-
Model United Nations
International Collaboration on Natural
Disasters
Nanjing
University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics
2010-11-3
I.
Welcome Letter
Dear
Delegates and Faculty Advisors:
Welcome to the General
Assembly in the Model United Nations held in
Nanjing University Of
Aeronautics And
Astronautics.
We are the Dias of the General Assembly
and we will be your loyalist companions during the
two-day conference. We assure you that
we will try every effort to offer you an excellent
platform
to for you to solve a global
problem
—
International
Collaboration on Natural Disasters.
There is no denying that
natural disasters damage the social and economic
infrastructure of all
countries. This
severe hazard has already been a very dangerous
obstacle to the development of
human
social and economy and also the insurance of human
rights. Earthquakes, tsunamis,
tornados, famine and so on, these names
has taken away millions lives of human beings in
the
history. How to avoid such
tragedies repeating themselves is a question for
all of you to answer in
this
conference.
We
hope that every one of you will fully enjoy being
a delegate who represents a nation and try to
protect the national interest while
managing to solve the issue. You will give
speeches, debate
with other delegates,
and wring papers
—
doing all
the work of a real delegate in the United
Nations. We hope you will enjoy being a
Muner!
Good
luck and see you in November!
General Assembly Dias
Members
2010
Nanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics
Of Aeronautics And Astronautics
Model United Nations
Conference
Ⅱ
.
Brief
Introduction and Conference Agenda
南京航空航天大学外国语学院模拟联合国参会指南
一、活动主题：南航外院
2010
年模拟联合国大
会
二、活动简介：模拟联合国是一个具有全球性视角的学生活
动。以拓宽学生视野
,
锻炼学生
综合性
能力为宗旨
,
以培养国际性人才为目标，是一项健康积极、极富
教育意义的学生活动。
模拟联合国中所探讨的涉及裁军、
环保和
社会发展等诸多方面的国际议题多具有跨学科的性
质，这有助于加强跨学科的交流。
三．
活动目的：
为了给同学们创造一个平台，
让同学们能释放自己对模拟联合国活动的热情，
提高英语及汉语表达能力，组织、策划、管理的能力，研究和写作的能力，公开发言和辩论
的能力，解决冲突、求同存异的能力，与人沟通交往等多方面能力，全面提高自身修养，培
养世界眼光。
四、主办单位：学生处，南航外国语学院学生会
五、活动时间：英文场：
2010.11.3
13
：
00
六、活动地点：艺术中心多功能厅
七
、活动对象：全体在校学生（要求：关心时事，有一定的政治见解、良好的交流能力、口
才和临场应变能力）
八、活动流程：
第一部分：开始，介绍主席团和代表队
第二部分：正式活动开始（流程详见模联具体流程介绍）
第三部分：评委点评
第四部分：新闻
发布会（宣布投票结果及评委评出的最佳团队奖和最佳表现奖）
第五部分：颁奖仪式，活动结束
南京航空航天大学
外院团委学生会
201
0
年
10
月
Ⅲ
.
Statement of the Problem
1.
委员会：联合国大会
United
Nations General Assembly
2.
议题：自然灾害的全球互助
International Collaboration on Natural
Disasters
3.
国家：
英文场：中国，美国，英国，法国，俄罗斯，智利，海地，澳大利亚，德国，伊朗，印度，
沙特阿拉伯，南非，苏丹（
14
个国家）
After the devastating
earthquake hit China in 12th of May 2008, the
humanitarian assistance of the
international society soon arrived in
China, along with great sympathy from all over the
globe.
However, if we look back into
recent years, we will be astounded to see a list
of event which
relating to natural
disasters ravaging countries of the international
society. Cyclone Nargis in
Myanmar,
typhoon Fengshen in Philippines, Tropical Storm
Arthur in Latin America & The
Caribbean, flash floods in Afghanistan,
volcano eruption in Colombia, earthquake in
Kyrgyzstan,
and of course the new-
arrival Haiti earthquake, the list goes on and on.
Facing these severe
disasters, every single country is fragile, but
countries will be much stronger if
united. With the coming of the
globalization era, we live in a shared risk
society. Since global
environmental
security has been seen as a global public good,
how to act for global crisis
management
under the logic of collective action has become a
primary subject for the global
actors.
Thanks to much effort given
by lots of people , the regional cooperation has
already been on its
way. For instance,
according to the tremendous damage resulted from
the Indian Ocean tsunami in
2004 and
the engagement of disaster recovered and reduction
from global society, above issues
will
be discussed through the case of Indian Ocean
Tsunami Warning System. It is a useful system
to prohibit such huge damage caused by
tsunami from happening again.
