-
2013
年
12
月大学
英语四级考试真题（第
1
套）
Part
Ⅰ
Writing(30 minutes)
Directions:
For this part,
you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay
based on the picture
below. You should
start your essay with a brief account of the
impact of the Internet on learning
and
then
explain
why
education
doesn
’
t
simply
mean
learning
to
obtain
information.
You
should write at least
120 words but no more than 180 words.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答
。
Part
Ⅲ
Reading Comprehension (40
minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a
passage with ten blanks. You are required to
select one
word for each blank from a
list of choices given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the
passage through
carefully before making your choices. Each choice
in the bank is identified by a
letter.
Please mark the corresponding letter for each item
on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line
through the centre. You may not use any
of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions
36
to
45
are
based
on
the
following
does
it
take
to
be
a
well
-
trained
nurse?
The
answer
used
to
be
two
-
year
associate
’
s
or
four
-
year
bachelor
’
s
degree programs. But as the nursing
shortage 36, a growing number of schools and
hospitals are
establishing
“
fast
-
track
programs
”
that
enable college graduates with no nursing 37 to
become
registered
nurses
with
only
a
year
or
so
of
38
1991,
there
were
only
40
fast
-
track
curricula;
now
there
are
more
than
200.
Typical
is
Columbia
University
’
s
Entry
to
Practice
program. Students earn their bachelor
of science in nursing in a year. Those who stay on
for an 39
two years can earn a
master
’
s degree that 40 them
as nurse practitioners
(
执业护士
) or clinical
nurse students are recent 41; others
are career switchers. Rudy Guardron, 32, a
2004 graduate of
Columbia
’
s program, was a
premedical student in college and then worked for
a pharmaceutical
(
药物的
) research company. At
Columbia, he was 42 as a nurse practitioner.
“
I
saw that
nurses were in high 43 and it looked like a really
good opportunity,
”
he says.
“
Also, I
didn
’
t
want
to
be
in
school
for
that
long.
”
The
fast
-
track
trend
fills
a
need,
but
it
’
s
also
creating
some
44 between newcomers
and
veterans.
“
Nurses
that
are
still
at
the
bedside 45
these kids with
suspicion,
”
says
Linda Pellico, who has taught nursing at Yale
University for 18
years.
“
They wonder, how can they
do it quicker?
”
The answer is they
don
’
t.
注意：此部分试题请在
答题卡
2
上作答。
A) additional
B) applied
C)
demand
D) excessive
E) experience
F) explores
G) graduates
H)
operations
I) promote
J) qualifies
K) specialized
L) tension
M)
trained
N) view
O) worsens
Section B
Directions:
In this section,
you are going to read a passage with ten
statements attached to it.
Each
statement contains information given in one of the
paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from
which the information is derived. You
may choose a paragraph more than once. Each
paragraph is
marked with a letter.
Answer the questions by marking the corresponding
letter on Answer Sheet
2.
The rise of the sharing economy
A) Last night 40 000 people rented
accommodation from a service that offers 250 000
rooms in
30 000 cities in 192
countries. They chose their rooms and paid for
everything online. But their
beds
were
provided
by
private
individuals,
rather
than
a
hotel
chain.
Hosts
and
guests
were
matched up by Airbnb, a
firm based in San Francisco. Since its launch in
2008 more than 4 million
people have
used it
—
2.5 million of them
in 2012 alone. It is the most prominent example of
a
huge
new
“sharing
economy”,
in which
pe
ople
rent
beds,
cars,
boats
and
other
assets
directly
from each other,
co
-
ordinated via the
internet.
B)You might think this is no
different from running a bed
-
and
-
breakfast
(
家庭旅店
), owning a
timeshare
(
分时度假房
)
or participating
in
a
car
pool. But
technology
has reduced
transaction
costs, making
sharing assets cheaper and easier than
ever
—
and therefore possible
on a much
larger scale. The big change
is the availability of more data about people and
things, which allows
physical assets to
be divided and consumed as services. Before the
internet, renting a surfboard,
a power
tool or a parking space from someone else was
feasible, but was usually more trouble
than it was worth. Now websites such as
Airbnb, RelayRides and SnapGoods match up owners
and
renters;
smartphones
with
GPS
let
people
see
where
the
nearest
rentable
car
is
parked;
social networks provide a way to check
up on people and build trust; and online payment
systems
handle the billing.
What
’
s mine is
yours, for a fee
C)Just as peer
< br>-
to
-
peer
businesses like eBay allow anyone to become a
retailer, sharing sites let
individuals
act as an ad hoc (
临时的
) taxi
service, car
-
hire firm or
boutique hotel (
精品酒店
) as
and when it suits them. Just go online
or download an app. The model works for items that
are
expensive to buy and are widely
owned by people who do not make full use of them.
