-
?
Chapter3 Labor,
Material and Equipment Utilization
劳动力、材料和设备利用
3.1
Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity
?
影响工地生产率的因素
?
Job-site
productivity is influenced by many factors which
can be characterized either as
labor
characteristics, project work conditions or as
non-productive activities.
?
影响工地生产率的因素很多，大致
分为劳动力特性、工程工作条件（环境）和非生
产性活动。
?
The labor
characteristics include:
?
劳力特性包含：
?
Age, skill and
experience of workforce
?
Leadership and motivation of workforce
?
员工的年龄、技能和工作经验
?
员工的领导力和动力
?
The project
work conditions include among other factors:
?
工程施工环境因素包括：
?
Sob size and
complexity
工作规模和复杂性
?
Job site
accessibility
工作场地的易接近性
?
Labor
availability
劳力的可用性
?
Equipment
utilization
设备的使用
?
Contractual
agreements
合同
?
Local
climate
当地的气候
?
Local cultural
characteristics, particularly in foreign operation
s
当地的文化特征，
特别是
海外工作的
文化特征
?
The non-productive activities
associated with
（与
…
相关，与
…
联系）
a project may or
may not be
paid by the owner, but they nevertheless take up
potential labor resources
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
（占据可能的劳动力资源）
which can otherwise be directed to the
project.
与项目有关的非生产型工作业主可以支付，也可以不支付，但他们占
据潜在的劳动
力资源，这些资源原本可以投入到项目中的
.
The non-productive activities include
among other factors:
非生产型活动包括：
Indirect labor required to maintain the
progress of the project
维护工程进度的间接性劳力
Rework for correcting
unsatisfactory
（不合格的）
work
不合格任务的返工
Temporary work
stoppage
（停工）
due
to inclement
（严酷的）
weather or
material
shortage
严酷的天气或者物料缺乏
导致的临时停工
Time off for union
activities
因工会活动而休假
Absentee
（缺勤）
time, including late start and early
quits
缺勤时间，包括迟到和早
退
Non-working
holidays
节假日
Strikes
罢工
?
Each category
of factors affects the productive labor available
to a project as well as the
on-site
labor efficiency.
?
每类因素都影响生产劳动力的可用性和现场劳动力效率。
?
Labor
Characteristics
劳动力特征
?
Performance
analysis is a common tool for assessing worker
quality and contribution.
?
?
?
?
绩效分析是评定员工能力和贡献的一种通用方法。
Factors that might be evaluated
include:
评估的要素可以包括：
Quality of work----caliber of work
produced or accomplished
工作质量
—
所完成工作的
水准
?
Quantity of
work----volume of acceptable work
工作数量
—
可承担工作的份量
?
Job
knowledge----
demonstrated
（证明，说明，表示）
knowledge
of
requirements,
methods,
techniques
and
skills
involved
in
doing
the
job
and
in
applying
these
to
increase productivity
?
工作知识
—
工作中应用到的需求知识、方法、技能和技巧，以提高生产率效率
?
Related
Work
Knowledge
–
knowledge
of
effects
of
work
upon
other
areas
and
knowledge of related areas which have
influence on assigned work
?
?
?
?
?
?
相关的工作知识
< br>—
其他相关领域能对当前工作产生影响和效果的知识
Judgment-soundness of conclusion,
decisions and actions
稳健的判断力，用于总结、决策和行动
Initiative-ability to take effective
action without being told
主动性，积极主动高效的执行工作
Resource Utilization-ability to delinea
te
（
叙述、
归纳）
< br>
project needs and locate, plan and
effectively use all resources
available.
?
资源的利
用能力，归纳项目的需求，确定计划和有效利用所有可用的资源
?
These
different
factors
could
each
be
assessed
on
a
three
point
scale:(1)recognized
strength,(2)meets expectations,(3)area
needing improvement.
?
?
?
?
这些不同的因素可以评定为三个等级：
1
）
优秀
2
）达到期望
3
< br>）需要进步。
Examples of work
performance in these areas might also be provided.
也可以
0
Job-site
labor productivity
（现场劳动生产率）
can be estimated
either for each
craft
（工艺，行业）
(carpenter,
bricklayer,
etc.)
or
each
type
of
construction
(residential
housing,
processing plant, etc.) under a specific set of
work conditions.
在特定的工作环境下，
现场劳动生产率可以按照工种进行进行评估（如木匠，瓦匠
等）
，也可以按照建设类型评估（如住宅，流程型工厂等）
。
A base
（基准）
labor productivity may be defined for a
set of work conditions specified
（指定
;
具体说明
,
详细说明
）
by
the owner or contractor who wishes to observe and
measure the labor performance over a
period of time under such conditions.
基
准劳动生产率可以定义为：在给定的工作条件（环境）下，业主或承包商期望观
测和衡量
（此条件下）的一段时期内的劳动绩效。
A labor
productivity index
（指数）
may then be defined as the
ratio
（比率）
of the
job-site
labor
productivity
under
a
different
set
of
work
conditions
to
the
base
labor
productivity,
and
【从此处断开翻译】
is
a
measure
of
the
relative
（相对的）
labor
efficiency of a
project under this new set of work conditions.
?
?
?
?
?
劳动生产率指数可以定义为不同工
作条件下现场的劳动生产率和基准劳动生产率的
比率，它是对新工作条件下的项目中劳动
力相对效率的计量。
?
①
The
effects
of
various
factors
related
to
work
conditions
on
a
new
project
can
be
estimated in advance,
some more accurately than others
（指
index
）
.
?
劳动生产率指数（可以）比其他指
标更准确地预估与新项目工作条件相关的各种影
响因素。
?
