-
Unit 1
Text A
Exercises
1. Reading
comprehension
A. Read the text and
answer the following questions.
1.
What, according to the author, do Americans love
Cite examples to
illustrate your point.
Americans
love
new
frontiers.
For
example,
they
hanker
after
wide-open
spaces; they
like
to
explore;
they
like
to
make
rules
but
refuse
to
follow
them.
2. Is there a place on
earth where you can go and be yourself What is
the place according to the author
According to the author, there is a
place
—
cyberspace, where you
can
go and be yourself.
3.
What metaphor does the author use to describe
cyberspace Why does
she use such a
metaphor
Real
estate,
because
both
real
estate
and
cyberspace
consist
of
different
parts
and
each
part
is
suitable
for
a
particular
group
of
people.
4. Does the author approve of
regulating cyberspace Why or why not
Yes,
but
first,
it
is
fundamental
to
understand
the
nature
of
cyberspace.
5.
What
does
the
author
think
is
needed
in
cyberspace
besides
government
control
Self-rule.
6.
What
are
some
of
the
main
areas
of
cyberspace
that
the
author
defines
What other areas do
you know that have recently emerged in cyberspace
.
e-business)
E-mail
conversations,
information
and
entertainment
services,
and
cyberspace communities.
7.
How
do
cyberspace
communities
evolve
Give
examples
to
illustrate
your
point.
People of similar
interests and tastes form a community. For
example,
communities
on
CompuServe
tend
to
be
professional;
those
on
America
Online
are affluent young singles, and so on.
8. What is unique about cyberspace
rules What authority do they have
that
rules in terrestrial environments
don
’
t have
It
allows
communities
of
any
size
and
kind
to
flourish.
Cyberspace
rules
have moral authority
that terrestrial governments
don
’
t have.
9. In
what spirit are new communities formed
Communities cater to their own
members
’
inclination..
10. What kind of government do
explorers in cyberspace need
Their
own
local
government
besides
terrestrial
government
does
explorers.
11. What should be done to deal with
questionable items in cyberspace
Are
people already doing that
We
should
be
banning
them
and
using
labels
and
automatic
filters
to
get
rid of
them. Yes.
12.
Is
cyberspace
a
perfect
place
If
not,
why
are
people
so
excited
about
it
No, it
is not. People are excited about it because it
offers a lot of
information and
freedom.
B. Global understanding and
appreciation of the text.
1. Analogy
(
比喻，类推
) is a figure of
speech (
修辞手段
) which draws a
parallel
between
two
different
types
of
things,
and
uses
on
(usually
familiar
to
the
reader)
to
explain
reader
’
s
understanding
of
the
writer
’
s
point.
Can
you
draw
a
parallel
between
real
estate
and
cyberspace
What
point
does
the
analogy support
The analogy between
real estate and cyberspace
Real estate
Shopping mall
Red-light
zone
school district
drugstore
Parkland, Church
Cyberspace
Common land
Private
Rented out
Places to be avoided
Places
for children
2. By dividing cyberspace
into three parts and using
similes(
明喻
), the
author defines
the nature of
cyberspace
and illustrates
further her point
that
government
regulation
is
not
needed
in
cyberspace.
Complete
the
following form to show that you
understand the author
’
s
point. Please be
reminded that the
underlying structure of a simile is
“
A is like
B
”
.
Parts
Similies
Characteristics
They
are
private,
consensual
require
regulation.
Information
entertainment
services
Cyberspace
communities
Bars,
restaurants,
Rules
are
being
and
Bookstores,
movie houses
malls,
Items
are
not
given
if
not
requested.
and
no
e-mail conversations
Telephone
conversations
bathhouses
imposed
to
keep
out
unwanted
discussions
participants.
ads,
and
3. In what way do the
rules of a terrestrial government and those of a
cyberspace community differ Refer to
para. 11 to answer the question.
Terrestrial government
Cyberspace community
People
cannot
choose
their
own
Any
minority groups are allowed
community;
they are forced to be
to
exist
and
flourish.
People
a member of a certain community
choose their own communities and
just because they happen to be
follow community rules. If they
born
or
live
in
a
place.
Rules
of
do not
like the rules, they can
a terrestrial
government do not
leave
freely.
So
the
rules
of
have
moral authority.
cyberspace
communities
have
moral authority.
4. What is
the language style of the article Is it formal and
literary or
informal and conversational
Cite examples from the text to support your
answer.
This
article
is
written
in
an
informal
and
conversational
style.
For
example,
the
author
uses
some
slangy
words,
incomplete
sentences,
contractions,
and
addresses the reader as
“
you
”
.
II. Vocabulary
A. Find a
word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the
bracket that
means the same as:
1. in the past
—→
formerly
2.
include
—→
embrace
3. man-made
—→
artificial
4. control systematically
—→
regulate
5.
exactly
—→
precisely
6. undesired
—→
unwanted
7. irrelevant
—→
extraneous
8.
having intense feeling
—→
passionate
9. aim toward
—→
be targeted to
10. not far away
—→
at hand
11.
be charged for
—→
be sued
for
B. Choose the best word to complete
each of the following sentences,
1.
this book ____a___ all the information you need.
a. contains b. embraces c. offers
d. involves
2. The government
_____c____ the number of foreign cars that could
be
imported.
a. refrains
b. restrains c. restricts d. prevents
3.
As
a
teacher
you
should
not
show
_____b___
towards
any
of
your
students.
a. pleasure b.
favor c. preference d. inclination
4. Traffic is _____d___ by police at
every intersection.
a. enforced b.
imposed c. limited d. regulated
5. How much do you ____b___ for this
pair of shoes
a. bill b. charge
c. cost d. afford
6. We can
______b____ now and return to work in the morning.
a. leave out b. leave off c.
sign away d. sign off
7. That
matter can be left ___b___ until our next meeting.
a. on b. over c. alone d.
about
8. I learned that he was
_____a____ sick leave from a government office.
a. on b. in c. taken d.
spending
9.
It
was
one
of
the
most
beautiful
sights
that
I
had
ever
set
eyes
____c_____.
a. to b. in
c. on d. down
10. Each week he
tried to set _____d____ a few dollars of his
salary.
a. forth b. about c.
apart d. aside
III. Cloze
Choose a proper word from the list to
fill in each blank in the following
passage. Change the form of the word if
necessary:
Access place that as win
lead still virtual even response annually
to concern across exactly simply by
between they because
Born to Surf
The web From the Window contains
poetry and literature from well-known
writers across the global. There are
thoughtful articles analyzing the
state
of the world we
live in.
There
is
(1)even
a
piece
from
the Secretary
General of the
United States, Kofi Annan. It may come (2)as some
surprise
to find out (3)that the editor
of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy
Nightingale.
From the
Window
(4)won
Joy
Nightingale the first prize in the 1999
childnet Inter-national and Cable and
Wireless awards. These are given
(5)annually for the best use of the
Internet (6)by and for young people.
And (7)they highlight one of the most
welcoming aspects of the (8)virtual
world.
Children
have
taken
to
the
Internet
as
though
they
are
born
surfing.
Perhaps
this
is
(9)because
adults
have
had
to
change
their
understanding
of
technology
while
children
(10)simply
accept
it
as
natural.
