-
主动形式表被动意义
一、介词形式,被动意义
This
new railway is still under construction.
这条新铁路仍在建设中。
本句中的
under construction “
正在建设中
”
。介词
u
nder
构成的短语,如果它的宾语是表示动
作的名词,通常含
有被动意义,意为
“
在
……
过程中
”
。它可改换为被动语态。但介词结构使<
/p>
句子言简意赅,
避免过多地使用被动语态。
这种介词短语在句中常作表语,
也可作补足语或
定语。例如:
Your suggestion is still
under discussion.
你的建议正在讨论中。
He is said to be under arrest for
stealing.
据说他由于偷窃被捕了。
The house under repair is our classroom
building.
正在修建的房屋是我们的教学楼。
<
/p>
常见的这类
under
短语还有:
under
attack
在进攻中,
under
arrest
在关押中,
under
consideration
在考虑中,
under
construction
在建设中,
under
contact
在联系中,
under
discussion
在讨论中,
under
examination
在审查中,
under
investigation
在调查中,
under
repair
在修理中,
under
review
在审议中
under
treatment
在医治中,
under
trial
在受审中
还有一些介词,如
in , on , for ,
above , beyond , past , out of , within
等,也可以构成表示动作
的介词短语。如:
The writer has finished writing his
novel but it is not yet in print. (= …being
printed)
作者已经写完了他的小说,但尚未出版。
Grapes from XinJiang are on sale. (=…to
be rented)
还有两间房出租。
His
virtue is ab
ove all praise. (=…can't be
praised completely)
他的美德赞颂不尽。
The
fellow’s insolence is beyond endurance. (=…can't
be endured)
这家伙傲慢无礼,叫人受不
了。
His car was out of control. (=…could
not be controlled)
那部汽车失去了控制。
The pain was almost past bearing.
(=…couldn't be bo
rne)
痛得简直受不了。
The city
is already within sight. (=…can be seen already) <
/p>
城市已经望得见了。
(
在视野之中
)
二、主动形式被动意义
p>
初学被动语态不少同学常将应该用主动形式的句子错用为被动形式。请看如下句子和两
道高考题:
1. Those programmes are usually easy to
receive and not difficult to understand.
2. They were
still difficult to read and were very heavy to
carry.
3.
The sick woman needs ______ (MET88
–
2)
A. Looking after
B. to be
looking after
C. to look
after
D. being looked after
(A)
4. We
think the film is ______ (MET85
–
1 )
A. worth to see
B. worthy of seeing
C. worth seeing
D. worthy
to see
I
句
1
意思为:这些节目通常很容易接收到而且也不难
理解。句
2
意思为:这些书籍读起
来还
是很费劲,拿起来又很重。在学习句
1
句
2
时,学生习惯误译为:
1. Those
programmes
are usually easy to be
received and not difficult to be understood. 2.
They were still difficult to be
read
and were very heavy to be carried.
所以总结
一下主动形式表被动意义的情况是十分必要
的。
(
一
)
不定式主动形式表被动意义
1.
当不定式用在作表语的形容词后,在句中作状语,而句中
的主语又是不定式的逻辑宾
语时,通常用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。如上述句
1
句
2
。能带主动语
态的不定式而表
达被动意义的形容词常见的有:
easy
、
difficult
、
heavy
、
hard
、
nice
、
bitter
、
dangerous
、
light
、
interesting
、
important
、
expensive
p>
、
fit
、
com
fortable
、
pleasant
、
impossible
等。
其句型为
S + link
v
+ adj
.
+ infinitive (
主动语态
)
,
类似这种貌似主动实为被动的系表结构的又如以下例句。
Habits are easy to make
but hard to break.
(
Habits
是
to
make
、
to
break
的逻辑宾语
)
。
The water is fit to drink.
The picture is pleasant
to look at.
2.
当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词的宾语,
而句子的主语也是不定式的逻辑主语时。
例如:
Mathilde only has a small
cold room to live in.
(
Mathilde
是
to live
in
的逻辑主语
)
He bought
some magazines to read.
(
He
是
to
read
的逻辑主语
)
3.
当不定式所修饰的名词或代词,是及物动词的直接宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑
主
语时。例如:
Mother
always gives her little daughter some picture
books to read.
( Her little
daughter
是
to
read
的逻辑主语
)
The teacher gave the students some
paper to write on.
( The
students
是
to write
on
的逻辑主
语
)
4.
当不定式所修饰的名词或代词,是
“there be….
”
结构句中的主语时
(
此处用主动或被
动式,一般说来无意义上的不同
)
。例如:
There are many problems
to work out.
(to be worked out)
(
二
)
在动
词
want
、
need
、
require
等后面常用动名词表示被动含义,等
于不定式的被动形
式。再如:
The bike needs (wants) repairing (= to
be repaired).
自行车需要修理了。
(
三
) worth
< br>后跟动名词主动形式表示被动,但是不跟不定式的被动。再如:
This novel is well worth
reading
。这本小说很值得阅读。
(
四
)
有些动词不及物动词,只有主动形式,常视为主动表被动。如:
1. take place
、
happen
、
break
out
等。
A big fire happened / took place /
broke out last night.
2.
感官动词
(taste; feel; smell; sound; look)
用主动形式表示被意思。请看:
How sweet the music sounds!
Good medicine tastes
bitter to the mouth.
3. write
、
read
、
sell
、
keep
、
prove
、
weigh
、
number
、
drink
、
wear
、
pay
、
wash
、
open
常用
主动形式表被
动意义。请看下面句子:
The book sells well.
(
这本书销路很好。
)
The door
will not open.
(
这扇门就是打不开。
)
This dress
washes better.
(
这衣服较好洗。
)
The sign
reads as follows.
(
这牌子告示如下。
)
高考链接
不少同学常将应该用主动形式的句
子错用为被动形式。请看如下三道高考题:
1. The
sick woman needs ______
A.
looking after
B. to be looking after
C.
to look after
D. being looked after