-
.
引言
Introduction
人文地理
学，
作为科学王国中一支较小的学科，
尽管常常不被人们关注和
重视，
然而它却是
一支最具活力的学科，
它的研究主题
——
社会的空间组织和人与环境的关系
——
为许许多多
形式的研究和朝气蓬勃的地理学
者提供了机遇和挑战。在最近
30
年来，西方人文地理学可
以说是百家争鸣、
百花齐放。
人文地理学家
不断地接受他们以前很少遇到的其它学科的新思
想、新观念，这样就给人文地理学的发展
带来无限的生机。
Human
geography
is
such
a
subject
full
of
vitalities
despite
of
being
neglected
research themes, the social-spatial
structure and the relationship between human and
environments,
have brought
opportunities and challenges to both various forms
of research and
recent
30
years,
the
western
human
geography
has
so
many
variegated
theories
and
geographers have kept absorbing new ideas and
opinions from many other
subjects,
which gives tremendous vital force to the
development of human geography.
一、人文地理学的性质
Characters of human
geography
1
、地理学形成及分化
Formation and
differentiation of geography
地理学
（
geography
）
是希
腊语中关于地球和书写两个词复合词，
主要研究人类生活空间
的
地球表面（
Haggett
，
1990
）
。
Geography mainly studies the earth
sphere that people live in.
大学地理学的发展一开始就受到自然科学和人文社会科学两大类学科分化的影响，
研究
自然环境的地理学称为
“
自然地理学<
/p>
”
，研究人工环境的称
“
人文地理学
”
。
Geography studied in university had
ramifications about
“
physical
geography
”
and
“
human
geography
”
because its development had been
affected by the differentiation of natural science
and social science from the beginning.
随着科学的进步和社会需求的出现，地理学的定义也在不断地发生变化。通过英国和美<
/p>
国地理学家学会研究组对大多数地理学系课程和学科体系的调查发现，
1990
年代的地
理学主要由人
文地理学、自然地理学、混合人文和自然地理学和其它领域四个方面所组
成
。
With the development of sciences and
the emergence of social demands, the definition of
geography has been evolving
continuously.
As
shown
in
a
survey
about
the
curriculum
and
the
subject
system
of
geography,
in
the
1990s, geography was consisted of four
branches: human geography, physical geography,
human-
physical geography together with
other geography fields.
2
、人文地理学的发展
Progress of human geography
18
世纪后期到
19
< br>世纪早期，德国和法国的人文地理学萌芽
From late 1800s to early 1900s, human
geography germinated in German and France.
1918
－
1939
，两次世
界大战之间，处在早期调查阶段
From 1918
to1939, the progress of human geography was in the
period of early survey.
二战后，主要从
< br>1960
年代起，人文地理学与其他社会科学互动与接轨，实现了从区域
描述到诠释人与社会、人与环境、及人与地点或地方关系的转变。
After
the
world
War
II,
especially
from
the
1960s,
human
geography
had
interacted
and
linked up with other social sciences.
It changed into interpreting the relationship
between human
.
.
and society, human and environment,
human and site or place, while in the early time,
it mainly
aimed to describe region and
place.
20
世纪
60-70<
/p>
年代，地理学的数量革命涉及到
“
社会经济
”
的诸多主题，为后来的诸如
人口、社会、城市、经济、工业和农业地理学等一些专门人文地理学学科的发展奠定了
基础。
From
1960s
to
1970s,
quantitative
revolution
in
geography
stepped
into
many
themes
of
social
contributed
to
the development
of
many
human
geography
specialties
such
as
population
geography,social
geography,urban
geography,economic
geography,industrial
geography and agricultural geography. <
/p>
20
世纪
70-80
年代，
世界人文地理学出现了两个主要趋势：
内部的专门化
和哲学上的多
元化。
From
1970s
to
1980s,
two
important
trends
of
the
world
human
geography,
inner
specialization and
philosophical diversity, had come into being.
