of Parliament
was the House of Lords.
大议会
是当今英国议会的原型。
1265
年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会
，各县有两名骑士，各
镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演
变成议会，
分为上议院和下议院。
其作用是咨询而
非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。
IV
．
The Hundred
Years' War and its consequences
(
百年战争及其结果
)
The
Hundred
Years‘
War
refers
to
the
war
between
England
and
France
that
lasted
intermittently from
1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly
territorial and partly
economic.
①
The territorial causes were
related with the possession by the English kings
of
the
large
duchy
of
Aquitaine
in
France,
as
the
French
kings
grew
stronger,
they
increasingly coveted this large slice.
②
The economic causes were
connected with cloth
manufacturing
towns in Flanders, which were the importer of
English wool, but they were
loyal to
the French king politically. Besides, England's
desire to
③
stop France from
giving
aid to Scots and
④
a growing sense of
nationalism were the other causes.
The
English‘s is being
driven
out of France is
①
regarded
as a blessing for both countries.
If
the English had remained in France, the superior
size and wealth of France would have
②
hindered the development of
a separate English national identity,
③
while France was
hindered so long as a foreign power
occupied so much French territory.
百年战
争指
1337
年到
1453
年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又
有经济因素。
领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地，
这
是战争的根源，
随着法国国王势力日增，
他们渴望占领这片土地
。
经济原因则与弗兰德斯城有关。
弗兰德斯
地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，
但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王
。
其他
原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，并且压制
不断增强的民族意识。
战争的结果：
把英国人赶出法国对两
个国家都是幸事：若英国人继续留在法国，那么法国
人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会
阻碍独立的英国的发展；
而在英国占领大量法国领土的
情况下，
法国也很难统一。
Three
stages of the war
战争的三个阶段
In the first two stages, the English
won some big victories. But in the third stage,
they were
driven out of Fance.
战争初期，英国取得辉煌胜利。但是最终被逐出法国
The battle of Argencourt
阿壤科之战
It took
place in 1415 and the English won a crushing
victory. After the victory, the English
king Henry
Ⅴ
was
recognized as the French King.1415
年英国大获
全胜，亨利
5
世登上法
国王位。
Joan of Arc
(1412-1431)
贞德女士
Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in
French history. She led and encourages the French
in
driving the English out of French in
the Hundred Years‘ War.
贞德是法国历史上的女英雄，
她领导和鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。
Consequences of the war
战争的后果影响
①
The
English
lost
the
war. The
expulsion
of
the
English
from
French
is
regarded
as
a
blessing for both
countries.
②
It helped
English national identity as well as French
national
identity.
③
Two separate nation were
born after the war.
V. The
Black Death (
黑死病
)
The Black Death is the modern name
given to the deadly bubonic
plague, an
epidemic
disease spread by rat fleas
across Europe in the 14th century. It swept
through England in
the summer of 1348.
It reduced England's population from four million
to two million by the
end of the 14th
century.
The
economic
consequences
of
the
Black
Death
were
far-reaching.
As
a
result
of the
plague,
much
land
was
left
untended
and
there
was
a
terrible
shortage
of
labor. The
surviving
peasants
had
better
bargaining
power
and
were
in
a
position
to
change
their
serfdom into paid labour. Some
landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher
wages, tried to
force peasants back
into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a
Statute of Labourers
which made it a
crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for
their employers to pay
more than the
rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.
黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，
是一种流行疾病，
在
14
世纪传播了到欧洲。
1348
年夏天横扫全英国。英国的人口在
14
世纪末从
400
万锐减至
200
万。
黑死病对经济造成
的后果更为深远。
鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。
地主
想把耕地变为人力需求较少的牧场。
存活的农民处于有
利的讨价还价地位，
从农奴变为雇佣
劳动力。于是一些支付不起
或不愿意支付较高工资的地主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地位。
1351
年政府颁布
―
劳工法令
‖
，规定农民们涨工资的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制订的
工资水
平要高的工资都是犯罪。
Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age
(1455-1688)
第四章
向现代英国的过度
I. Transition to the Modern Age
(1455-1485)
向近代英国的过渡
(1455
年
-1485
年
)
The Wars of Rose
玫瑰战争
The nature
and consequences of the Wars of the Roses
The name Wars of the Roses was refer to
the battles between the House of Lancaster,
symbolized by the read rose, and that
of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to
1485.
Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke
of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in
1485 and
put the country under the rule
of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism
received
its death blow. The great
medieval nobility was much weakened.
玫
瑰战争是指，从
< br>1455
年到
1485
年，以红
玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象
征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。
1485
年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了
博斯沃恩战役的胜利，
建立了都铎王朝。
这些战争使
英国的封建主义受到致命打击，
贵族阶
层受到了削弱。
II. Henry VIII and
the English Reformation
(
亨利八世和英国的宗教改革
)
Henry VIII
was above all
responsible for the religious reform of the
church. There were
three main causes: a
desire for change and reform in the church had
been growing for
many years and now,
encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many
people believed
its
time
had
come;
the
privilege
and
wealth
of
the
clergy
were
resented;
and
Henry
needed money.
亨利八世最重要的改革是负责进行教会的宗教改革。
改革原因有三个主要方
面：
多年来，
人们改革教会的意愿不断增长，<
/p>
现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，
许多人认为时
机已到；教职人员的特权和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱。
The
reform
began
as
a
struggle
for
a
divorce
and
ended
in
freedom
from
the
Papacy.
Henry VIII
wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon
but the Pope refused. H
enry‘s
reform
was
to
get
rid
of
the
English
Church‘s
connection
with
the
Pope,
and
to
make
an
independent Church of
England. He made this break with Rome gradually
between 1529
and 1534. He dissolved all
of England‘s monasteries and nunneries because
they
were
more loyal to the
Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as
the Act of succession
of 1534 and the
Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible.
He established the
Church
of
England
as
the
national
church
of
the
country,
and
he
made
himself
the
supreme head of the Church of England.
改革以争取离婚而开始，
以脱离教皇而告终。
< br>亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，
但是教皇
拒绝了。亨
利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。
1529
年
至
1534
年间逐渐
地与罗马脱离了关系。他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对
教皇比对英国国
王更忠诚。
1534
年的《继位法》和
1535
年的《王权法案》使改革具有了
可行性。
1535
年他获
―
英格兰教
会最高首脑
‖
之称号。
Henry VIII‘s reform stressed the power
of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry‘s
position; Parliament had never done
such a long and important piece of work before,
its
importance grew as a result. His
attack on the Pope‘s power encouraged many critics
of
abuses
of
the
Catholic
Church.
England
was
moving
away
from
Catholicism
towards
protestant ideology.
改革的三大影
响：
亨利的改革强调了君主权力，
自然巩固了亨利的地位；
议会以往从未做过
如此漫长而重要的工作，
自然其重要性也有所加强；
他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许多人批评指
责天主教会，并希望从天主教转向新教。
III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) (
伊莉莎白一世（
1558
年
-16
03
年）
)
Elizabeth I and parliament
Elizabeth
I
was
the
last
monarch
of
the
Tudor
Dynasty.
She
was
able
to
work
with
avoided
troubling
Parliament
too
often
for
pounds
by
making
strict
economies
at
the
relationship
was
often
turbulent.
Because
Parliament
demanded that its right of free speech
be confirmed in writing and it be allowed to
discu
ss
all important
questions at will. Elizabeth I did not agree to
their demands.
为
了避免经常向议会索要资金，
伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度。
但是，
她与议会
的关系也经常不稳定。
因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定，
同时希望
可以随时对重要问题进行讨论。伊不同意他们的要求。
Elizabeth's religious
reform and her foreign policy
伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策
Elizabeth's religious reform was a
compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with
Rome
and
restored
her
father's
independent
Church
of
England,i.e.
keeping
to
Catholic
doctrines and
practices but to be free of the Papal control. His
religious settlement was
unacceptable
to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans
and to ardent Catholics.
For
nearly 30
years
Elizabeth
successfully
played
off
against each
other
the two
great
Catholic powers, France and Spain, and
prevented England from getting involved in any
major European conflict. Through her
marriage alliances which were never materialized,
Elizabeth managed to maintain a
friendly relationship with France. So England was
able
to face the danger from Spain.