In conclusion, it is highly possible
and necessary to establish an analytically
framework to explore
the relationships
between international organizations on the issue
of reduce the effect of natural
disaster and about how to improve the
global cooperation in disaster
reduction.
Ⅳ
.
Background Materials
Haiti
Earthquake
Time: 16:53:10,
12 January 2010
Countries
and regions affected: Haiti
Death toll of the 2010
Unrecovered bodies
Total
Government
Haiti earthquake,
estimates
according to RNW
findings: Buried
Lé
og?
ne
3,364
1,636
5,000
20,000-30,000
Petit-Go?
ve,
1,347
20
1,367
?
Grand-
Go?
ve
andGressier
Jacmel
?
?
400
4,000
main cemetery
18,000
18,000
?
other cemeteries
7,000
7,000
?
mass graves in
13,000-20,000
13,000-20,000
?
Titanyen
Total buried victims
~ 62,000
?
Bodies still
under the
30,000
30,000
?
rubble
Total death toll estimate
~ 91,767
~
230,000
Description:
Haiti is the poorest
country in the Western Hemisphere, and is ranked
149th of 182 countries on
the Human
Development Index. The Australian government's
travel advisory site had previously
expressed concerns that Haitian
emergency services would be unable to cope in the
event of a
major disaster, and the
country is considered
Agriculture
Organization. It is no stranger to natural
disasters; in addition to earthquakes, it has
been struck frequently by cyclones,
which have caused flooding and widespread damage.
The
most recent cyclones to hit the
island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm
Fay and
Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and
Ike, all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800
deaths.
The damage to
infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake was
extensive and affected areas
included
Port-au-Prince, Petit-Go?
ve,
Lé
og?
ne, Jacmel and other
settlements in southwestern
Haiti.
250,000 residences and 30,000commercial buildings
had collapsed or were severely
damaged.
90% percent of the buildings in
Lé
og?
ne had been destroyed
andLé
og?
ne had
totally rebuilt.
including
the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly
building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral,
and the main jail. Half the nation's
15,000 primary schools and 1,500 secondary schools
were
severely damaged or destroyed. In
addition, the three main universities in Port-au-
Prince were also
severely damaged. It
would take half a day to make a trip of a few
miles. The roads would also
crisscross
haphazardly due to disorganized construction.
Humanitarian responses:
From the UN:
?
The World Bank
provided extra funding of $$100 million to support
recovery and reconstruction
in Haiti.
? The Security Council
authorized an increase of 3,500 troops and police
of the United Nations
Stabilization
Mission in Haiti in Resolution 1908.
? Wo
rld Health Organization
- Sent a
? World Food
Programme
-
Over 200 staff
members on the ground, and their rapid-response
team
is currently supporting the entire
humanitarian effort.
?
International Atomi
c
Energy
Agency - Sent eight mobile medical X-ray machines
to Haiti.
? The Office for
the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs has
established a coordination office
in
Haiti to coordinate the international relief
effort in support of the Government of Haiti.
From the EU:
? The EU is providing ?122
million in humanitarian assistance: Emergency
relief aid package = ?
30 million.
Commission funds are distributed via UN agencies,
international NGOs and the Red
Cross. ?
92 million from member countries.
? T
he European Commission
will provide ? 100 million for
short
-term recovery and
rehabilitation.
? The European Commission will provide
? 200 million from the 10th and 9th EDF funds for
Haiti. This will be in addition to
bilateral contributions from EU Member States'
budgets.
? The European
Union pledged at least EUR 429 million to Haiti in
both emergency humanitarian
aid to help
medium and long term work of rebuilding the
country devastated by the earthquake.
? In addition, the 27 countries decided
to send
some 150 troops from the
European Gendarmerie
to ensure
humanitarian aid reaches the people affected by
the earthquake.
From China:
??
T
he People's
Republic of China sent a 60
-member
rescue team (National Earthquake Disaster
Emergency Rescue Team) following the
quake, as well as US$$1M.
?
China donated additional US$$4.41 million in
humanitarian aid. On January 21, China
announced that it was donating an
additional $$2.6 million in cash to quake-hit Haiti
and it would
send a 40-member medical
care and epidemic prevention team to the Caribbean
country.
? A medical
assistance station has been set up by the Chinese
rescue team in Port
-
au-
Prince.
From the US:
? President Barack Obama
pledged an initial US$$100 million in aid. The aid
amount was later
raised to $$379
million. The aid is distributed through the
military and through the U.S. Agency for
International DevelopmentThe expected
breakdown of aid was:
? 42%
for direct disaster assistance
? 33% for U.S. military aid
? 9% for food
?
9% to transport the
food
? 5% for paying Haitian
survivors employed in recovery efforts
? less than 1% directly to the Haitian
government
? about 0.5% to
the Dominican Republic for dealing with Haitian
refugees.
