跨文化商务沟通复习资料

跨文化商务沟通复习资料

第一章

一．文化适应的四个维度

P9

Dimensions of Acculturation

Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining

their cultural integrity

Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture

Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their

old culture

Deculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new

culture

第二章不作为考试重点

第三章

一．不同文化的人们对待女性 ，道德标准以及工作的态度不同

P47~P56

①

Attitudes Toward Women

：

Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as

men;Kenya women are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S.

workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government

and in many companies

；

U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they

are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men;In France, one-fifth of small

businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one- third

；

The U.S. and

Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and

Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women

managers.

Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions:The Russian Federation

42%

，

European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States

20%,Japan

7%.

②

Cultural Attitudes Toward Work:

Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively.

U.S. persons value work; executives work

-56 hours per week.

-take 14 days of vacation a year.

European persons work

-36 to 41 hours per week.

-take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year.

Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or

holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.)

Australians:Value free time; Value short work week

Japanese :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss

leaves

③

Attitudes Toward Ethics:

Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness,

trust, courage, and responsibility.

Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perceived to be correct

or incorrect behavior by most people in a society.

Ethics:

The Four-Way Test:

Is it the truth?

Is it fair to all concerned?

Will it build goodwill and better friendships?

Will it be beneficial to all concerned?

二．个人主义和集体主义

P57

Individualism - attitude of valuing ourselves as separate individuals with

responsibility for our own destinies and actions.

Collectivism - emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and

interdependence.

第四章

一．文化冲击的阶段

P69

Stages of Cultural Shock:

Stage 1:

Excitement and fascination with the new culture; the

Stage 2:

Crisis or disenchantment period; excitement has turned to disappointment.

Stage 3:

Adjustment phase; you begin to accept the new culture, try new foods, see

the

h

umor in situations.

Stage 4:

Acceptance or adaptation phase; feel at home in the new culture and

become involved in activities of the culture.

Stage 5:

Reentry shock; follows the stages identified earlier: initial euphoria, crisis

or disenchantment, adjustment, and adaptation.

二．如何缓解文化冲击

P71~P74

To alleviate cultural shock, try to see the environment from the perspective of the host

nationals.

①

慎重挑选外派人员

Alleviating Cultural Shock by Careful Selection of Overseas Personnel(Sensitive,

cooperative, able to compromise;Open to others' opinions;Reaction to new situations;

appreciation of cultural differences;Understanding of own values and aware- ness of

values in other cultures;Reaction to criticism;Understanding government

system;Ability to develop contacts in new culture;Patience and resiliency.)

②

提供出国前培训

Intellectual or classroom model - involves giving facts about the host country using a

variety of instructional methods;

Area training or simulation model - emphasizes affective goals, culture specific

content, and experiential processes;

Self-awareness or human relations model - based on the assumption that the trainee

with self-understanding will be more effective in the overseas assignment;

Cultural awareness model - emphasizes cultural insight and stresses affective goals

and an experiential process;

Interaction approach - participants interact with people in the host country;

Multidimensional approach - attempts to combine cognitive, affective, and behavioral

aspects

of training;

③

提供反馈和奖励

Reward systems include special allowances for housing, hardship, home leave,

medical, taxes, etc.

Appraisal and reward system must reflect the purpose and expectations of the

assignment (profit or building a presence in the country).

Reward system must compensate for what persons are leaving behind and must be

based on the idea of equity

④

发挥员工的最大潜力

Developing Employees to Their Potential:

Plan for repatriation, including reasons for the assignment and how the employee will

contribute to the company upon his/her return.

Allow adequate time for readjustment before employee reports to work.

Provide appropriate compensation for transition expenses.

Assist in locating proper housing.

Show appreciation to family for their contributions.

第五章

一．高语境和低语境的语言

P86

Low Context

High Context

-Get down to business first

-Establish social trust first

-Value expertise and performance

-Value personal relations and goodwill

-Agreement by specific, legalistic

-Agreement by general trust

-contract

-Negotiations slow and ritualistic

-Negotiates as efficiently as possible

High-Context Language

特点：

-Nonverbal; cultural aspects are important

-Language transmits little of explicit message

Example:

Japanese language

Chinese language

-Restricted

code

-

speech

coding

system

of

high- context

languages;

spoken

statement

reflects the social relationship

Low-Context Language

特点：

-Message is explicit

-May be given in more than one way to assure understanding

-Very direct and verbal

Example:

U.S.

English (high-context language viewed as a waste of time)

Example:

Spanish language

-Elaborated

code

-

speech

coding

system

of

low-context

languages;

verbal

elaboration

is

necessary due to few shared assumptions

二．线性语言和非线性的语言

P90

Linear Language:

Has a beginning and an end;Is logical;Is object oriented;Linear languages look at time

on a continuum of present, past, and future (English).

Nonlinear Language:

Is circular;Is tradition oriented;Is subjective;Nonlinear languages view time as