伊莉莎白的宗教改革是对不同观点的妥协。
她中断玛丽与罗马的关系
，
恢复她父亲在位时独
立的英格兰教会，
也就是说保持天主教教条及习俗，
但不受教皇控制。
她的宗教
定论既不被
以清教徒知名的新教极端分子所接受，也不为虔诚的天主教徒所接受。
近
30
年的时间
，伊莉莎白成功挑起了两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀，从而免于英
国卷入任何主
要的欧洲国的冲突。
通过她从未具体化的联姻，
伊莉莎白设法与
法国维持友好
关系，因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险。
IV. The English Renaissance
(
英国文艺复兴
)
Distinctive features of the English
Renaissance
英国文艺复兴的特点
1) English culture was revitalized not
so much directly by the classics as by
contemporary
Europeans under the
influence of the classics;
2)
England
as
an
insular
country
followed
a
course
of
social
and
political
history
which
was to a great extent
independent of the course of history elsewhere in
Europe;
3) Owing to the great genius
of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native
literature was
sufficiently vigorous
and experienced in assimilating for foreign
influences without being
subjected by
them;
4)
English
Renaissance
literature
is
primarily
artistic,
rather
than
philosophical
and
scholarly; 5) the
Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in
England.
英国文艺复兴的五个特点：
1
）英国文化的复兴直接受古典作品影响不大，更大的影响来自
于受古典作品
熏陶的当代欧洲人；
2
）由于英国是一个岛国家，其社会和政治
历史进程与欧
洲其他国家相去甚远；
3
）由于
14
世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现，英国本国文学得以
蓬
勃发展，能够在吸收外国文学影响的同时，并未处于从属地位；
4
）英国文艺复兴文学主要
是文艺方面而不是哲学的和学术方
面；
5
）文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革正好同步。
VI. The Civil Wars
and their consequences
Because
of
the
absolute
rule of
Charles,
the
confrontation
between
Charles
I
and
the
parliament developed into the civil
war. The war began on August 22, 1642 and ended in
1651. Charles I was condemned to death.
The English Civil War is also called
the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a
conflict
between the parliament and the
King, and a conflict between economic interests of
the
Crown. The economic interests of
the urban middle classed coincided with their
religious
(Puritan
) ideology
while the Crown‘
s
traditional economic interests correspondingly
allied with Anglican religious belief. The
English
Civil
War
not
only
overthrew
feudal
system
in
England
but
also
shook
t
he
foundation
of
the
feudal
rule
in
Europe.
It
is
generally
regarded
as
the
beginning
of
modern world history.
由于查尔斯
的
―
君权神授
‖
统治权，他与议会的对质发展成了内战。战争开始于
1642
年
8
月
22
日
，结束于
1651
年。最后查尔斯被处死。
英国内战又称为清教徒革命。
这是议会和国王间的冲突
，
也是城市中产阶级的经济利益与皇
室传统经济利益之间的冲突
。城市中产阶级经济利益刚好与他们的宗教（清教）思想吻合，
相应地，
皇室传统的经济利益则与圣公会教的宗教信仰相结合在一起。
英国内战不仅推翻
了
英国的封建制度，
而且动摇了欧洲的封建基础。
英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端。
The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell
(p.57)
Cromwell was leader of the
first civil war against Charles
I. His
famous ―
Ironsides
‖ cavalry
and
New
Model
Army(
新模范军
)
defeated
the
king.
After
the
War
he
was
made
Lord
Protector
of
the
Commonwealth
of
England
and
he
instituted
direct
military
rule
of
the
country.
After
king
Charles
I‘s
execution
in
1649,
Oliver
Cromwell
and
the
―Rump‖
（残余国会）
decla
red England a Commonwealth. There was no king, no
House of Lords in England.
The
Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became
king.
克伦威尔领导了第一次
对抗查理
< br>1
世内战。他著名的铁骑军和新模范军击败了国王。战后同时他成为英伦之岛共<
/p>
和国的护国公，建立直接军队领导制度。当查里一世
1649
年被处决后，克伦威尔和他的残
余国会宣布英格兰为共和国。没有国
王和上议院。共和国于
1660
年查里
2
世登基结束。
The Restoration
王政复辟
1660
When
Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by
his son, Richard, the regime
began
to
collapse.
One
of
Cromwell's
generals
George
Monck,
occupied
London
and
arranged
for
new
parliamentary
elections.
The
Parliament
thus
was
elected
in
1660
resolved
the crisis by asking the late King's son to return
from his exile in France as King
Charles II. It was called the
Restoration.