Whatever
the
reason, children can be
found building websites and E-mailing friends
(11)across the world while adults are
(12)still asking:
“
Tell me
again
—
where (13)exactly is
cyberspace
”
Of
course there is growing (14)concern about the fact
that children can
travel
far
away
from
parental
supervision
in
cyberspace.
In
(15)response
,
many parents have installed soft-ware
packages which prevent (16)access
to
violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is
taking a more positive
line.
The
website
is
a
gateway
(17)to
a
world
of
education
and
entertainment.
The rapid
growth in Internet culture has (18)led analysts to
speculate
that
society
will
soon
be
divided
(19)between
the
“
information
rich
”
and
“
information
poor
”
.
For
Childnet
it
is
especially
important
that
children
at the margins of
society through poverty or disability have the
chance
to take their (20)palce as equal
citizens in the virtual world.
IV.
Translation
Translate the following into Chinese:
The
possibility
of
a
real
market-style
evolution
of
governance
is
at
hand.
In
cyberspace,
we
’
ll
be
able
to
test
and
evolve
rules
governing
what
needs
to
be
governed
—
intellectual
property,
content
and
access
control,
rules
about
privacy
and
free
speech.
Some
communities
will
allow
anyone
in:
others
will
restrict
access
to
members
who
qualify
on
one
basis
or
another.
Those
communities
that
prove
self-sustaining
will
prosper
(and
perhaps
grow
and
split into subsets with ever-more-
particular interests and identities).
Those
that
can
’
t
survive-either
because
people
lose
interest
or
get
scared
off-will simply
wither away.
一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。在信息空间，我
们将能够检验并
完善所需要的管理制度——知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度
、个人
隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样<
/p>
或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日
趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）
。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成
员被吓
跑而不能幸存下来，它们将渐渐萎缩消亡。
Text B
Key to Comprehension
and Appreciation
1.
The
author
argues
that
gene
transfer
should
only
be
used
for
the
treatment
of serious disease, and not for any
other purpose. Gene transfer should
never be undertaken in an attempt to
enhance or
“
improve
”
human beings.
2.
Many
genetic
diseases,
some
types
of
cancer,
viral
diseases
such
as
AIDS,
and some forms of cardiovascular
disease can be treated by gene therapy.
In addition, it may be technically
possible to insert a gene into the
reproductive cells of a patient.
3.
It
means
supplying
a
specific
characteristic
that
individuals
might
want
for
themselves or their children. The most obvious
example at the moment
would be in the
insertion of a growth hormone gene into a normal
child in
the hope that this would make
the child grow larger.
4.
Somatic
cell
gene
therapy
is
for
the
purpose
of
treating
severe
diseases.
It is a clinical
and ethical practice, because it would relieve
human
suffering.
On
the
other
hand,
enhancement
genetic
engineering
is
to
“
improve
”
< br> a human being by inserting a specific gene into his cells.
5.
Genetic
enhancement
engineering
should
not
be
used,
because
this
practice is unethical.
It would threaten the dignity of man and threaten
important
human
values
in
two
ways.
First,
it
could
be
medically
hazardous.
Second, it would be morally precarious,
in that it would require moral
decisions our society is not now
prepared to make, and it could lead to
an increase in inequality and
discriminatory practices.
6. We still
don
’
t understand thought and
consciousness. Neither do we
understand
the spiritual side of our existence.
7.
In
the
practice
of
gene
transfer,
we
may
alter
one
or
more
of
human
genes.
We could not text for the alteration at
present. If we caused a problem
that
would
affect
the
individual
or
his
or
her
offspring,
we
could
not
repair
the damage at
present.
8. By making the comparison,
the author tries to explain that it is true
we
are
now
able
to
provide
a
new
gene
so
that
a
property
involved
in
a
human
life
would
be
changed.
But
there
is
still
so
much
we
don
’
t
understand
about
human beings that trying to alter human
genes will only harm them.
9. Three
problems would be created: what genes should be
provided; who
should
receive
a
gene;
and,
how
to
prevent
discrimination
against
individuals who do or do not receive a
gene.
10. The language style of this
article is formal
and academic. It is
different from that of Text A. Unlike
Text A, no slangy words are used in
this article. Words are formal
and
complex
ideas. There are
few long
sentences in Text A.
Unit 2
Text A
Exercises
I. Reading comprehension
A.
Read the text and answer the following questions.
1. How does the author begin her
article What is her purpose
The author
begins her article by offering an interesting
anecdote. The
purpose is to introduce
the theme.
2. What problem does she
find about how American men and women talk
She
finds
that
American
men
tend
to
talk
more
than
women
in
public
situation,
but
they
often
talk
less
at
home,
and
this
pattern
is
endangering
marriages.
3. What do American women often
complain about Why
They
complain
that
their
husbands
do
not
listen
to
them,
because
they
expect
that
their husbands should be conversational partners.
When the husbands
do not listen to
them, they think the conversation fails..
4. Does this lack of understanding
between husband and wife affect their
marriage
Yes, it does.
5. What is the main topic of Eleanor
Maccoby
’
s research
The
organizational
structure
of
boys
’
and
girls
’
groups
and
their
interactive patterns and norms..
6.
How
do
little
girls
create
and
maintain
friendships
In
what
way
are
they
similar
to women regarding their attitude toward
conversation
Little
girls
create
and
maintain
their
friendships
by
exchanging
secrets;
in
the
same
way,
women
regard
conversation
as
the
cornerstone
of
friendship.
Exchanging
thoughts,
feelings
and
impressions
can
create
a
sense
of
closeness.
7.
How do boys maintain their friendships
Boys maintain their friendships by
doing things together.
8. Do men listen
to women according to the
author
’
s study Why do women
complain that men are not listening
when they talk
Yes,
they
do.
Only
their
physical
position
gives
women
the
impression
that
they are not listening even when they
are listening attentively.
9. How do
boys and girls differ in switching a topic of
conversation
Girls tend to talk at
length about one topic while boys tend to jump
from
topic to topic.
10. Do
men and women respond differently when they hear a
problem How
Yes, they do. Women respond
to a problem by asking probing questions and
expressing agreement and understanding,
but men respond to a problem by
dismissing it.
11. What do
women expect from a conversation
They
expect agreement, understanding, and support.
12. How would men and women interpret a
stream of
“
listener-
noise
”
Men often
interpret it as overaction or impatience, but
women interpret
it as attention given
to what they are saying.
13. Why do men
and women have different expectations about
communication
in marriage
This is because women think that
communication between husband and wife
creates intimacy, and marriage is an
orgy of closeness: you can tell your
feeling
and
thoughts
and
still
be
loved.
For
men,
however,
talking
maintains
independence and status.
14.
Why
is
the
man
talkative
in
public
situations
and
free
to
remain
silent
at
home
In public setting, the man feels
challenged to show his intelligence and
display his understanding, while at
home, he feels that there is nothing
to
prove and no one to defend against.
15.
What does a woman try to avoid in a conversation
A woman tries to avoid offending
someone, or sparking disagreement, or
appearing to show off.
16.
What
solution
does
the
author
offer
to
the
communication
problem
between
men and women
The author offers to the communication
problem that a sociolinguistic
approach
should be taken to understand the problem first
without blaming
either
men
or
women.
Then
men
and
women
can
adapt
to
each
other
’
s
conversational habits.
B.
Global understanding and appreciation of the text.
1.
Complete
the
following
chart
with
information
from
the
text
to
show
that
you
understand
the
differences
between
men
and
women
regarding
their
conversational habits.
