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毙考题
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2014
考研英语阅读真题:考研英语(二)第
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篇
Crying is
hardly an activity encouraged by society.
Tears,
be
they
of
sorrow,
anger,
on
joy,
typically
make
Americans
feel
uncomfortable
and
embarrassed.
The
shedder
of
tears
is
likely
to
apologize,
even
when
a
devastating
tragedy
was
the
provocation.
The
observer
of
tears
is
likely
to
do
everything
possible
to
put
an
end
to
the
emotional
outpouring.
But
judging from recent studies of crying behavior,
links between illness and crying and the
chemical composition of tears,
both those responses to tears are often
inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
Humans are the only animals definitely
known to shed emotional tears.
Since evolution
has given rise to few, if any, purposeless
physiological responses,
it is logical to assume
that crying has one or more functions that enhance
survival.
Although some observers have suggested
that crying is a way to elicit assistance form
others
(as a crying baby might from its
mother),
the shedding of tears is hardly
necessary to get help.
V
ocal cries
would have been quite enough, more likely than
tears to gain attention.
So, it appears, there must
be something special about tears themselves.
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Indeed, the new
studies suggest that emotional tears may play a
direct role in alleviating stress.
University of
Minnesota researchers who are studying the
chemical composition of tears have
recently isolated two important
chemicals from emotional tears.
Both chemicals
are found only in tears that are shed in response
to emotion.
Tears shed because of exposure to cut
onion would contain no such substance.
Researchers at
several other institutions are investigating the
usefulness of tears as a means of
diagnosing human ills and monitoring
drugs.
At Tulane University’s tear Analysis
Laboratory Kastl and his colleagues report
that
they can use tears to
detect drug abuse and exposure to medication,
to
determine whether a contact lens fits properly of
why it may be uncomfortable,
to study the
causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of
eye surgery,
and perhaps even to measure
exposure to environmental pollutants.
At
Columbia
University,
Faris
and
colleagues
are
studying
tears
for
clues
to
the
diagnosis of diseases
away from the eyes.
Tears can be obtained
painlessly without invading the body and only tiny
amounts are needed
to perform highly
refined analyses.
社会不会鼓励哭泣行为。
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然而眼泪,不管是由于伤心,气愤还是喜悦,都会让美国人感
到不安和尴尬。
流泪的人常常会道歉。即使是因为遭到了毁灭性的悲剧的刺激
才哭的。
而看到别人哭泣的人则很可能会千方百计想办法来制止这种情
感宣泄行动。
但是,从最近的关于哭泣行为的研究来看,疾病和哭泣及眼泪
的化学成分之间存在着某
种联系,
前面所提到的两种对眼泪的反应都
是不合适的,甚至会产生反面效果。
人类是唯一知道通过落泪来宣泄情感的动物。
进化论,即使有的话,也很少会产生无意义的生理反应,
那么按
照逻辑,我们可以设想哭泣对于提高生存能力具有一项或更多的功能。
尽管一
些观察家认为哭泣是向他人寻求帮助的一种方式
(
如哭泣的婴儿
是在向它的母亲
寻求帮助
)
,
但是哭泣并不都是为了求助。
大声呼喊就够了,这比眼泪更能引起他人注意。
由此看来,眼泪本身还一定具有某种特殊的意义。
确实,最新的研究表明,情感性泪水可以直接减轻人的压力。
美国明
尼苏达大学研究眼泪化学成分的研究人员最近已将情感性眼泪中的两种重要化学
物质分离
出来。
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这两种化学物质仅仅存在于由于情感反应而流出的眼泪中。
因切洋葱而流出的眼泪中不含有这两种物质。
其他几
个研究所的研究人员正在研究如何把眼泪作为诊断病情和监控药物的工具。
在图拉
大学的眼泪分析实验室,比特
·
喀斯特博士和他的同事报告说,
他们可以用眼泪去检测滥用毒品问题及药物的性能,
确认隐形眼镜戴起来是否合适或者是为什么戴着不舒适。
还能用
来探究
”
干眼
”
综合症的产生原因和眼部手术的效果。
甚至还能用来测量环境污染特的情况。
哥伦比
亚大学拉瑞斯博士和他的同事们正在研究把眼睛作为线索来诊断除眼部疾病以外
的其他病
症。
不用伤害到身体,眼泪便可轻松获得,仅取少量便可做高度精确的分析。
重点单词
provocation[.pr
?
v
?’kei??
n]n.
激怒,刺激,挑拨,挑衅的事物,激怒的原因
refined[ri’faind]adj.
精炼的,优雅的,精细的
v.
精炼,净化,使
determine[di’t?
:min]v.
决定,决心,确定,测定
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emotional[i’m?
u<
/p>
??
nl]adj.
感情的,情绪的
counterproducti
ve[,kaunt
?
pr
?’d?<
/p>
ktiv]adj.
反生产的
;
使达不到预期目标的
abuse[
?’bju:s,?’bju:z]n.
滥用,恶习
vt.
滥用,辱骂,虐待
substanc
e[‘s?
bst
?
ns]n
.
物质,实质,内容,重要性,财产
unc
omfortable[
?n’k?
mft
?
bl]adj.
不舒服的,不自在的
lens[lenz]n.
p>
镜头,透镜,
(
眼球的
)
水晶体
assume[
?’sju:m]vt.
假定,设想,承担
; (
想当然的
p>
)
认为
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