1658
年奥利弗克伦威尔去世
，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开始瓦解。克伦威尔
的一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦
敦，安排新的议会选举。
1660
年选出的议会要求上一任国王
的
儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国王查尔斯二世，从而解决了危机。这就是所谓的王政复辟
。
The Glorious
Revolution of 1688
(1688
年光荣革命
1688)
In 1685 Charles II died and was
succeeded by his brother James II. James was
brought
up
in
exile
in
Europe,
was
a
Catholic.
He
hoped
to
rule
without
giving
up his
personal
religious views.
But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic
king in 1688 than 40 years
ago.
So
the
English
politicians
rejected
James
II,
and
appealed
to
a
Protestant
king,
William of Orange, to invade and take
the English throne. William landed in England in
1688. The takeover was relatively
smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of
the
king. This was known as the
Glorious Revolution.
1685
年
查尔斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大，是个
天主教
徒，他希望不放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家。但是
1688
的英国
已不象
40
年前那样能
容忍天主教徒当
国王了。
英国政客反对詹姆斯二世，
他们呼吁信奉新教的国王，
奥兰治亲王
威谦入侵英国夺取王位。
1
688
年
11
月
15
日威廉在托尔比登陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相对
平静，既
未流血也未处死国王，所以就称为
―
光荣革命
< br>‖
。
Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall
of the British Empire (1688-1990)
第五章
大英帝国的兴衰
I. Whigs and Tories
辉格党人和托利党人
These two party names originated with
the Glorious Revolution (1688).
这两个政党名
称皆起源于
1688
年的光荣革命。
The Whig was those who opposed absolute
monarchy and supported the right to religious
freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig
was to form a coalition with dissident Tories in
the
mid-19th century and become the
Liberal Party.
辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自
由权利的人。辉格党人在
19
世纪中叶
与持不同意见的托利党人组成联盟，建立自由党。
The
Tories were those who supported hereditary
monarchy and were reluctant to remove
kings. The Tories were the forerunners
of the Conservative Party.
托利党人是指那些支持世
袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。
I. Agricultural Changes in the Late
18th Century
18
世纪末的农业革命
During
the
late
18th and
early
19th
centuries, the
―open
-
field‖
system
ended
when
the
Enclosure Act was
passed. The movement lasted for centuries.
Agricultural enclosure had
good as well
as bad results:
18
世纪末、
19
世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的
―
开放田地
‖
制结束。
圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存：
（
1
）
Farms became bigger and bigger units as
the great bought up the small;
由于大农场兼并了小农场，规模越来越大；
（
2
）
More
vegetables,
more
milk
and
more
dairy
produce
were
consumed,
and
diet
became more varied;
人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；
（
3
）
Enclosure was a disaster for the
tenants evicted from their lands by the
enclosures.
These
peasant
farmers
were
forced
to
look
for
work
in
towns.
Enclosure
led
to
mass
emigration, particularly to the New
World;
圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，
他们被赶出土地，
被迫到城镇找工作。
圈地运动导致了大规模的
< br>移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。
（
4
）
A new class hostility was introduced
into rural relationships.
农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。
II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-183
0)
工业革命（
1780-1830
）
1
．
The industrial
Revolution refers to the mechanizations of
industry and the consequent
changes
in
social
and
economic
organization
in
Britain
in
the
late
18th
and
early
19th
centuries.
工业革命指的是
17
世纪末、
18
世纪初英国工业的
机械化，
以及因此而导致的社会结构和经
济结构的变化。
2
．
Britain was the
first country to industrialize because of the
following factors:
英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下：
(1) Favorable geographical location.
Britain was well placed geographically to
participate
in European and world
trade;
优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；
(2)
Political
stability.
Britain had
a peaceful
society,
which,
after
the
17th
century,
was
increasingly interested in overseas
trade and colonies. International trade brought
wealth
to
merchants
and
city
bankers.
They
and
those
who
had
done
well
out
of
new
farming
methods provided capital in large
quantities for industrialization.
政治局面
稳定。
17
世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日
增。国际贸易给商
人和城市银行家带来财富，
他们加上由于新农
作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。
(3)
The
limited
monarchy
which
resulted
from
the
Glorious
Revolution of
1688
ensured
that
the
powerful
economic
interests
in the
community
could
exert
their
influence
over
Government policy.
1688
年光荣革命限制了君主的权力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对政府政策施加影响。
(4) It
was a country
in which the
main towns
were
never too far from seapor
ts, or from
rivers, which could distribute their
products.