Eg1
：
They
should
check
the
day-light
conditions
and
ventilation
in
different
weather
conditions
in
advance
, if possible.
如果有条件
的话
,
应
提前
对房屋在不同天气状况下的采光及通风状况进行考察。
eg
：
Another was that startups had to decide
in advance
how much to
raise.
另一个问题是创业公司必须
提前
确定筹资数目。
?
②
For example, for very large
construction projects, the labor productivity
index tends to
decrease as the project
size and/or complexity(
工程规模和
/
或复杂性
) increase because
of
logistic
（逻辑的、
后勤的）
problems
（后勤问题）
and the “learning” that the work
force must undergo before adjusting to
the new environment.
?
logistic
?
*A Thinking
about
Logistic Problem
of
Architectural Formal Language.
对建筑形式语言<
/p>
逻辑问题
的思考
?
* The
Problem
of
Logistic
Industry
Development in China and Policy Recommendation.
我国
物流
产业发展中的
问题
和政策建议
*logistic air
support
空中后勤支援
?
*logistic
base
供应基地
?
*logistic
system
科学化后勤制度
?
课后注释
3
：对大型的建设项目，因为后勤问题和劳动力在适应新环境前必须经过
的学习过程，随着项目规模和
/
或复杂性的增长，劳动
生产力指数趋于下降。
③
Job-
site
accessibility
often
may
reduce
the
labor
productivity
index
if
the
workers
must
perform their jobs in round about ways,
such as avoiding traffic in repaving the highway
surface
or maintaining the operation of
a plant during renovation.
round about<
/p>
：绕大圈子的
,
迂回的
< br>(
路等
);
转弯抹角的
,
委婉的
;
包围着的<
/p>
,
广泛包含的
;
长胖了的
Eg
：
I
have had some experience of the great Cuff‘s
round-about
ways.
我对这位神通广大的卡夫的
门道
也摸透了几分。
翻译：如果工人们必须按（迂回、绕弯）规定的工作方式操作，现场辅助
功能往往可能会降
低劳动生产力指数，例如避免交通
shigu
路面加铺或在装修过程中维持工厂运营。
?
Labor
availability in the local market is another
factor.
?
在本地市场的劳动力可用性是另一个因素。
?
Shortage of
local labor will force the contractor to bring in
non-local labor or schedule
overtime
work or both.
?
本
地劳动力短缺将迫使承建商引入非本地劳动力或
/
和安排加班工
时。
?
In
either
case,
the
labor efficiency will
be reduced
in addition
to
incurring
additional
expense.
?
在这两种（引入非本地劳动力或<
/p>
/
和安排加班工时）情况下，除了产生额外的费用，
劳动效率将减少。
?
The
degree
of
equipment
utilization
and
mechanization(
设备利用率和机械化
)
of
a
construction project clearly will have
direct bearing on job-site labor productivity.
?
建筑项目的设备利用率和机械化程
度对现场的劳动生产率有直接影响。
?
The
contractual
agreements
play
an
important
role
in
（
the
utilization
of
union
or
non-union(
公会或非公会
)
labor,
the
use
of
subcontractors
and
the
degree
of
field
supervision
）
, all
of which will impact job-site labor productivity.
?
合同协议在使用工会或非工会劳动
力、使用分包商和现场监督程度中发挥重要的作
用，而所有这些都将影响现场劳动生产率
。
?
Since
on-site
construction
essentially
involves
outdoor
activities,
the
local
climate
will
influence the
efficiency of workers directly.
?
由于现场施工主要涉及户外活动，
因此当地的气候会直接影响工作效率。
?
In foreign
operations, the cultural characteristics of the
host country should be observed
in
assessing the labor efficiency.
?
在海外业务中，在评估劳动效率中要注意东道国的文化特色。
?
Eg
：
Which country
will be the
host country
for
the next Olympic Games?
哪个国家将是下届奥运会的
主办
国
?
?
Non-productive
Activities
非生产型劳动
?
The
non-productive
activities
associated
with
a
project
should
also
be
examined
in
order to examine the
productive labor
yield(
有效劳动产出
), which is
defined as the ratio
of direct labor
hours devoted to the completion of a project to
the potential labor
hours
（可能工时）
.
?
还应该检查与项目有关的非生产性
活动，以考察有效劳动产出，即为完成项目的直
接工时与可能工时的比率。
?
?
The direct
labor hours are estimated on the basis of the best
possible conditions at a job
site by
excluding all factors which may reduce the
productive labor yield.
?
在作业现场最好的条件下估计直接人工工时，这要排除可能会降低有效劳动产出的
所有因素。
Example3-1
；
Effects of job size on
productivity
?
作业规模对生产力的影响
A
contractor has established that under a set of
“standard” work conditions for building
construction, a job requiring 500,000
labor hours is considered standard in determining
the base labor productivity.
?
承建商已建立了一套
“标准”
建筑施工的工作条件，
一项工作需要
50
万人工工时被
认为是确定基本劳动生产率
的标准。
?
All other factors being the same, the
labor productivity index will increase to 1.1 or
110%
for a job requiring only 400,000
labor-hours.
?
<
/p>
所有其他因素相同，一项工作只有
40
万
人工工时时，劳动生产率指数将上升至
1.1
或
110
％。
?
Linear
relation:
线性关系
?
假如所需
300000-700000
工时之间存在线性关系，如图
4-
1
所示，在完全相同的工
作条件下，确定某项需要
650000
工时工作的劳动生产率指数。
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：听障高考英语真题(1)
下一篇：3000种中医药材第501-600种