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初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结

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2021-02-11 22:54
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2021年2月11日发(作者:自我评估)


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第一部分





语言知识与能力



第一章



英语语言知识



二、语音(


Speech Sounds



P78





1


、语音分类





发音方式






























发音部位







VL -


清浊音(


voiceless consonant





VD -


浊辅音(


voiced consonant




< p>
2


、音系学(


phonology



P79



1


)同化规则(


assimilation Rule




progressive assimilation


顺同化



(前面带偏后面)


worked


regressive assimilation


逆同化



(后面带偏前面)


newspaper


reciprocal/double assimilation


互相同化



did you



2


)音节(


syll able




tea



chi-na



im-pos-si-ble







重音(


stress






声调(


t one





3


)语音变化(


vocal variety




liaison


连读



pick it up


plosion


爆破音



plosion loss


失去爆破



sit down




incomplete plosion


不完全爆破



ask ed



nasal plosion


鼻腔爆破



button





lateral plosion


舌边爆破



little






三、形态学(


Morphology






1



morpheme


词素





重点!




P87



1



free morpheme


自由词素



dog



bound morpheme


黏着词素



moonwalk



2



root


词根





affix


词缀(


prefix


前缀、


suffix


后缀)





stem


词干



friend-ships



3



inflectional affix


屈折词缀



-s,-ing,-ed


不同形式


< /p>



4



deri vational affix


派生词缀



改变词性和意义






2


、(< /p>


1



inflection


屈折变化



-s,-ing,-ed


不同形式


< /p>



2



word -formation


词的形成:


compounding


复合法




through-out


.


精品文档









derivation


派生法




prefixation


前缀化




suffixation


后缀化




il-logical-ly







3


、常见构词法



P89




invention


新创词



nylon





blending


混成法



smoke+fog=smog




clipping


截断法



advertisement=ad






initialism


首字母连写词



WTO




acronym


首字母拼音词



AIDS






back-formation


逆构词法



editor--edit




analogical creation


类似构词



work--wrought/worked





types of borrowing


借词法:


loanword/borrowing


借词



feast


(法语中借来)





























loanblend


混合借词



Chinatown


(本国加外来)





























loanshift


转移借词



bridge


(借用意义)





























loan translation


翻译借词



(从别种语言翻译而来)




4


、词义变化







broadening


词义扩大



bird


小鸟


--


鸟类





narrowing


词义缩小



girl


年轻人


--


女孩



meaning shift


词义转移





class shift


词性转换





folk etymology


俗词源


(错多了成了对的)




四、句法学(


Syntax





P91


1


、句法关系






syntagmatic relation


组合关系(


horizontal relation/chain relation


)构成同一形式、序列或

< p>
结构






paradigmatic relation


聚合关系(


vertical relation/choice relation


)各要素可相互替换






relation of co-occurrence


共现关系(不同集合的词语一起组成句子)




2


、句子结构和成分





immediate constituent analysis


直接成分分析法(


IC


分析法)



The boy ate the apple.


用树形图(


tree diagram




一般句子,主谓宾之类的





endocentric construction


向心结构




一个词或词组可以确定为中心(


center


)或中心词(


head



two stone bridge


一般名词


/


动词


/


形容词短语







exocentric construction


离心结构




没有确定的中心或中心词



The boy smiled.


一般动宾


/


系表结构

















deep structure


深层结构(含义相同,说法不同)







surface structure


表层结构(句子表述方式)

















五、语义学(


Semantics< /p>





P93







1


、涵义关系(


Sense Relations



lexical relation


词汇关系




1


)同义关系(


Synonymy


)< /p>


synonyms


同义词








stylistic


文体差别


(formality) buy-- perchase



dialectal


地域差别



underground --subway







collocational


搭配差别



accuse(of)--charge(with)










emotive


情感差别



thrifty--stingy



semantic


语义差别



enough-- ample



2


)反义关系(


Antonymy



antonyms


反义词





relational opposites


意义相反词








gradable antonymy


等级反义



warm--cool








complementary antonymy


互补反义



boy --girl









converse antonymy


反向反义关系



buy--sell


.