Men
’
s
conversational habits
1)Facing away;
2)Switching topics;
Women
’
s
conversational habits
1)Facing each
other
’
s faces;
2)Talking
at
length
about
one
3)Responding by dismissing each
topic;
other
’
s problems;
4)Giving silent attention;
3)Responding
to
problems
by
asking
probing
questions
and
agreement
and
5)Pointing out the other side of
expressing
an argument
understanding;
4)Making
listener-noise;
5)Overlapping,
finishing
each
other
’
s sentence;
6)Offering support
2.
Discuss how men and women interpret the above
conversational habits.
Men
’
s
interpretation of
women conversational
habits
Women
’
s
interpretation of
men
’
s
conversational habits
perceive
silent
1)Men
interpret
listener-noise
1)Women
as overaction or
impatience;
attention as no attention;
2)Men
perceive
participatory
2)If
men
point
out
the
other
side
listenership
as
interruption,
of an
argument, women interpret
intrusion, or
lack of attention.
it as disloyalty and
refusal to
offer support.
3.
Write
a
few
sentences
to
summarize
women
’
s
expectations
about
communication in marriage according to
the article.
According
to
the
article
most
women
expect
their
husbands
are
conversational
partners.
Their
husbands
should
pay
attention
to
what
they
say and
try to understand and support them. For women,
talking is the
cornerstone for
closeness. At home,
a woman can tell
her husband her
feelings and
thoughts without offending anyone or sparking
disagreement.
II. Vocabulary
A. Find a word or expression from the
paragraph indicated in the bracket
to
complete
each
of
the
following
sentences.
Change
the
form
if
necessary.
1. His criminal
activities were finally uncovered.
2.
Scientists from the two countries concurred to
develop the vaccine.
3. Lightning
usually accompanies thunder.
4. The bad
weather frustrated our hopes of going out.
5. She believes that she is not a good
mother because she does not fit the
stereotype of a woman who spends all
her time with her children.
6. He is
always switching from one job to another.
7. He just smiled and dismissed the
story as mere rumor.
8. The sudden
noise distracted his mind from his painful
memories.
9. The story can be adapted
for use in schools.
10. That is what we
assume, but it
’
s not easy to
find evidence to prove
it.
11. She tried to probe into my mind and
discover what I was thinking.
12. She
is too ambitious to remain in a subordinate
position for long in
the company.
B. Choose the best answer to complete
each sentence.
1. All this ceremony is
just b it doesn
’
t mean
a thing.
a. on show b. for show
c. a show-off d. a show-up
2. Bill is
afraid to a since tom threatens to beat him
up.
a. show his face b. show his
colors c. put on a show d. make a
show
3. She has been
behaving foolishly; I hope you will d .
a.
make
sense
of
it b.
drive
her
out
of
her
senses c.
be
in
your
senses
d. bring her to her
sense
4. The classroom is 30 feet b
and 20 feet in breadth.
a. at length
b. in length c. as for length d. to length
5. I
’
m leaving
this job because I
’
m tired
of being a .
a. pushed around b.
pushed off c. pushed away d. pushed ahead
6. After the rain, the orchard seems to
have d blossom overnight.
a. burst
out b. burst upon c. burst with d. burst
into
7. The two men stood a each
other, while the crowd looked on with
amusement.
a. glaring at
b. glancing at c. peeping at d. glimpsing at
8. When you have any problems in your
studies, you can always c John
for
help.
a. look for b. look on c.
look to d. look over
III. Cloze
Choose a proper word from the list to
fill in each blank in the following
passage. Change the form of the word if
necessary.
status
身份，
< br>地位
like
喜欢，
像
own
拥有
schedule
时间表，
进度表
view
观察，观看
afford
提供
face
面对
almost
几乎
necessarily
必要地
discipline
学科
longer
较持久
means
方法，意味
reality
事实，逼真
become
成为
prove
证明
even
即使
lower
较低的，放下
grow
生长
take
拿，接受
until
直到
When
you
can
e-mail
your
colleagues
from
the
comfort
of
your
garden,
there
is no need to suffer
an uncomfortable journey just to speak to them. If
you
need
an
important
document,
it
can
be
faxed
via
satellite
to
your
mobile
phone, and (1) viewed
on a laptop computer. You can receive the document
(2) almost immediately, (3) even from
another continent.
Since
the
price
of
technology
gets
(4)
lower
every
day,
ownership
of
the
(5)
means
of
production
becomes
a
(6)
reality.
Having
bought
the
computer,
mobile phone,
fax
machine,
Internet connection
and
printer
that
are
their
only material tools,
telecommuters (7) become true electric peasants.
Living and
working
in the same
environment (8)
like
traditional
peasant
farmers, they do not till the soil with
their hands but (9) grow services
from
fertile resources of their minds.
With
no
fancy
office
on
the
twenty-fifth
floor,
however,
the
micro-entrepreneur can have trouble
(10) proving his or her credentials.
Rightly
or
wrongly,
people
respond
to
(11)
status
symbols
like
big
offices
in
smart
building.
“
If
the
company
can
(12)
afford
all
this,
”
people
think,
“
it must be doing pretty
well.
”
But (13) faced with
one person doing
business
from
a
room
at
home,
clients
are
tempted
to
think
that
their
contact
is not such a big-
shot after all. But is it (14) necessarily true
that a
central location and a large
office make a better worker
In
fact,
studies
show
that
home
workers
are
actually
more
(15)
disciplined
about
completing
tasks
and
indeed
work
(16)
longer
hours
than
their
colleagues
in
the
office.
Like
the
traditional
peasant
who
owned
his
land,
they feel that they
(17) own their work.
Furthermore they
aren
’
t tied to (18) schedule
but work when it suits
them. If that
means (19) taking an hour or two to play with the
children
and then staying up (20) until
midnight to finish a presentation, the net
result is a happier worker who has
completed the task.
IV. Translation
Translate the following into Chinese:
Once the problem is understood,
improvement comes naturally. Women who
feel
abandoned
and
deprived
when
their
husbands
won
’
t
listen
to
or
report
daily news may be
happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt
once
they understand the place of small
talk in women
’
s
relationships. But if
their
husbands
don
’
t
adapt,
the
women
may
still
be
comforted
that
for
men,
this
is
not
a
failure
of
intimacy.
Accepting
the
difference,
the
wives
may
look to their friends or family for
that kind of talk. And husbands who
can
’
t
provide
it
shouldn
’
t
feel
their
wives
have
made
unreasonable
demands. Some
couples will still decide to divorce, but at least
their
decisions will be based on
realistic expectations.
一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所
改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每
天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣
的女性会高兴地发现，她们的丈
夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努
力地在适应。如果丈夫
不适应，妻子仍然能得到安慰，因为她知道对男人来说，这不是不
亲密的表现。
当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说
话。
那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然
会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。
Text B
Key to
Comprehension and Appreciation
1. She
was told that God was everywhere and that He knew
everything, but
nobody
could
be
everywhere.
She
was
told
that
God
was
in
her,
but
she
never
heard
any voices in her head other than her own or her
mother
’
s telling
her what not to do. She spent a lot of
time looking up at the sky, because
she
thought God was up there, but she knew the sky was
not solid. She was
told
that
“
God
is
a
spirit.