From
NGOs:
?
O
xfam International -
International relief and development agency Oxfam
International swung
into action to
raise emergency funds to assist relief and
rehabilitation efforts on the ground. Oxfam
is committed to assisting in the
rebuilding efforts in Haiti, and the agency will
be on the ground
for the long haul.
This along with the immediate response of
providing clean water, shelter, and
sanitation means that the level of need
continues to be great.
?
I
nternational Red Cross -
sent tons of supplies, hundreds of personnel, and
field hospitals. The
number of
emergency teams sent to Haiti equals the total
sent to all 14 countries affect by the
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
?
S
OS Children
delivered 21 tons of aid to Haiti by road as of 21
January. They also brought
supplies to
Haiti by cargo plane and have around 60 staff
present there. In support of their work,
they received a ?
1 million
donation from HSBC, and Swedish businessman Roger
Hakelius
donated US $$14 million to
support and educate approximately 400 orphan
children in Haiti over a
25-year
period.
?
H
umanity First particularly
from Canada, USA and UK set out teams of doctors
to Haiti.
10,000 patients have been
seen so far by the team of doctors. The Humanity
First team has also
shipped 5 tons of
aid to Haiti. It has also deployed water
infrastructure at a camp to provide daily
water to 7,000 people and is in the
process of installing 2 more filtration units
elsewhere.
Indian Ocean
Tsunami
Time
：
December 26,
2004
Place: Indian Ocean
Damage: On December 26,
2004, a magnitude 9.0 undersea earthquake off the
west coast of
northern Sumatra,
Indonesia, unleashed a tsunami that affected more
than 12 countries throughout
south and
southeast Asia and stretched as far as the
northeastern African coast. Current official
estimates indicate that more than
250,000 people are dead or missing and millions of
others are
affected, including those
injured or displaced, making this the deadliest
tsunami on record. The
world
?
s largest
insurance company Munich Re estimated the economic
impact of the Tsunami to
be 10 billion
euros (A$$17 billion)
Description:
At
07.58 Aceh time on 26 December 2004, the biggest
earthquake for 40 years struck off the west
coast of Northern Sumatra. The
earthquake led to the most destructive series of
tsunamis in
recorded history. Sections
of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand have
suffered the worst
devastation. The
waves, while not very big in deep water, slowed
down and grew in size as they
reached
shallower water near land. The tsunamis killed
people in 14 counties around the Indian
Ocean. In terms of lives lost and
people missing, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and
Thailand were
the hardest hit. Experts
have said this is the most powerful earthquake in
40 years and the fourth
(and perhaps
the second) most deadly in the last century.
Estimates of the dead make it the worst
tsunami disaster on record
Humanitarian responses:
1. Society
People were mostly dominated by the
government. As an immediate response Swiss Red
Cross
supported a comprehensive relief
operation by distributing food items, cooking sets
and temporary
shelters in Karaikal
district of Pondicherry. Actions including
emergency evacuation had been put
into
practice and nations all over the world provided
over US$$7 billion in aid for damaged regions.
However, the destruction of
transportation infrastructure has made it
difficult to extend assistance
to all
of the affected areas.
2.
Government
As news of this
natural disaster broke, it sparked an
extraordinary mobilization of resources for
humanitarian relief and assistance by
private citizens, corporations and governments in
the
affected countries and beyond. In
the days following the tsunami, the government
tookinitial quick
response. 696,392
people were rescued and evacuated while 783 relief
camps were set up.
Surviving doctors,
nurses and paramedics rendered first aid in
makeshift or remaining health
facilities. Significant effort was
spent in undertaking debris removal and disposal
of dead bodies.
Gratuitous relief and
restoring essential services like power, water
supply was provided as soon as
possible.
3.
Media
In late December,
many factors combined to make the tsunami a key
news story that generated
enormous
media coverage: the lack of other news stories;
the time of year; the involvement of
Western tourists; the geographical
range of the tsunami; the daily climbing death
toll; the
availability of dramatic
amateur footage of the waves hitting shore; and
the celebrities who
perished or
survived. The tsunami was probably the most
reported disaster up to that date.
The tsunami dominated the internet as
well. All of this media attention, together with
the time of
year, the level of
association with those affected and familiarity
with some of the affected
countries,
prompted an unprecedented flood of both official
and private funding and of material
assistance.
4.
UN
Less than two weeks
since tsunamis struck on 26 December, the support
of the United Nations
Volunteers (UNV)
programme and presence of UN Volunteers continues
to mount in the
devastated countries in
the Indian Ocean region. In the affected areas of
India, Indonesia, the
Maldives and Sri
Lanka, several teams of UN Volunteers are
assisting in relief efforts in
collaboration with a number of UN
organizations, including the UN refugee agency
(UNHCR),
the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) and the UN Office for the
Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA). They are also supporting local and
national governments in
disaster
information collection and damage and relief need
assessments.
