大学英语国际贸易简答题

Lecture 1

1. Difference Between International Trade & Domestic trade

1)

Motivation and Behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally

depending on whether trade is across a border or not

2)

International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade for additional costs such

as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences

such as language, the legal system, or a different culture

3)

Factors

of

production

such

as

capital

and

labor

are

typically

more

mobile

within

a

country than across countries

2. Importance of International Trade

1)

Giving rise to the economy of the world

2)

Providing countries and consumers the chance to be exposed to those services and goods

that are not available in their own country

3)

Making

the developed

countries

use

their

resources

effectively

like

technology,

capital

and labor

4)

Becoming very important for every country of the world - be it big or small, developing

nation or developed nation

3. Risks in International Trade

Economic risks: Risk of insolvency(

无力偿还，破产

)of the buyer

Risk of protracted default(

拖延不履行义务

) - the failure of the buyer to

pay the amount due within six months after the due date

Risk of non- acceptance(

拒绝接受支票或承兑

)

Surrendering economic sovereignty

（主权）

Risk of exchange rate

Political risks:

Risk of cancellation

（取消）

or non- renewal of export or import licenses

War risks

Risk

of

expropriation(

征用

)

or

confiscation(

没收

)

of

the

importer's

company

Risk

of

the

imposition(

强迫接受

)

of

an

import

ban

（禁令）

after

the

shipment

（装船）

of the goods

Transfer risk - imposition of exchange controls by the importer's country

or foreign currency shortages

Surrendering political sovereignty

Influence of political parties in importer's company

4. Reasons for International Trade

1)

Uneven distribution of natural resources in the world

2)

Different

countries

with

different

land,

climate,

and

general

conditions

for

agriculture, forestry, husbandry

（畜牧业）

, etc

3)

Certain industrial products better received by the customers in other nations with

the development of manufacturing and technology

4)

Trade

between

nations

can

be

profitable

for

all,

even

if

one

of

the

nations

can

produce every commodity more cheaply.

5)

Invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries.

5. Problems in International Trade

1)

Cultural problem

2)

Monetary conversion

3)

Trade barriers

6. Reasons for Trade Barriers

1)

To correct a balance-of-payments deficit(

改善国际收支逆差

)

2)

To protect the national security

3)

To protect the infant industries against the competition of foreign goods

7. Classification of Trade Barriers

i.

Tariff Barriers:

Revenue

（税收）

tariff

Protective tariff

i.

Non-Tariff Barriers: Government participation in trade

Customs and entry procedures

Standards

Specific limitations

Import charges

Lecture 2

1. Forms of International Trade

Exporting

（出口）

; Importing

（进口）

;Trading Companies

（贸易公司）

; Licensing

（许

可证贸易）

; Contract Manufacturing

（合同制造）

; Joint Ventures

（合资企业）

; Direct

Investment

（直接投资）

2. Procedures of Export Transaction

1)

Preparing for Exporting or Importing

2)

Business Negotiation

（商务谈判）

3)

Implementing the Contract

（合同履行）

4)

Settlement of Disputes (if any)

（解决纠纷）

3. Implementation of Contract

（合同履行

1)

Preparing Goods for Shipment

2)

Inspection Application

3)

Reminding, Examining and Modifying L/C

4)

Chartering and Booking Shipping Space

（租船订舱）

5)

Customs Formalities

6)

Insurance

7)

Documents Preparation for Bank Negotiation

Lecture 3

1. Organizations Involved

1)

Exporters

2)

Shipping Agents at the port or airport of loading

3)

Railways in the exporter’s and importer’s countries

4)

Road Hauler

（陆路承运人）

in the exporter’s and export’s countries

5)

Port Authorities

6)

Shipping Company ( for sea freight )