You
can
’
t
see
him,
”
but
her
mother,
grandfather,
and other
relatives
claimed
that
they
could
see spirits.
She
was
told
that
God
was
all
powerful
and
could
do
anything,
but
when
she
made
even the simplest of requests she never
got any answers.
2. She thought adults
lied a great deal. They made rules that they tried
to make her learn but they themselves
broke these rules.
3. (open)
4. She believed that white people wrote
the rules in the Bible.
5. Because she
found it idiotic and ridiculous to pray instead of
working
out a solution to a problem.
6. Her Christian mother is always
saying prayers for her, in which case
Alleyne doesn
’
t
have to try again and again if she fails.
7. (open)
8. She believes in
human efforts. Only by making efforts can you
solve
problems, not by divine
intervention.
9. If you forgive a sin,
you will silence the issue. Problems will not be
solved.
10. (open)
Unit 3
Text A
Exercises
I. Reading
comprehension
A. Read the text and
answer the following questions.
1. What
is the author
’
s main
argument Where is it explicitly stated
The author
’
s main
argument is that man is an inseparable part of the
Earth
’
s overall
ecosystem, like any other things in the world.
This is
clearly stated in paragraph 1.
The argument can also be found in the
following paragraphs as the author
explains how the origin of life came
into being.
2. At the
beginning of the author states that
“
the first mistake is to
think
of
man-kind
as
a
thing
in
itself”
.
Why
does
he
make
such
a
statement
At the beginning
of the text the author states that
“
the first mistake
is to think
of
mankind
as
a
thing
in
itself
”
. By
making
such
a
statement,
the
author
tries
to
redress
a
common
mistake
in
people
’
s
minds.
According
to
traditional
concept,
human
beings
are
quite
different
from
other
animals,
and they always call themselves
“
master of the
world
”
. Actually, such
kind of concept leads to various
misbehaviors on the part of people, thus
causing
the
destruction
of
the
structure
of
the
Earth
as
any
animate
portion
is. Man is not a
thing in itself, but rather an inseparable part of
the
Earth
’
s
overall ecosystem.
3. How does the
author use cancer as a way to clarify the problem
of
ecological imbalance
According to the author, the problem of
ecological imbalance nowadays is
just
like cancer occurring in human body, which is
deadly and is growing
without
limit.
This
is
a
dread
disease,
and
unless
the
growth
of
cancerous
cells
is
somehow
stopped,
the
ecological
system
will
be
entirely
destroyed..
4. What
similarities does the author draw between the life
processes of
a person and those of the
planet
According
to
the
author,
similarities
between
the
life
processes
of
a
person
and
those
of
the
planet
lie
in
the
fact
that
they
both
derive
from
the
Sun,
and
they
are
both
as
much
part
of
the
structure
of
the
Earth
as
any
inseparable part of a whole. If a man
loses some of the cells that make
up an
entire organ, he will be seriously handicapped, or
the damage even
may end by killing all
50 trillion cells. So is the case of the planet.
The chopping down of an entire forest
may not threaten Earth
’
s
life in
general,
but
it
will
produce
serious
changes
in
the
life
forms
of
the
region
and even in the
nature of the water runoff and, therefore, in the
details
of geological structure..
5.
What
do
the
statistics
and
mathematical
calculations
add
to
the
argument
Today, with the
Earth
’
s population estimated
at about 4,000 million (26
times what
it was in Caesar
’
s time), it
is increasing at a rate which,
if
steady, will cause it to double in 35 years.
6. According to the text, which of the
following statements is true d
a.
It took the universe 5 billion years to form the
earth.
b.
Evaporation,
condensation,
solution,
weathering
are
four
major
factors
that contributed to
the formation of the earth.
c. Life
forms were first developed in deep water between 2
billion and 3
billion years age.
d.
Life
is
as
much
part
of
the
structure
of
the
Earth
as
any
inanimate
portion
is
and
in
reverse,
the
inanimate
portion
of
the
Earth
is
shaped
and
modified
by life.
7. According to the author, the analogy
between the entire planet and the
human
body is based on all of the following EXCEPT c
a.
They
are
both
made
up
of
nonliving
portions
and
a
large
variety
of
living
portions.
b. They are both enormously intricate
and interrelated systems.
c. They are
both composed of 50 trillion cells of a variety of
types, all
interrelated and
interdependent.
d.
Their
overall
growth
may
be
disrupted
if
a
group
of
cells
or
a
particular
type
of organism begins to grow without limit.
8.
According
to
the
text,
what
is
NOT
true
about
the
population
in
the
word
d
a.
For
thousands
of
years,
human
population
has
been
increasing
in
number.
b. At
the time of Julius Caesar, human population was
increasing slowly.
c. Today, the
Earth
’
s population is
estimated to double in 35 years.
d.
If
we
do
nothing
at
all,
the
growth
of
the
Earth
’
s
population
will
never
stop.
9.
In
“
Failing
this,
mankind
would
stand
at
the
bar
of
abstract
justice
”
(last paragraph), which of the
following does
“
this
”
refer to d
a. The human
population explosion being stopped.
b.
Raising the death rate or lowering the birthrate.
c. The death rate rising spontaneously
and catastrophically.
d. Reduction of
the birthrate.
B. Global understanding
and appreciation of the text.
1.
If
it
is
a
mistake
to
think
of
mankind
as
a
thing
in
itself,
then
mankind
is part of an
intricate web of life , and life is part of the
intricate
structure of a planet bathed
by energy from the Sun.
2. How does the
author explain the evolution of the Earth
1)
Ii
has
been
nearly
5
billion
years
since
the
Earth
assumed
approximately
its present form.
2) Ocean,
atmosphere and solid crust were formed by the
gradual outward
movement of material as
the solid interior settled together.
3)
Between
2
billion
and
3
billion
years
ago,
portions
of
the
surface
water,
bathed by the energetic radiation from
the Sun, developed what we call
“
life
”
.
4)
The entire planet is a life form made up of
nonliving portions and a
large variety
of living portions.
3. How does the
author compare the Earth
’
s
ecosystem to our own body
The
Earth
’
s
ecosystem
is
similar
to
our
own
body
in
many
ways.
For
example,
all the cells of
the human body are interrelated and
interdependent. The
loss of one cell
will seriously handicap the rest of the organism.
In the
same
way,
the
loss
of
one
animal
or
a
forest
will
seriously
change
the
life
forms
and
geological
structure
of
a
region.
Another
example
is
cell
growth.
If
a
particular
group
of
cells
grows
and
multiplies
without
limit,
killing
its competitors, it
will threaten the existence of a larger system,
and
eventually destroy the organism
itself.
4. What is cancer in a human
body And what would an ecological cancer be
Cancer is a malignant tumor of
potentially unlimited growth that expands
locally by invasion and systematically
by metastasis, generally regarded
as
fatal
and
incurable.
By
the
expression
“
ecological
cancer
”
,
the
author
uses a
metaphor to indicate that ecological interruption
on Earth is as
destructive
as
human
cancer,
which
is
a
threat
to
the
existence
of
the
Earth.
5. Looking back at
the title of the article, what is
“
the case against
man
”
“
Case
”
means
“
suit
or
action
in
law
”
.
It
implies
that
since
human
beings
have committed the
“
crime
”
of destroying ecological balance, they are
doomed to be tried at the bar of
abstract justice.