Bedrooms
and cars are the most obvious
examples, but you can also rent camping spaces in
Sweden, fields
in Australia and washing
machines in France. As advocates of the sharing
economy like to put it,
access trumps
(
胜过
) ownership.
D)Rachel Botsman, the author of a book
on the subject, says the consumer peer
-
to
-
peer rental
market
alone
is
worth
$$26
billion.
Broader
definitions
of
the
sharing
economy
include
p
eer
-
to
-
peer lending or putting a solar panel on your
roof and selling power back to the grid
(
电
网
). And it is
not just individuals: the web makes it easier for
companies to rent out spare offices
and
idle machines, too. But the core of the sharing
economy is people renting things from each
other.
E)Such
“
collaborative
(
合作的
)
consumption
”
is a
good thing for several reasons. Owners make
money from underused assets. Airbnb
says hosts in San Francisco who rent out their
homes do so
for an average of 58 nights
a year, making $$9 300. Car owners who rent their
vehicles to others
using
RelayRides
make
an
average
of
$$250
a
month;
some
make
more
than
$$1
000.
Renters,
meanwhile,
pay
less
than
they
would
if
they
bought
the
item
themselves,
or
turned
to
a
traditional provider such
as a hotel or car
-
hire firm.
And there are environmental benefits, too:
renting a car when you need it, rather
than owning one, means fewer cars are required and
fewer
resources must be devoted to
making them.
F)For
sociable
souls,
meeting
new
people
by
staying
in
their
homes
is
part
of
the
charm.
Curmudgeons
(
倔脾气的人
)
who
imagine
that
every
renter
is
a
murderer
can
still
stay
at
conventional hotels. For others, the
web fosters trust. As well as the background
checks carried
out by platform owners,
online reviews and ratings are usually posted by
both parties to each
transaction, which
makes it easy to spot bad drivers,
bathrobe
-
thieves and
surfboard
-
wreckers.
By using Facebook and other social
networks, participants can check each other out
and identify
friends (or friends of
friends) in common. An Airbnb user had her
apartment trashed in 2011. But
the
remarkable thing is how well the system usually
works.
Peering into the future
G)The sharing economy is a little like
online shopping, which started in America 15 years
ago. At
first,
people
were
worried
about
security.
But
having
made
a
successful
purchase
from,
say,
Amazon, they felt safe
buying elsewhere. Similarly, using Airbnb or a
car
-
hire service for the
first
time
encourages
people
to
try
other
offerings.
Next,
consider
eBay.
Having
started
out
as
a
peer
-
to
-
peer marketplace, it is
now dominated by professional
“
power
sellers
”
(many of whom
started out as ordinary eBay users).
The same may happen with the sharing economy,
which also
provides new opportunities
for enterprise. Some people have bought cars
solely to rent them out,
for example.
H)Existing rental businesses are
getting involved too. Avis, a
car
-
hire firm, has a share
in a sharing
rival. So do GM and
Daimler, two carmakers. In future, companies may
develop hybrid (
混合的
)
models,
listing
excess
capacity
(whether
vehicles,
equipment
or
office
space)
on
peer
-
to
-
peer
rental sites. In the
past, new ways of doing things online have not
displaced the old ways entirely.
But
they have often changed them. Just as internet
shopping forced Wal
-
mart and
Tesco to adapt,
so online sharing will
shake up transport, tourism,
equipment
-
hire and more.
I)The
main
worry
is
regulatory
uncertainty.
Will
room
-
renters
be
subject
to
hotel
taxes,
for
example?
In
Amsterdam
officials
are
using
Airbnb
listings
to
track
down
unlicensed
hotels.
In
some
American cities, peer
-
to
-
peer taxi services have been
banned after lobbying by traditional
taxi firms. The danger is that although
some rules need to be updated to protect consumers
from
harm,
existing
rental
businesses
will
try
to
destroy
competition.
People
who
rent
out
rooms
should
pay tax, of course, but they should not be
regulated like a
Ritz
-
Carlton hotel. The
lighter
rules that typically govern bed
-
and
-
b
reakfasts are more than adequate.
J)The
sharing
economy
is
the
latest
example
of
the
internet
’
s
value
to
consumers.
This
emerging model is now big and
disruptive (
颠覆性的
) enough for
regulators and companies to
have
woken
up
to
it.
That
is
a
sign
of
its
immense
potential.
It
is
time
to
start
caring
about