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Lecture 1
1.
Difference Between International Trade & Domestic
trade
1)
Motivation and Behavior of parties
involved in a trade does not change fundamentally
depending on whether trade is across a
border or not
2)
International trade is typically more
costly than domestic trade for additional costs
such
as tariffs, time costs due to
border delays and costs associated with country
differences
such as language, the legal
system, or a different culture
3)
Factors
of
production
such
as
capital
and
labor
are
typically
more
mobile
within
a
country than across countries
2. Importance of International Trade
1)
Giving rise to
the economy of the world
2)
Providing
countries and consumers the chance to be exposed
to those services and goods
that are
not available in their own country
3)
Making
the developed
countries
use
their
resources
effectively
like
technology,
capital
and labor
4)
Becoming very important for every
country of the world - be it big or small,
developing
nation or developed nation
3. Risks in International
Trade
Economic risks: Risk
of insolvency(
无力偿还，破产
)of the
buyer
Risk of protracted
default(
拖延不履行义务
) - the
failure of the buyer to
pay the amount
due within six months after the due date
Risk of non-
acceptance(
拒绝接受支票或承兑
)
Surrendering economic
sovereignty
（主权）
Risk of exchange rate
Political risks:
Risk of
cancellation
（取消）
or non-
renewal of export or import licenses
War risks
Risk
of
expropriation(
征用
)
or
confiscation(
没收
)
of
the
importer's
company
Risk
of
the
imposition(
强迫接受
)
of
an
import
ban
（禁令）
after
the
shipment
（装船）
of the goods
Transfer risk -
imposition of exchange controls by the importer's
country
or foreign currency shortages
Surrendering political sovereignty
Influence of political parties in
importer's company
4. Reasons for
International Trade
1)
Uneven distribution of natural
resources in the world
2)
Different
countries
with
different
land,
climate,
and
general
conditions
for
agriculture, forestry,
husbandry
（畜牧业）
, etc
3)
Certain
industrial products better received by the
customers in other nations with
the
development of manufacturing and technology
4)
Trade
between
nations
can
be
profitable
for
all,
even
if
one
of
the
nations
can
produce every commodity more cheaply.
5)
Invisible trade involves the exchange
of services between countries.
5. Problems in
International Trade
1)
Cultural problem
2)
Monetary conversion
3)
Trade barriers
6. Reasons for Trade Barriers
1)
To correct a
balance-of-payments
deficit(
改善国际收支逆差
)
2)
To
protect the national security
3)
To protect the
infant industries against the competition of
foreign goods
7. Classification of
Trade Barriers
i.
Tariff Barriers:
Revenue
（税收）
tariff
Protective tariff
i.
Non-Tariff Barriers: Government
participation in trade
Customs and entry procedures
Standards
Specific limitations
Import charges
Lecture 2
1. Forms of
International Trade
Exporting
（出口）
; Importing
（进口）
;Trading Companies
（贸易公司）
; Licensing
（许
可证贸易）
; Contract
Manufacturing
（合同制造）
; Joint
Ventures
（合资企业）
; Direct
Investment
（直接投资）
2. Procedures of Export Transaction
1)
Preparing for
Exporting or Importing
2)
Business
Negotiation
（商务谈判）
3)
Implementing
the Contract
（合同履行）
4)
Settlement of
Disputes (if any)
（解决纠纷）
3. Implementation of
Contract
（合同履行
1)
Preparing
Goods for Shipment
2)
Inspection
Application
3)
Reminding,
Examining and Modifying L/C
4)
Chartering and
Booking Shipping Space
（租船订舱）
5)
Customs
Formalities
6)
Insurance
7)
Documents
Preparation for Bank Negotiation
Lecture 3
1.
Organizations Involved
1)
Exporters
2)
Shipping
Agents at the port or airport of loading
3)
Railways in
the exporter’s and importer’s countries
4)
Road
Hauler
（陆路承运人）
in
the exporter’s and export’s countries
5)
Port
Authorities
6)
Shipping Company ( for sea freight )
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