II. Vocabulary
A. Find a word or phrase from the
paragraph indicated in the bracket that
means the same as:
1.
containing many detailed parts and thus difficult
to understand
——
intricate/complicated
2.
nearly correct but not exactly
——
approximately
3. a sudden shaking of the
Earth
’
s surface
——
earthquake
4.
having many different kinds of skills or abilities
——
versatile
5.
standing apart, separate as is to be alone
——
isolated
6.
the opposite in position; the other way around
——
reverse
7. in
addition to; also
——
as well
as
8. depending on each other;
necessary to each other
——
interdependent
9. increase in number by
giving birth to offspring
——
multiply
10. eat something in order to
stay alive or subsist
——
live on
11. destroy completely
——
kill off
12.
not in its exact or accurate position
——
out of true
13. provide with proper or necessary
skills, knowledge etc.
——
qualify
14. (not) in any way
——
(not) at all
15. as a result from a natural impulse
or tendency
——
spontaneously
B. Choose the best word to complete
each of the following sentences:
1.
Theodore Roosevelt was a __d__ man; he was
successful as a statesman,
soldier,
sportsman, explorer, and author.
a.
able b. capable c. skilful d.
versatile
2. The small town has ___a__
many changes during last 10 years.
a.
undergone b. developed c. involved d.
undertaken
3. The old farmer ____b__
his wife, living until 105 years of age.
a. passed b, survived c.
handicap d. shortcoming
4. Poor
eyesight is a ____c__ to many students.
a. prevention b. backwardness c.
handicap d. shortcoming
5. The
wheat crop will be __a___ without strong spring
rains.
a. decimated b. spoilt c.
decayed d. delayed
6. The various
parts of the essays do not adequately ___b____.
a. depend b. interrelate c.
relate d. cooperate
7. Hot weather
___c____ the bacteria in the milk rapidly.
a. reduces b. decreases c.
multiplies d. enhances
8. If
something very substantial is not done next month,
he cannot __a___
his office.
a. retain b. have c, obtain
d. secure
9. We sent him an invitation
but he __b___.
a. refrained b
declined c. rejected d. denied
10. The lifeguard pulled the ___c___
body out of the pool.
a. died b.
dying c. inanimate d. weak
III. Cloze
Choose a proper
word from the list to fill in each blank in the
following
passage. Change the form of
the word if necessary.
Cause
spread
out
be
raise
begin
of
course
however
according
to
range
come
into
up
to
as
die
of
link
to
unusual
When 1998 began,
East Africa should have (1)been at its most
beautiful:
normally the short rainy
season ends in December, the rivers subside, and
the country sparkles farmers (2)raise
crops, animals graze, tourists go
on
safaris. But this year was different. The rains
were heavy and long.
The water
(3)spread out for miles in places in Kenya and
Somalia, cutting
off villages and
forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto
a few
patches of dry land. Things
quickly turned ugly. Camels, cows, sheep, and
goats all started (4) dying of violent
fevers. Some people, too, began to
get
sick.
Some
went
temporarily
blind;
others
(5)
began
bleeding
uncontrollably.
The
disease
was
Rift
Valley
fever
(
裂
谷
热
),
(6)
caused
by
an
obscure
mosquito-borne virus. It pops up every
few years in Africa when standing
water
encourages
mosquito
eggs
to
hatch
—
this
year
’
s
huge
floods
brought
a spectacular
outbreak. (7) According to official estimates, at
least
89,000 people caught the disease.
Two hundred died, but then the disease
is
not
usually
fatal
to
humans.
Animal
losses,
however,
were
almost
certainly vast ---
owners reported losing (8) up to 90 percent of
their
herds.
Yet
catastrophic (9) as the East African floods were,
they had to jostle
for
the
world
’
s
attention
with
other
cases
of
strange
weather
–
with
(10)
unusual
occurrences
of
droughts,
fires,
rains,
cold
snaps,
and
heat
waves.
Every year brings its
own grab bag of such anomalies, but this year many
of them could (11) be linked to a
phenomenon in the empty expanses of the
equatorial Pacific-a change in the
ocean currents and winds that began in
the
early
months
of
1997
and
that
altered
weather
patterns
around
the
world.
The change in the weather was, (12) of
course, the work of El Nino.
By the end
of 1997, El Nino had already become a celebrity of
sorts. In
1998, (13) however, El
Nion
’
s effects on the world
(14) came into full
flower. It helped
make the year the hottest ever recorded. In
addition to
Rift Valley fever, El Nino
has been linked to an upsurge in diseases (15)
ranging from cholera
(
伤寒
) to malaria
(
疾
) to dengue fever
(
登革热
), in
Kenya,
Cambodia, Peru, and other countries scattered
around the globe.
IV. Translation
Translate the following into Chinese:
1.
When
it
first
came
into
being,
the
Earth
very
likely
lacked
what
we
would
today call an ocean
and an atmosphere.
在地球形成的初期，上面很可能没有我们今天
称之为海洋和大气层之类的东西。
2.
Between
2
billion
and
3
billion
years
ago,
portions
of
the
surface
water,
bathed by the energetic radiation from
the Sun, developed complicated
compounds
in
organization
sufficiently
versatile
to
qualify
as
what
we
call
“
< br>life
”
.
在
20
亿和
30
亿前期间，一
部分地球表面的水在太阳能的作用下，形成了结构复
杂的化合物，这些化合物灵活多变，
足以形成我们称之为“生命”的东西。
3. The
entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving
portions and a
large variety of living
portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving
crystals
in
bones
and
nonliving
water
in
blood,
as
well
as
of
a
large
variety
of living portions).
整个星球是一种由无机部分和各种各样的有机生命构成的生命形式（正如我们自
己的身体，既是由各种各样的有机部分构成，又是由骨骼中的无机晶体和血液中
< br>的无机水分所构成）
。
4.
In the same way, on a planetary scale, the
chopping down of an entire
forest may
not threaten Earth
’
s life in
general, but it will produce
serious
changes in the life forms of the region and even
in the nature of
the water runoff and,
therefore, in the details of geological structure.
同样，从全球的规模考虑，砍掉一整片森林在总体上不会对地球生命构成威胁，
但是这样做会对该地区的生态形式造成严重的影响，甚至会造成水的流失，从而
< br>引起地质结构的细微变化。
5.
Barring
interference
from
outside,
the
eaters
and
the
eaten
retain
their
proper numbers, and
both are the better for it.
如果排除外界的干涉，食
肉动物和被吃动物都保持一个适当的数量，这样以双方
都有好处。
6. The present rate of increase of
Earth
’
s swarming human
population
qualifies Homo sapiens as an
ecological cancer, which will destroy the
ecology just as surely as any ordinary
cancer would destroy an organism.
目前世界人
口的急剧增长率使人类可以被称为生态恶性肿瘤。这种恶性肿瘤肯定
会摧毁生态环境，正
如普通的癌细胞会摧毁人的肌体一样。
Text B
1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F
7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F 11.
F
12. T 13. F 14. T 15. T
Unit 4
Text A
Exercises
I. Reading comprehension
A.
Read the text carefully and answer the following
questions according
to the text.
1.
Which
of
the
major
European
languages
had
the
largest
number
of
speakers
in
the
middle
of
the
sixteenth
century
Which
of
them
had
the
second
largest
number of speakers
at the time the article was written
French had the largest number of
speakers in the middle of the sixteenth
century,
and
Russian
had
the
second
largest
number
of
speakers
at
the
time
the writer wrote the
article.