5. NGO
The NGOs including the Red
Cross and other organizations, all reacted in an
admirably fast
response before the
government took measure; the NGOs had organized
small-ranged search and
rescue, soon
they cooperate with other relief forces. However,
it was the affected communities
themselves who generally provided the
initial emergency response. Some NGOs gave very
low
priority to integrating their
activities into larger programmes and coordinating
them with other
actors.
Reconstruction:
Reconstruction of affected areas has
been addressed in the Emergency Tsunami
Reconstruction
Project.
This report will support in: a) reconstruction of
housing and public buildings, and revival
of livelihoods in fisheries,
agriculture and animal husbandry; bcapacity
building in housing
reconstruction and
coastal zone management, along with technical
assistance to implement the
program.
Meanwhile A&D has
undertaken reconstruction project in India as a
post-tsunami response. This
project
mainly considers the people who have been affected
by the December 2004 Tsunami but
were
left out by the government lists as well as the
other NGOs working in the area. The project
mainly focuses on: 1) Construction of
houses in villages 2) Construction of Community
Centers in
several villages 3) A series
of participatory micro-projects 4) A series of
capacity building
programmes in
different villages 5) Empowerment of traditional
fisher folk through introducing
them
into a collective process of Co-operatives.
Sichuan Earthquake
Time: 14:28:01.42 CST
(06:28:01.42 UTC) on May 12, 2008
Location: Wenchuan, Sichuan province of
China
Damage: 68,000 people
killed, 374,176 injured, 18,222 listed as missing
at least; cost to rebuild
disaster
areas will be more than 845.1 billion yuan(about
$$120 billion).
Description:
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake
or the Great Sichuan Earthquake was a deadly
earthquake that
measured at 8.0 Ms and
7.9 Mw. It is also known as the Wenchuan
earthquake, after the location
of the
earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County in Sichuan
province. The epicenter was 80
kilometers (50 mi) west-northwest of
Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, with a depth of
19
kilometers (12 mi). The earthquake
was also felt in nearby countries and as far away
as both
Beijing and
Shanghai
—
1,500 kilometers
(932 mi) and 1,700 kilometers (1,056 mi)
away
—
where
office
buildings swayed with the tremor.
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008
12:00 CST) state that 69,197 are confirmed dead,
including
68,636 in Sichuan province,
and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as
missing. The earthquake
left about 4.8
million people homeless, though the number could
be as high as 11 million.
Approximately
15 million people lived in the affected area. It
was the deadliest earthquake to hit
China since the 1976 Tangshan
earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people
and the strongest
since the 1950 Chayu
earthquake in the country, which registered at 8.5
on Richter magnitude
scale. It is the
21st deadliest earthquake of all time.
Strong aftershocks, some exceeding
magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months
after the
main quake, causing new
casualties and damage.
Humanitarian responses:) 1. Society
At 14:28 CST on May 19,
2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese
public held a moment of
silence. People
stood silent for three minutes while air defense,
police and fire sirens, and the
horns
of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars on
Beijing's roads came to a halt. People
spontaneously burst into cheering
2. Government:
The State Council declared a three-day
period of national mourning for the quake victims
starting
from May 19, 2008; the PRC's
National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong SAR
and Macau
SAR were raised at half mast.
3. Media:
Many websites converted their front
page to black and white. All Mainland Chinese
television
stations, along
with some Hong Kong stations, displayed their logo
in grayscale, while
broadcasting non-
stop earthquake footage from CCTV-1.
4. The United Nations
As a first step in the planning of
rehabilitation support to the Chinese Government,
the UN
agencies in China have designed
the UN China Appeal for Early Recovery Support in
close
cooperation with Government
counterparts. This Appeal is only the first step
in the United
Nations
?
medium
to longer term assistance plan for the earthquake-
affected areas. The current
Appeal
includes proposals from partner agencies in
meeting sector-specific needs from July to
December 2008.
5. NGOs
More
than 100 NGOs took part in the rescue, while a
couple of new ones were built to improve
the lives of those affected by the 12
May 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Governmental
organizations
were supposed to be the
ma
in power during the disaster relief,
but there are many ―tiny things‖
that
need people to participate in, such as spiritual
comfort the victims. In that way, NGOs and
GOs can cooperate with each other to
complete the aid system.
Ⅴ
.
Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Disasters
Michael K. Lindell
Introduction
A natural disaster occurs when an
extreme geological, meteorological, or
hydrological event
exceeds the ability
of a community to cope with that event. Assessing
the community impacts of
natural
disasters is important for three reasons. First,
such information is useful to community
leaders after a disaster strikes so
they can determine if there is a need for external
assistance and,
if so, how much.
Second, information about disaster impacts can be
used to identify specific
segments of
the community that have been affected
disproportionately or might be affected in the
future. Third, planners can develop
disaster impact projections before disasters
strike to assess
potential consequences
of alternative hazard adjustments.
Physical Impacts of Disasters
The physical impacts of
disasters include casualties (deaths and injuries)
and property damage,
and both vary
substantially across hazard agents.
There often are difficult
ies
in determining how many of the deaths and injuries
are ??due to
?
?
a
disaster. In some cases it is
impossible to determine how many persons are
missing and, if so,
whether this is due
to death or unrecorded relocation. Even when
bodies can be counted, there are
problems because disaster impact may be
only a contributing factor to casualties with
preexisting
health conditions.
Losses of structures,
animals, and crops also are important measures of
physical impacts. Such
losses usually
result from physical damage or destruction, but
they also can be caused by other
losses
of use such as chemical or radiological
contamination, or loss of the land Itself to
subsidence or erosion.
Other important physical impacts
include damage or contamination to crop land,
range land, and
woodlands. Such impacts
may be well understood for some hazard agents but
not others.
One way to
reduce the physical impacts of disasters is to
adopt hazard mitigation practices. These
can be defined as preimpact actions
that protect passively against casualties and
damage at the
time of hazard impact.
Another way to reduce a
disaster
?
s physical impacts
is to adopt emergency
preparedness
practices, which can be defined as preimpact
actions that provide the human and
material resources needed to support
active responses at the time of hazard impact.
Social Impacts of Disaster
Social impacts, which include
psychosocial, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and
sociopolitical
impacts, can develop
over a long period and can be difficult to assess
when they occur. Despite
the difficulty
in measuring these social impacts, it is
nonetheless important to monitor them
because they can cause significant
problems for the long-term functioning of specific
types of
households and businesses in
an affected community.
Psychosocial Impacts
One type of social impact not measured
by census data consists of psychosocial impacts
and,
indeed, research reviews conducted
over a period of 25 years have concluded that
disasters can
cause a wide range of
negative psychosocial responses. These include
psychophysiological effects
such as
fatigue, gastrointestinal upset, and tics, as well
as cognitive signs such as confusion,
impaired concentration, and attention
deficits. Psychosocial impacts include emotional
signs such
as anxiety, depression, and
grief, as well as behavioral effects such as sleep
and appetite changes,
ritualistic behavior, and substance
abuse.
There also are
psychosocial impacts with long-term adaptive
consequences, such as changes in
risk
perception and increased hazard intrusiveness. In
turn, these beliefs can affect risk area
residents
?
adoption of household hazard adjustments that
reduce their vulnerability to future
disasters.
Sociodemographic Impacts
Perhaps the most significant
sociodemographic impact of a disaster on a
stricken community is the
destruction
of households
?
dwellings.
Socioeconomic Impacts
The property damage caused
by disaster impact causes direct economic losses
that can be thought
of as a loss in
asset value and this can be measured by the cost
of repair or replacement.
Unfortunately, these losses are
difficult to determine precisely because there is
no organization
that tracks all of the
relevant data and some data are not recorded at
all.
In addition to direct
economic losses, there are indirect losses that
arise from the interdependence
of
community subunits.
It also
is important to recognize the financial impacts of
recovery on local government. Costs must
be incurred for damage assessment,
emergency demolition, debris removal,
infrastructure
restoration, and
replanning stricken areas. In addition to these
additional costs, there are decreased
revenues due to loss or deferral of
sales taxes, business taxes, property taxes,
personal income
taxes, and user fees.
Political Impacts
There is substantial evidence that
disaster impacts can cause social activism
resulting in political
disruption,
especially during the seemingly interminable
period of disaster recovery.
The disaster recovery period is the
source of many victim grievances and this creates
many
opportunities for community
conflict. Victims often experience a decrease in
the quality of life
associated with
their housing, with the following complaints being
most frequent, namely
availability of
housing units, site characteristics, building
characteristics and conditions of
allocation. Another source of conflict
is the contrast between a personalistic culture in
many
victim communities based upon
bonds of affection and the universalistic culture
of the alien relief
bureaucracy, which
values rationality and efficiency over personal
loyalty even when engaged in
humanitarian activity.
However, attempts to change prevailing
patterns of civil governance can arise when
individuals
sharing a grievance about
the handling of the recovery process seek to
redress that grievance
through
collective action.
Community Recovery Resources
Community recovery
resources can come from a variety of individuals
and organizations as well
as
victims
?
financial and
tangible assets undamaged by hazard impact.