20
世纪
80
年代，实证主义地理学、人文主义地理学和激进地理学成为
人文地理学三种
非常不同的学科方法。
In
the
1980s,
positivistic
geography,
humanist
geography
and
radical
geography
had
become three distinct
subject methods.
在过去
20
年里，其它学科思想给人文地理学科带来了新的增长点。人种地理学、人口
地
理学、聚落地理学、文化地理学、政治地理学、商业地理学、经济地理学、工业地理
学、
农业地理学、交通运输地理学等都是在此阶段形成并发展壮大起来。
In the past 20 years, various thoughts
from other sciences have brought new growth points
to
human
geography.
Ethnic
geography,
population
geography,
settlement
geography,
cultural
geography,
political geography, commercial geography,
economic geography, industrial geography,
agricultural geography, transportation
geography and so on have developed during the
time.
二、当代人文地理学研究内容
< br>当代人文地理学的基本理论主要涉及空间、全球化、城市化、人口、迁移、
文化、
景观、
发展和地缘政治等。
The
basic
theories
of
contemporary
human
geography
refer
to
space,
globalization,
urbanization,
population,
migration,
culture, landscape, development, geopolitics and
so on .
其内容主要包括：
（
1
）社会经济发展的全球化特征与地区差异之间的关系；
（
2
）人类与
其周围生活环境之间的相互关系
;
（
3
）不同
空间尺度
(
包括世界、国家、地区和城市
)
的
政治、经济演化特征与趋势；
（
4
）与民族、种族、性别、年龄、阶级等因素相联的社会
文化特征及其对空间发展的影响。
The
main
contents
include:
(1)the
relation
between
globalization
and
regional
differences;
(2)the
relation
between
human
and
circumstances;
(3)the
political
and
economic
evolution
of
different-scale
space(including the world, state, region and
urban). (4)the social-cultural characters
of factors relating to nationality,
race, gender, age, class, and their effects on
spatial development .
1
、经济地理学
Economic geography
以阐释人类生产和生活资料的生产、
流通和消费分配等人类经济活动的地域分布和空
间
组织为主要任务。
Main task: study the
spatial distribution and arrangement of
human economical activities,
such as
production, circulation and consumption.
传统的经济地理学关心各种资源、生产及商业的分布同自然环境的关系，以生产布局、
区位分析为研究核心。
.
.
Traditional
economic
geography
was
concerned
with
the
connections
between
natural
environment and the
arrangement of resources, production and commerce.
Its research highlighted
production
distribution and location analysis.
现代经
济地理学的研究开始注意政府决策以及人们的行为决策对经济布局的影响，
出现
了国土经济学，重视国土整治问题。
The contemporary economic
geography has began to focus on the effects that
the decision
of
government
and
people
imposed
on
economic
distribution
and
then
territory
renovation
has
been regarded.
2
、城市地理学
Urban geography
许
多国家重建城市的需要、新的城市的迅速增加、城市规模日益扩大的趋势，促使城市
化进
程加快，使城市地理学在人文地理学中逐渐居于重要的地位。
Many factors,such as demands of urban
reconstruction in many countries, the emergence of
more and more new cities as well as
growth of the urban scale, have accelerated the
urbanization.
Hence, urban geography is
becoming more and more important in human
geography category.
3
、旅游地理学
Tourist
geography
第二次世界大战以后，
旅游业蓬勃发展，
旅游收入对于国民经济收入的重要性日益提高，
使得旅游地理学发展很快，成为人文地理学的一个新分支。
After
the
second
world
war,
tourism
industry
developed
vigorously
and
tourist
income
became increasingly
important to the national income. Then, tourist
geography developed quickly
and became
a new branch of human geography.