2. How did the writer group
speakers of English according to
According to the author, speakers of
English have three groups: 1) native
speakers
of
English;
2)
those
who
are
born
to
some
other
language
but
live
in
English-speaking
communities
and
speak
English
in
their
daily
business
(speakers of
English as a second language); 3) those who speak
English as
a foreign language.
3. What are the reasons for the spread
of English according to the author
On
the
one
hand,
the
English-speaking
peoples
have
been
the
greatest
travelers,
the
most
adventurous
merchants
and
the
most
assiduous
colonists.
On the other
hand, they are, on the whole, poor linguists.
Therefore,
wherever they go, they force
their language upon the people there.
4. What
“
virtues<
/p>
”
, according to the author,
does the English language
possess to
win the foreigner
It is the
succinctness and simplicity of English that win
the foreigner.
5. Should English
maintain the so-called standard form, according to
the
author
No, it should
not.
6. In what way has English been
yielding to American
English
has
been
constantly
taking
in
American
words,
phrases,
idioms,
and
even
pronunciations while. American now seldom borrows
English words or
phrases.
7.
In what way has American gone on developing with
almost Elizabethan
prodigality
New
words
and
phrases
have
been
formed
and
produced
all
the
time
in
American
English.
8. Why did Captain
Basil Hall make a call upon Noah Webster
The captain made a call upon Webster to
lodge his protest against new
American
words.
9. What is the attitude of
English people toward Americanisms now
The hostility toward Americanism still
exists. But some English people
think
that it is time to compromise with it, and even to
welcome it.
10. Why did the author
mention the late Dr. Robert Bridges
The
author took him as an example of those who support
new American words
and colloquial
metaphors.
B. Global understanding and
appreciation of the text.
1. What does
the author think is the future of English Read the
following
statements and put a tick
before the ones that represent the
author
’
s
prediction.
a. ( T )
increasingly
more people
will
learn
to
speak
English as a
foreign
language.
b. ( T ) The English people will accept
Americanisms sooner or later.
c.
(
T
)
the
size
of
the
vocabulary
of
the
English
language
will
be
increasing.
d. ( T ) other
languages
of the
world
will
borrow
more
American
words than
English ones.
e. ( ) The Japanese people will
perhaps take in more English words than
American words.
f.
( )
the
efforts
to
“
standardize
”
English
will
eventually
bear
fruit.
g. (
T ) Newly-formed words and idioms will continue to
flow to England
and other parts of the
world.
h. ( T ) Speakers of English as
a foreign language will use shorter words
and simpler expressions.
2.
What,
according
to
the
text,
are
some
of
the
characteristics
or
“
virtues
”
of the English language
Characteristics (Virtues)
a.
It is rich in vocabulary. It uses simple words,
phrases, or sayings to
express ideas.
No other European language has so many three-
letter words
and four-word sayings. Its
sayings contain the wisdom of the people.
b.
English
is
simple,
it
has
clear
sound,
it
packs
its
words
closely
together,
it is logical in their arrangement, and
it is free from pedantic flubdub.
c. It
is capable of getting an infinity of meanings out
of a single word
by combining it with
simple articles.
3. Write down some of
the sayings from English which you think are
simple
but wise. Then share the sayings
with the class.
Examples:
Easy come, easy go.
One
man
’
s meat is another
man
’
s poison.
It
takes all sorts to make a world.
Every
heart has its own sorrow.
A good face
needs no paint.
Grasp all, lose all.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. The author concludes
this article by saying
“
Plain enough, the
conquest of the world by English, if it
ever comes off, will really be a
conquest
by
American
”
.
Do
you
think
that
English
is
likely
to
conquer
the
world Why, or why not
II. Vocabulary
A. Fill in
the blanks with proper particles (prepositions or
adverbs).
1. The meeting dragged on for
three hours.
2. The party broke up only
after midnight.
3. We dropped by the
club to see if Bill was there.
4. No
matter what we talk about, Jim always drags in
politics.
5.
Britain
has
dropped
behind
Japan
as
a
producer
of
cheap
cotton
fabrics.
6. Gradually his
strength failed and he dropped behind in the race.
7. Scientists hope to break through
soon in their fight against heart
disease.
8. Several friends
dropped in during the day, but only a few stayed
for
dinner.
9. A big fire
broke out on the ground floor of the market.
10. If you hadn
’
t
broken in, I could have told the story more
easily.
11. The cold winter dragged on
until we thought that spring would never
come.
12. Why must you
always drag this subject in when we are talking
13. Please drop by any time you are in
town.
14. They dragged out the meeting
with long speeches.
15. The children
seem to have been dragged up without proper
training and
education.
16.
Several
painters
in
the
exhibition
have
broken
with
traditional
styles.
17.
He
tried
to
cope
with
the
ever-increasing
burden
of
his
work,
but
finally
he broke down and had to take a
complete rest.
18. He broke off in the
middle of the conversation.
19. It is
difficult to break away from old habits.
20. Well, drop in some time tomorrow
and we will talk things over.
B. Choose
the
best word
or phrase
from
the
bracket
to
complete
each
of
the
following
sentences. Change the form when necessary.
1.
This
program
will
be
shown
at
prime
(primary,
prime)
time,
when
everyone
watches television.
2. She
is slow in her work
because she talks
constantly
(constantly,
scarcely) to
fellow worders.
3. Trains leave this
station at regular intervals (at close quarters,
at
regular intervals).
4.
The relationship between the two countries has
always been at arm
’
s
length (at arm
’
s
length, at regular intervals).
5. It
was a good scheme, but it
didn
’
t come off (break off,
come off).
6.
He
seems
to
have
got
over
(get
by,
get
over)
all
his
financial
problems.
7. The field
yielded (yield, yield to) a good crop of potatoes
last year.
8. The new marriage law will
be put into operation (break into complains,
put into operation) soon.
9.
We will see to it that Mary continues to do
challenging (challenging,
accelerating)
work.
10. The mother resort to (resort
to, compromise with) punishment to make
her children obey.
11.
The
beaches
were
swarming
with
(overwhelmed
with,
swarming
with)
people
in summer.
12. The theoretical part of the lecture
was too difficult for the first
year
students to take in (get in, take in).
III. Cloze
Choose
the
best
word
from
the
following
to
fill
in
each
blank
of
the
passage.
Change the form of the word if
necessary.
Official
similar
ability
add
former
means
strengthen
familiar majorityh serve extend as
purpose for through
way among
heavily limit and
We may roughly
classify the speakers of English into two groups:
one in
which
the
speakers
use
English
as
their
native
language,
the
other
in
which
the
speakers
learn
English
as
a
second
language
for
the
purpose
of
education,
commerce, and so on. In the (1) former
group we, obviously, would include
England,
Canada,
the
United
States,
Australia,
and
New
Zealand.
Naturally,
not all people in
these countries speak English natively, but a
large
majority does. In the latter
group, we would include, (2) among others,
India, Denmark, Kenya, Burma, Turkey,
Ethiopia, and the Philippines. Not
all
these
countries
use
English
for
the
same
(3)
purpose.
Each
of
them
uses
English
(4) for important social and commercial
activities.
English also (5) serves as
an international second language. It is one of
the important languages of commerce.