Alternatively, the victims
can promote
their recovery by bringing in additional funds
through overtime employment or by
freeing up the needed funds by reducing
their consumption below preimpact levels.
The impact of a disaster on
the housing recovery of affected households
depends upon a number
of community
characteristics, mainly are the availability of
housing vacancies and the nature of a
community
?
s
private and public housing support programs.
Recovery resources can be
administrative as well as financial. Meanwhile
some of the needed
financial resources
come from the households themselves, but kin
networks are another major
source of assistance.
Extra-Community Assistance
Extra-community assistance can be
obtained from a variety of sources.
Nongovernmental
organizations
?
in-kind contributions of goods and services
consists the major part while regional
governments, and national governments
also provide financial assistance. Another
important
factor is the degree to which
a community is vertically integrated with higher
levels of
government and horizontally
integrated with other jurisdictions at the same
level of government.
Discussion and Conclusions
The magnitude of the physical impacts
can be reduced by investments in hazard mitigation
and
emergency preparedness practices
have become a basic premise of
FEMA
?
s National
Mitigation Plan. Natural disasters have
been found to have no measurable long-term impacts
on
the overall viability of
communities. Recovery resources flow to affected
communities that are
strongly linked
vertically and horizontally to resources in the
remainder of the country.
One goal of hazard mitigation, which
should be supplemented by emergency preparedness
practices, is to promote the adoption
of land use practices that minimize unnecessary
exposures of
population and structures
in high-risk areas. In places where the economic
advantages of the
location outweigh its
potential losses due to disaster impact, building
construction practices should
be
adopted that minimize the danger to the contents
and occupants of structures.
A major challenge for future research
is to identify ways in which hazard-prone
communities can
be induced to reduce
their vulnerability. An ideal pattern of
socioeconomic development would be
one
in which risk area occupants purchase property on
the basis of adequate information about
hazard vulnerability and risk area
occupants would adopt hazard adjustments to limit
their losses if
a disaster were to
strike.
These adjustments
would include hazard mitigation and emergency
preparedness practices to
avoid
casualties and property damage.
Actual patterns of development are
significantly different from the ideal. In many
cases, there is
migration to hazard-
prone areas because of beneficial land uses for
agriculture, transportation, and
recreation. Even when there is local
knowledge about hazards, there often is a lack of
hazard
intrusiveness because events
that are not recent or frequent tend not to be
thought about or
discussed.
There also are problems in the adoption
of effective hazard adjustments. One of these
arises from
households
?
and
businesses
?
concentration of
hazard exposure. Moreover, externalities arise
when system dynamics cause the actions
of one party to increase the vulnerability of
another.
One of the most
important practical lessons to be learned about
disaster impact assessment is that
local planners should know their
communities
?
economic base
and types of employment within
areas
prone to major hazards while another lesson for
local planners is that low-income workers
are likely to have a more difficult
time finding temporary and permanent housing.
Besides,
another important implication
of the research on disaster impacts is that the
reduction of hazard
vulnerability must
be a community effort, not an individual one. As
for local governments, they
should
expect a continuation of demands for routine
services and provision of disaster-related
services even if they also have
suffered damage to their facilities and casualties
to their
employees.
In
summary,
it
is
clear
that
there
has
been
significant
progress
over
that
past
25
years
in
developing
an
understanding
of
the
complexities
involved
in
avoiding
and
recovering
from
the
community
impacts
of
disasters.
In
addition
to
developing
greater
integration
among
areas
of
research,
future
research
must
also
address
some
other
deficiencies.
First,
this
article
addressed
only natural hazards, but technological
hazards also should be addressed because
contamination
by
some
toxic
chemicals
or
radiological
materials
can produce
impacts
that
are
more
persistent
than
physical
destruction.
Second,
there
is
only
a
limited
understanding
of
the
ways
in
which
conclusions
based
upon
research
apply
to
other
countries.
Other
important
factors
include
similarity
in
the
levels
of
hazard
mitigation,
emergency
preparedness,
community
recovery
resources,
and
access
to
extra-community
assistance.
So
It
will
be
particularly
important
to
examine the ways in which these
variables influence the dynamics of hazard
vulnerability, as well
as
the
processes
of
adopting
and
implementing
effective
hazard
mitigation,
emergency
preparedness, and
recovery assistance practices.
Ⅵ
. Bloc
Positions
Africa
Africa has experienced the
fastest rate of increase in the incidence of
natural disasters over the last
three
decades. The number of major natural disasters in
the world increased from 100 to more than
400 per year, from 1975 to 2005. The
growth rate has been highest for Africa, where a
threefold
increase in such disasters
has been experienced in the last decade alone. The
region
?
s
vulnerability is further aggravated by
poverty, conflict, chronic disease and weak
governance.