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3


)上下义关系(


Hyponym y


)种类和成员








包括上坐标词(


superordinate


)和下义词(


hyponymy




flower--rose/tulip


< br>4


)一词多义(


Polysemy





5


) 同音


/


同形异义现象(


Homonym y









homophone


同音异义



sun--son







homograph


同形异义



lie







complete homonym


完全同音同形异义



bank


岸边;银行




2


、句子逻辑关系



iff--


充分必要条件“


S is true iff P



P


就是


S


的真值条件(


truth condition



P



1



synonymy


同义关系




X is synonymous with Y.




同真同假






P95



2



contradiction


矛盾关系




X is inconsistent with Y.




一真一假





3



entailment


蕴含关系




X entails Y.





X


小,


Y







X



old man



Y



man



4



pre supposition


预设关系




X presupposes Y.




Y


是前提



X



repair the car



Y



have a car



六、语用学(


Pragmatics






P96


1


、言语行为理论(


Speech Act Theory






1



locutio nary act


发话行为(说话人表达字面意思)






















is the act of saying something which is meaningful an can be understood.




2



illocutionary act


行事行为(说话人表达意图)






















is the act in saying something to perform a function.



3



perlocutionar y act


取效行为(作用于听话人的效果)























is the results or effects that are produced by means of saying something.



言外之意(


illocutionary point


):








representatives


阐述类;



directives


指令类;



commissives


承诺类;










expressives


表达类;



declarations


宣告类





2


、会话含义理论(


Conversa tional Principle/Maxim





violate


违反






P97




cooperative principle,CP


合作原则(会话有共同目标)










Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it


occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.





1



the maxim of quantity


数量准则(信息充分)




2



the maxim of quality


质量准则(说实话)




3



the maxim of relation


相关准则(说相关的事)




4



the maxim of manner


方式准则(清楚简洁避免歧义)






conversational implicature


会话含义(用会话准则暗示意义)




1



calculability


可推导性(含义能理解)




2



cancellability


可取消性(


defeasibility


)(因 素变化,含义变化)




3

< p>


non-detachability


不可分离性(含义依附于内容)



(< /p>


4



non- conventionality


非规约性(含义不确定)















































七、修辞学(


Rhetoric




问法:


rhetoric/rhetorical device


修辞策略



P98



1



sim ile


明喻



like,as...as,as if,as though,similar to,such as


2



meta phor


隐喻



(暗含比较)



elephant pause


.


精品文档



3



personification


拟人



(把事物或概念当做人)



4



metonymy


借代



(用事物的名称代替亲密相关的另一事物)



5



synecdoche


提喻



(部分代替整体或整体代替部分)



hand/mouth--man


6



euphemism


婉言



die--pass away


7



irony


反语



(意思相反)



8


allegory


讽喻



9



exaggeration


夸张



(夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣)



10



transferred epithet


移位修辞




nervous exam


11


、< /p>


oxymoron


矛盾修辞




bitter-sweet memory


12



pun


双关语




homophonic puns


谐音双关;


homographic puns


语义双关)








八、语言教学





P100


1


、中介语(


interlanguage


< br>


2


、对比分析(


contra stive analysis




3


、错误分析(


error analysis







1



error


错误



(因为知识不足)










mistake


失误



(不注意犯错)






2



interlingual errors


语际错误(迁移错误)因为母语




Cnglish









intralingual errors


语内错误(发展性错误)因为过度概括语言规则



eat-eated(



)



4


、错误性质:






omissions


省略(少成分);


additions


添加(多成分);






misformations < /p>


形式错误(


eated


);






double markings


双重标记(


didn



t went


);


misorderings


顺序错误(


how you are





5


、我国外语学习者错误类型






1



negative transfer


负迁移


/


干扰




因为母语






2



over-generalization


过度类推


/


过度概括




因为过度概括语言规则






3



pragmatic failure


语用错误




违反对方的文化习俗



6


、第二外语习得理论(


Second Language Acquisition,SLA







1



Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis


语言习得和学得假说




(习得和学得两条不同的途径)






2



Monitor Hypothesis


语言监察假说




(学习者自己监督控制语言输出质量)






3



Input Hypothesis


语言 输入假说(接触理解可理解性语言输入


comprehensible input







4



Affective Filter Hypothesis


情感过 滤假说


(输入


input


和吸收


intake


受到动力


motivation



性格


personality


、情感状态


affective state







5



Natural Order Hypothesis


自然顺序假说 (可以不按任何语法顺序来教学)






第二章



英语语言运用能力



一、教学中的非语言交际



1


、非语言手段





P118




environment lan guage


环境语(座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等)






object language


客体语(个人,衣着化妆、个人用品等)




2


、非语言行为





body language


体态语(身姿、手势、表情、目光)



.