Its use in international diplomacy
is
(6)
strengthened
by
its
acceptance
as
one
of
the
(7)
official
languages
of the United
Nations. English is also the language of the (8)
majority
of technical materials in the
world; therefore, many people (9) heavily
rely on English to communicate with
people of (10) similar training and
interests.
Learning
a
second
language
(11)
extends
one
’
s
vision
and
expands
the
mind.
Looking at the world or oneself (12)
through a different language system
shows
the
(13)
limits
of
one
’
s
own
perception
and
(14)
adds
new
dimensions
to
(15)
familiar
objects
or
events.
A
second
language
teachers
us
different
(16)
ways of labeling and organizing our experiences.
The history and
literature of a second
language record the real (17) and fictional lives
of
a
people
and
their
culture;
knowledge
of
them
adds
to
our
(18)
ability_
to understand and
to feel (19) as they feel. Learning English as a
second
language provides another (20)
means of communication through which the
window of the entire English speech
community becomes
a part
of your
heritage.
IV. Translation
Translate
the following into Chinese:
The flow of
novelties in vocabulary, in idiom, even in
pronunciation, is
now overwhelmingly
eastward. We seldom borrow an English word or
phrase
any more, though we used to
borrow many; but the English take in our
inventions almost as fast as we can
launch them. The American movie, I
suppose,
is
largely
responsible
for
this
change,
but
there
are
unquestionably
deeper
causes
too.
English
is
still
a
bit
tight,
a
bit
stiff,
more than a little artificial. But
American has gone on developing with
almost Elizabethan prodigality. All the
processes of word-formation that
were
in
Shakespeare
’
s
England
are
still
in
operation
here,
and
they
produce
a steady stream of
neologisms that he would have relished as joyfully
as
he relished the novelties actually
produced in his time.
新词汇、新习语、甚至新发音都以无法
抗拒的势力源源不断地传入东方。从前我
们常常借用很多英语词或短语，但现在很少有这
样做。但英语却吸纳我们创造的
词，我们创造有多快，其吸纳的速度几乎就有多快。我认
为，美国电影固然对这
一变化起了很大作用，但毫无疑问，还有更深刻的原因。英语依然
有点太严格、
有点僵硬，且过于矫揉造作。而美语的发展却像伊丽莎白时代一样繁荣。所
有那
些在英国莎士比亚时代应用的构词方法，现在依然在美国应用着，新词源源不断
地产生。如果莎翁健在，这些新词一定会使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的时代产
生的新词曾使他欣喜若狂一样。
Text B
Key to Comprehension and Appreciation
1. British people settled around the
world. They not only brought their
language but also patterns of trade and
communication along with them.
2. It
refers to Britain.
3.
It
is
because
of
the
dramatic
rise
of
the
US
in
the
20
th
century
as
world
superpower.
4. Chinese.
5. World War II played the decisive
role in spreading English around the
world, because American influence
spread around the world after the war.
6. The English language was a channel
through which America spread its
economic, technological, political,
and cultural influence around the
world.
7. French. Crystal
estimates that 85% of international organizations
use
English as one of their working
languages, and 49% use French.
8. The
International Monetary Fund and World Bank.
9. in Europe, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
10.
Many countries became
dependent on
America
in
cultural,
economic,
and
technological
fields.
International
economic
relations
were
regulated
and
free-market
systems
introduced.
More
countries
became
open
to
global
flows
of
finance, goods, knowledge and culture, so the
influence of English has
spread
worldwide.
11. It means that English is
the language that is used for international
scientific and technological exchanges.
12. from the latter part of the
17
th
century to World War I.
13. This is still a question. But any
substantial change in the US role
is
likely to have an impact on the use and
attractiveness of the English
language
among those for whom English is not a first
language.
Unit 5
Text A
Exercises
I. Reading
comprehension
A. Read the text and
answer the following questions.
1.
What
is
the
author
’
s
definition
of
science
in
the
first
paragraph
What
is the function of
science in your opinion
Science is a
way of thinking much more than it is a body of
knowledge.
Its
goal
is
to
find
out
how
the
world
works,
to
seek
what
regularities
there
may be, to penetrate to the connections
of things. In my opinion, the
function
of science is to serve the whole human race, for
the welfare of
all mankind.
2.
What
does
the
author
mean
by
“
natural
questions
”
and
“
Just
So
Stories
”
By
“
natural
questions
”
, the author means
some questions that have to do
with
natural phenomena; and
“
Just
So Stories
”
refer to the
stories that
tell you things are just
as they are, without looking into their causes.
3.
In
para.
3
the
author
concludes,
“
Understanding
is
of
ecstasy.
”
Could
your feelings at the
time be considered ecstatic, or did you experience
some other emotion
Yes, when
you find out a fact you will be ecstasy. This is a
scientific
original power.
For example, when you finally get the
solution to a difficult mathematics
problem, or when you have fulfilled a
challenging job, etc.
4. The author
cites the straightforward question as to whether
in the
absence of friction a pound of
lead falls faster than a gram of
fluff(
绒
毛
) to
indicate that __a__.
a.
man
’
perceptions
may
be
distorted
by
training
and
prejudice
or
merely
because of the
limitations of the phenomena of the world.
b. no one in the world is perfect.
c.
it
was
foolish
for
ancient
people
to
have
taken
anything
for
granted.
d. science could
not have come into being without experiments.
5. According to the author, which of
the following questions is the most
difficult one to answer d
a. What is the origin of a name or a word
b. How does the body convert the food
into out muscle and sinew
c. What
prevents us from digging a hole down to the center
of the Earth
d. How vast is the
universe, and what lies on the other side of it
6.
“
And as you
come to practice this habit of thought more and
more you
will get better and better at
it.
”
(para. 3)
“
It
”
here refers to
___d____.
a. practicing this habit of thought
b. penetrating into the heart of a thing
c.
spending
any
time
spinning
hypotheses
and
checking
to
see
whether
they
make
sense
d. doing science
7.
All the following statement is true EXCEPT ___b__.
a. Some people believe that it is
impossible for human beings to know
the
universe.
b. The number of sodium and
chlorine atoms in a grain of salt is
10
16
.
c. The
number of sodium and chlorine atoms in a grain of
salt is much
more than that of neurons
in the brain.
d. The total number of
things knowable by the brain is only one percent
of the number of atoms in a speck of
salt.
8. Which of the following
statements is true d
a. The universe
has natural laws that govern its behavior with the
same
degree
of
regularity
that
determines
a
crystal
of
salt,
so
it
is
knowable.
b. No matter how
complex the universe maybe, we can have a thorough
understanding of it.
c.
The
universe
is
generally
considered
unknowable
because
its
knowledge
has
exceeded the information-carrying capacity of the
brain.
d.
In
a
sense
we
know
the
universe
through
storing
the
additional
information outside our bodies-in
books, in computer memories, etc.
B.
Global understanding and appreciation of the text.
1. According to the author, the goal of
science consists of the following
3
aspects:
1) to find out how the world
works
2) to seek what regularities
there may be
3) to penetrate to the
connections of things
2. Name a few
items of
“
something
”
that the author asks the reader to
“
really think
of
”
.
1)
Celestial
phenomenon:
the
shape
of
clouds
and
their occasional
sharp
bottom edges at the
same altitude everywhere in the sky.
2) Natural phenomenon: the formation of a dewdrop
on a leaf.