Flooding is the
most frequent natural disaster type in Africa,
resulting in the highest mortality.
Earthquakes, floods and storms cause
the greatest economic loss on the continent, and
droughts
and famine affect an estimated
174 million people.
Economic loss to disasters, estimated
at US$$ 10 billion, is low compared to other world
regions,
but is high as a proportion of
Africa
?
s GDP.
Poverty and vulnerability make Africa
highly susceptible to the local impacts of global
environmental change. While cities
remain vulnerable to the effects of climate
change, they are
also key contributors
to global warming.
More
people were killed or affected by volcanic
eruptions in Africa than in any other region
between 1996 and 2005, despite there
only being five eruptions. The
continent
?
s low resilience
was demonstrated in the 2002 volcanic
eruption of Mount Nyiragongo, which destroyed 40
percent of buildings and displaced
250,000 persons in Goma (Democratic Republic of
Congo).
Sub-Saharan Africa
is the continent
?
s hotspot
of mortality caused by natural disasters but is
less
prominent as a hotspot for
absolute economic loss. Climate change and extreme
climatic
variations are also forcing
thesubregion
?
s rural
populations to migrate to urban areas, thereby
exacerbating other disaster risk
factors such as the spread of settlements into
easily accessible yet
hazardous
locations and unsafe building practices.
Americas
Windstorms are the most frequent type
of disaster in Americas, affecting the most people
and
causing the highest total economic
loss. Windstorms can also trigger flooding and
landslides.
Hurricane Mitch
devastated Honduras and Nicaragua in 1998, killing
some 20,000 people, many
of whom lost
their lives to landslides. A disproportionate
number of victims were street children.
Many losses in small regional towns
smothered by mudslides or flash floods were caused
by
deforestation in adjacent
agricultural areas.
The
2005 Hurricane Katrina alone caused US$$ 81.2
billion in economic damage in the United
States of America, making it the
costliest natural disaster in the
country
?
s history.
Cuba has developed
effective procedures for quick evacuation of
Havana and other urban areas in
the
face of repeated hurricanes.
Flooding and landslides in Venezuela in
1999 caused about US$$1.9 billion in damages and
killed
some 30,000 people.
If sea levels rise by just one meter,
many coastal megacities with populations over 10
million,
such as Rio de Janeiro or New
York, will be under threat.
About half of all hospitals in Latin
America and the Caribbean are located in high-risk
areas.
Over the 1980s and
1990s, 100 hospitals and 650 health centres,
equating to approximately 5
percent of
all such structures in this region, were destroyed
in disasters.
Asia
Compared to
other regions, Asia has the highest incidence of
disasters associated with avalanches,
landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis,
floods, windstorms and industrial accidents. Over
the last three
decades, Asia, along
with Africa, has had the fastest increase in the
incidence of natural disasters.
Flooding is the most frequent natural
hazard affecting the largest number of people and
causing
the greatest economic losses.
The periodic floods affecting Bangladesh continue
to wipe out
infrastructure and destroy
the agricultural capacity in one of the
world
?
s poorest countries.
The
1991 cyclone in Bangladesh killed
138,000 people and mortality among females over
ten years
old was over three times that
of males of the same age group. Mortality rates
for those under 14
and over 50 years of
age were more than three times that for those aged
15 to 49.
Earthquakes and
tsunamis cause the greatest mortality, with the
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
accounting
for around 230,000 deaths. On top of its huge
impact on life, the Indian Ocean
Tsunami made 1.5 million homeless.
While the Indian Ocean Tsunami reduced
Indonesia
?
s GDP
growth only marginally, by 0.1 to 0.4
per cent, the hardest hit province of Aceh lost
capital stock
equivalent to 97 per cent
of its GDP.
Central Asia is
considered an earthquake-risk hotspot. The 2005
Pakistan earthquake destroyed
4,844
educational buildings; 18,000 children were killed
by the collapse of school buildings; and
300,000 children were still unable to
attend school six months after the event. The
collapse of
schools was presumed to
have resulted from poor-quality construction and
construction materials,
a lack of
monitoring in the building processes, and a
general lack of awareness of seismic risk and
appropriate standards.
If sea levels rise by just one metre,
many coastal megacities with populations of more
than 10
million, such as Mumbai, Dhaka
and Tokyo will be under threat. In Manila,
Philippines, informal
settlements at
risk to coastal flooding make up 35 per cent of
the population whilst in Calcutta,
India, 66 per cent of the population
live in squatter settlements at risk from flooding
and cyclones.