4
、政治地理学
Political geography
1897
年拉采尔出版的《政治地理
学》
，
将国家当作附着于地球上的有机物，
并提出
“
生存
空间
”
的概念。以后，麦金德于
1904
< br>年提出陆心说。由于他们及其他学者的努力，政治
地理学成为人文地理学的重要分
支。
In
1897,
拉采尔
published POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY, in which
the state was regarded as
organism
attached to the earth, he also proposed the
concept of EXIETENCE SPACE. After that
麦金德
raised
the
concept
of
“
陆心说
”
in
1904.
With
their
and
other
scholars’
efforts,political
geography
became an important branch of humanity
geography.
5
、人口地理学
Population geography
很早以来，地理学的著作中已注意到种族和民族的分布，以及自然环境对人类的影响。
< br>第一次世界大战后，
鲍曼分析了中欧的人口地域分异现象，
瑞典地理学家德
·
耶尔深入研
究瑞典
人口分布并制出人口分布图。
据此，
人口地理学成为人文地理学
的一门分支学科。
人口普查、人口分布、迁移、人口问题等都是人口地理学研究的重要内
容。
The
distribution of race and folk, together with the
effects nature took on human had been
referred
to
in
early
geography
works.
After
the
first
world
war,
鲍曼
analyzed
the
phenomena
about
population distribution differences. Sweden
geographer
德
·
耶尔
drew maps of population
distribution
pattern.
From
then
on,
population
geography
has
become
a
ramification
of
human
geography.
the
Census
，
population
migration
and
dis
tribution
，
population
problems
are
all
included in the categories of
population geography.
6
、社会地理学
.
.
Social geography
社会地理学分析空间中的社会现象，
研究各种社会类型的区域分布并分析比较它们之间
的相互关系。
Social
geography
analyzes
the
social
phenomena
in
the
space,
studies
regional
distributions of kinds of social forms
and compares the relationship among them.
研究内容包括人口、聚落、民族、宗教、语言行为和感应等方
面的地理问题，并致力于
解决社会问题。
It
studies such geography issues as
population, settlement, nationality, religion,
language
behavior and response, and
aims to resolve social problems
7
、文化地理学
Cultural geography
从人类文化的空间组合的角度，解释各种文化要素如何使不同地区具有各种区域特征。
From
the
aspect
of
cultural-spatial
combination,
explain
how
various
cultural
factors
generated different regional
characters.
不同于社会地理学研究人类不同社
会集团的地域特征及其与环境的关系，
文化地理学主
旨是研究人
类创造的文化地域。
Contrast to social geography studying
the spatial characters of different social groups
and
their relation to environment,
cultural geography aims to study cultural region
human creates.
8
、行为地理学
Behavioral
geography
70
年代，行为
研究在地理学中十分盛行，通过研究不同人类社会集团、阶层、阶级对不
同环境的反应和
行为决策这一过程，使地理学为解决实际问题的决策发挥更大的作用。
During
1970s,
behavioral
study
was
prevailing
in
geography.
By
studying
responding
and
behavior-deciding
of
different
social
groups,
hierarchies
and
classes
to
different
environments,
geography has exerted
better effects in solving practical problems.
9
、区域地理学
Regional
geography
传统的人文地理学以小区域研究、经济区
划和文化景观类型为其主要论题，现在则转向
分析解决现实社会问题为主，涉及国土整治
、环境保护、贫穷和饥饿、种族歧视、资源
合理利用以及改善人民生活等问题。
Traditional
human geography
’
s main
issues are research of small areas, economic
zoning
and cultural landscape types.
Now it has changed to analyze and solve realistic
social problems,
concerning
about
territory
renovation,
environmental
protection,
poverty
and
hunger,
racial
discrimination,
rational use of the resources and improving
people
’
s life.
10
、历史地理学
Historical
geography
人文地理学的研究与历史学关系密切。英
国的学者达比等自
20
世纪
30
年代以后，开始
研究历史自然地理，使历史地理学不仅研究历史时期人
文地理现象的变化，也研究历史
时期自然地理现象的变迁，从而成为地理学的一门独立分
支。
After 1930s,
English scholar
达比
began to study historical physical
geography. From then
.