3)
Social
life:
the
origin
of
a
name
or
a
word,
the
reason
for
human
social
customs.
4)
Specific
questions
in
physics:
a
lens
in
sunlight
can
make
paper
burn,
the center of the
Earth.
5) Sense of orientation: the
Moon seems to follow us, the definition of
“
down
”
on a spherical earth.
6)
Physiological mechanism: how the body converts
food into muscle and
sinew.
7)
Mysteries
to
be
probed:
how
far
is
up
—
the
other
side
of
the
universe,
how
far is up, whether the universe goes on forever.
3.
The
author
cites
scientists
who
believe
that
“
everything
worth
knowing
will
soon
be
known
”
(para.
4).
How
does
the
evidence
in
this
essay
challenge
that assumption
According to the author this is an
over-optimistic statement. As we know,
with the development
of
human
society and
the
accumulated
knowledge,
many
things
we
considered
unknowable
before
have
now
become
explicit.
Nevertheless, there are still a lot of
mysteries that remain unknown. A
grain
of
salt
is
the
obvious
evidence
cited
by
the
author
to
challenge
that
assumption: even so trivial a pee inn
the microcosmic world would entail
our
painstaking efforts to penetrate through, let
alone some complicated
things in the
entire world, like galaxies in the macrocosms.
4. We might consider the last paragraph
Sagan
’
s most personal
statement
in his reflections on the
universe: he likes
“
a
universe that includes
much that is
unknown and, at the same time, much that is
knowable
”
. Why
is
this
balance
important
to
Sagan
Do
you
agree
with
his
closing
statement
The
author
thought
that
the
known
universe
is
static
and
dull
and
the
unknown
is
interested.
I
don
’
t
agree
with
his
closing
statement.
Because
to
probe
universe is goal for all people in the
earth and we can question the
conventional wisdom. (open)
5. What sort of universe would you
consider ideal What would you like to
know about the universe that is now
unknown to you Explain.
The ideal
universe is a regularity cosmos. It can govern all
planets by
their reaction. I like to
know about the universe how distance for them
and how work each other. (open)
II. Vocabulary
A. Find a
word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the
bracket that
means the same as:
1. learn and discover (a fact that was
hidden)
——
find out
2. a group
of
people
living
together
by
shared interests,
religion,
etc.
——
community
3. change into something of different
form or properties
——
convert
4. have a clear meaning
——
make sense
5. a
state of very strong feeling, esp. of joy and
happiness
——
ecstasy
6. take the place of
——
replace
7. to
some extent; somewhat
——
more
or less
8. at the lowest estimate or
figure
——
at least
9. not easily managed; hard to treat,
relieve, or cure
——
intractable
10.
understand; figure out the meaning of
——
make out
B.
Choose the best word to complete each of the
following sentences.
1. If you are to
be accepted as a member of the club you must __b__
by its
rules.
a. agree
b. abide c. confirm d. conform
2.
___d__ you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick
Castle is worth a visit.
a. Since
b. Even c. If d. Even if
3.
The
cities
were
to
be
___a__
and
the
population
distributed
in
villages.
a.
deflated b. reduced c. decayed d. defined
4. He gave a ___b___ account of what
has happened.
a. discomforted b.
distorted c. dismissed d. discovered
5. His speech __c__ trouble among the
workers.
a. firmed b. ferried
c. fermented d. festered
6. The
criminal was told he would be ___b___ from
punishment if he said
what he knew
about the murder.
a. impossible b.
immune c. improbable d. imminent
7. If you ___c__ the elastic band any
more, it will break.
a. take b.
grasp c, strain d. hold
8. The
Egyptians __a__ an area equal to France and Spain
combined.
a. inhabit b. live c.
dwell d. settle
9. He is ___c___
considered to be a great explorer.
a.
after all b. everything but c. by no means
d. all but
10. It was a long time
before scientists could ___a___ the mystery of the
atom.
a. penetrate b.
pierce c. permeate d. pervade
III. Cloze
Choose a proper
word from the list to fill in each blank in the
following
passage. Change the form of
the word if necessary.
complain
quantitatively at least unlikely even if
so
far as common-sense
close to not only greater
than make up the
special
Theory of Relativity turn out
to be increase in
the direction
of
It is an astonishing fact that
there are laws of nature, rules that
summarize
conveniently
—
not just
qualitatively but (1) quantitatively
—
how
the
world
works.
We
might
imagine
a
universe
in
which
there
are
no
such
laws, in which the
10
80
elementary particles
that (2) make up a universe
like our
own behave with utter and uncompromising abandon.
To understand
such
a
universe
we
would
need
a
brain
(3)
at
least
as
massive
as
the
universe.
It
seems
(4)
unlikely
that
such
a
universe
could
have
life
and
intelligence,
because beings and brains require some
degree of internal stability and
order.
But
(5)
even
if
in
a
much
more
random
universe
there
were
such
beings
with
an
intelligence
much
(6)
greater
than
our
own,
there
could
not
be
much
knowledge, passion or
joy.
Fortunately for us, we live in a
universe that has at least important
parts
that
are
knowable.
Our
(7)
common-sense
experience
and
our
evolutionary
history
have
prepared
us
to
understand
something
of
the
workaday world. When we go into other
realms, however, common sense and
ordinary intuition (8) turn out to be
highly unreliable guides. It is
stunning that as we go close to the
speed of light our mass (9) increase
indefinitely, we shrink toward zero
thickness (10) in the direction of
motion, and time for us comes as near
to stopping as we would like. Many
people think that this is silly, and
every week or two I get a letter from
someone who (11) complains to me about
it. But it is virtually certain
consequence
not
just
of
experiment
but
also
of
Albert
Einstein
’
s
brilliant
analysis of space
and time called (12)-the Theory of Relativity. It
does
not matter that these effects seem
unreasonable to us. We are not in the
habit of traveling (13) close to the
speed of light. The testimony of our
common sense is suspect at high
velocities.
The idea that the world
places restrictions on what humans might do is
frustrating. Why
shouldn
’
t we be able to have
intermediate rotational
positions Why
can
’
t we travel faster than
the speed of light But (14) so
far as
we can tell, this is the way the universe is
constructed. Such
prohibitions (15) not
only press us toward a little humility; they also
make the world more knowable.
IV. Translation
Translate
the following into Chinese:
1. The goal
of science is to find out how the world works, to
seek what
regularities there may be, to
penetrate to the connections of
things
—
from subnuclear
particles, which may be the constituents of all
matter,
to living organisms, the human
social community, and thence to the cosmos
as a whole.
科学的目的是弄清世界的运行特点，
寻求其间可能存在的规律，
洞察事物之间
的联系——从构成一切物质的亚核粒子，到生物有机体，人类社会群体，以至整
个宇宙
。
2. Every culture has posed
such questions in one way or another. Almost
always the proposed answers are in the
nature of
“
Just So
Stories
”
,
attempted explanations divorced from
experiment, or even from careful
comparative observations.
世界
上每一文化群体都以这样或那样的方式提出过这些问题。而所提供的答案
几乎都带有“就
这么回事”的性质，这些尝试性的解释总是脱离实验，甚至没有
经过细心的比较观察。<
/p>
3.
To
penetrate
into
the
heart
of
the
thing
—
even
a
little
thing,
a
blade
of grass,
as Walt Whitman said
—
is to
experience a kind of exhilaration
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