Europe
Europe is most affected by
economic loss, which at over US$$10 billion is
greater than the
economic loss suffered
by any other world region. This stems from the
high level of capital
investment in
Europe, with disasters typically resulting in low
mortality but substantial monetary
implications.
Vulnerability and human loss is
highest, compared to other world regions, for
extreme
temperature events. Between
1996 and 2005, Europe experienced 47 per cent of
all extreme
temperature events, but 81
per cent of all mortalities. The 2003 heat wave
alone caused around
35,000 premature
deaths.
Between 1996 and
2005, floods were the most common disaster. In
1953, flood in Netherlands
killed 1,835
people. Almost 200,000 hectares of land was
swamped, 3,000 homes and 300 farms
destroyed, and 47,000 heads of cattle
drowned. Since these floods, the Netherlands have
built
dikes and invested in
institutional and societal learning so as to
anticipate future floods.
In the UK, around 15 per cent of urban
land, containing 1.85 million homes and 185,000
commercial properties, is built on land
known to be at risk from flooding. Such priority
given to
local economic development
over flood risk management had disastrous
consequences
demonstrated by widespread
flooding in 1998, 2000 and 2007.
Marmara, Turkey, was hit by a 7.4
Richter magnitude earthquake in 1999. The quake
claimed
18,000 lives and caused direct
economic losses estimated at US$$ 8.4 billion.
However, only seven
months after the
disaster, a downturn in the rate of inflation and
declining interest rates for
government borrowing indicated that the
Turkish economy made a recovery.
Oceania
With the
exception of volcanic eruption, Oceania records
the lowest incidence of disasters for any
region and hazard type. Overall, the
region has the lowest economic losses and absolute
number of
people
killed
and
affected
by
all
disaster
types.
Oceania
is
the
only
region
not
to
record
any
industrial accidents
from 1996 to 2005.
Within the region
disasters are most commonly associated with
windstorms which result in the
greatest
economic loses.
In
Australia, extreme temperature and drought could
also affect a large percentage of the total
population.
Sea-
level rise due to climate change will have
catastrophic implications for low-lying small
island
states in the region.
Ⅶ
. Questions a
Resolution must Answer
1.
Are international standards and norms necessary
for the action of natural disaster? Which one
should be chosen?
2. Are the humanitarian problems of
refugees national or international issues?
3. How can foreign aid be
monitored to ensure that the aid benefits the
intended recipient.
4.
Funds play an important role during the search,
secure, and reconstruction procedure. Where
and how can funds be gathered?
5. As the block of
information exchange between governments and NGOs
leads to a great waste of
secure
resources, what measures can UN take to guarantee
the efficient and effective
communication?
6. How to launch the multilateral
cooperation between a number of countries after
the
proliferation of natural disasters.
7. Is it necessary to set a
distributive framework to keep efficiency among
NGOs during the
process of aid and
reconstruction?
8. What
measures (for instance, media) can the government
take to pacify the masses after the
hurricane disaster?
9. Are the current measures to contain
natural disaster effective? If not, how may they
be refined
and improved upon?
Annex1:
< br>英语会场专用词中英对照
一、单词、词组
模拟联合国
——
Modle
United Nations
联合国大会
——
General
Assembly
联合国发展计划署
——
UNDP
主席团成员
——
Menbers of
the Dias
主席
——
the
Chair
会议指导
——
Director
主席助理
——
Rapporteur
点名
——
Roll Call
国家牌
——
Placard
到
——
Present
确定议题
——
Setting the
Agenda
产生发言名单
——Open the
Speaker’s List
意向条
——
Page
让渡时间
——
Yield time
让渡给其他国代表
——
Yield
time to another delegate
让渡给问题
——
Yield time
to questions
让渡给评论
——
Yield time
to comments
让渡给主席
——
Yield time
to the chair
问题和动议
——
Points and
Motions
动议更改发言时间
——
Motions
to change the speaking time
动议暂时中止正式辩论<
/p>
——
Motions to suspend the
meeting
动议中止发言
——
Motions
to close the speaking list
动议结束辩论
——
Motions
to close debate
组织性问题
(
程序问题
)
——
Point
of order
咨询性问题
——
Point of
inquiry
个人特权问题
——
Point of
personal privilege
投票表决
——
Voting
点名表决
——
Roll Call
V
ote
赞成
——
yes
反对
——
no
弃权
——
abstain
简单多数
——
simple
majority
三分之二多数
——
Two-
thirds majority
正式辩论
——
formal
debate
非正式辩论
——
informal
debate
有主持核心磋商
——
m
oderated caucus
自由磋商
——
unmoderated
caucus
立场文件
——
position
paper
危机指令——
Draft Pirative
工作文件
——
working
papers
决议草案
——
draft
resolution
起草国
——
sponsors
附议国
——
signatories
决议
resolution
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