精品文档





paralanguage


副语言(声音音质、音量、语调、语速)




第三章



英语国家的语言、历史和文学



三、语言、文化和社会



1


、局部结构





P131




毗邻对(


adjacency pairs




一轮对话




1


)毗邻对的条件相关性(


conditional relevance






preferred second part/preference structure


优选结构



Hi




dispreferred second part/dispreference structure


非优选结构





relevant absence


相关缺失




2


)毗邻对的扩展





base pairs


根毗邻对



(被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对)





前扩展,指前序列(


pre- sequences


),包括邀请、请求、结束、宣告





中扩展,包括插入序列(


insertion sequences


)和旁侧序列(


side sequences






后扩展,指后序列(


post sequences


),包括会话修正和主体化




2


、会话修正





会话修正机制三个部分:





修正源(


trouble source


)、修正的发起(


repair initiat ion


)、修正(


repair






lexical


词汇启动(


no,sorry,let me see,you know






non-lexical


非词汇启 动(


um..,uh..





四、语言与文字



1


、小说语言





P134



1


)小说与视角





first-person narrator


第一人称叙述者(


I








third-person narrator


第三人称叙述者(


he,she,it,they





2


)语言 表达与思想表达





direct speech


直接言语(“


F**k you


”)





indirect speech


间接言语(


he said/asked






free indirect speech


自由间接言语






第二部分





语言教学知识与能力



第一章



初中英语课程标准



一、初中英语课程基础知识



1


、英语课程的性质





P149




The nature of English Curriculum is instrumentality/tool and humanity.


(工具性和人文性)





Students



overall development is the motivation and goal of the English curriculum.



2


、英语课程的设计思路





The design of the new National English Curriculum unifies both primary and secondary school


English into one continuum of development and divides English language teaching and learning


.


精品文档



into nine competence-based levels by adopting the international general classification method.




Level 5 is the required standard for the end of junior middle school.




Level 2--primary school



二、英语课程的分级标准





P154


1


、语言技能(


Language Skills






Overall performance objectives for each level are given in addition to detailed descriptions of


abilities regarding language knowledge, language skills, affect, learning strategies as well as


cultural awareness for relevant levels.



2


、语言知识(


Language Knowledge


)(语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题)





Students are required to learn consists of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, function and theme.






3


、情感态度(


Affect


)(兴趣、动机、自信、意志和合作精神;祖国意识和国际视野)





interest,



motivation,



confidence,



will and cooperation; National consciousness and


international vision.



4


、学习策略(


Learning Strategies


)(认知、调控、交际、资源)





Learning strategies can be classified into four groups: cognitive strategy, regulative strategy,


communicative strategy and resourcing strategy.



5


、文化意识(


Cultural A wareness/Understanding


)(历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、 生活


方式、行为规范、文学艺术、价值观念)





Historical geography, local customs, traditional customs, lifestyle, norms of behavior, literature


and art, values.



三、英语课程的实施建议





P161


1


、教学建议




1


)面向全体学生,为每个学生学习英语奠定基础




2


)注意语言实践 ,培养学生的语言运用能力




3


)加强学习策略指导,培养学生自主学习能力



4


)培养学生的跨文化交际意识,发展跨文化交际能力< /p>




5


)结合实 际教学需要,创造性地使用教材




6


)合理利用各种教学资源,提高学生的学习效率




7


)组织生动活泼的课外活动,拓展学生的学习渠 道




8


)不 断提高专业水平,努力适应课程要求





第二章



初中英语教学基本理论



一、语言观(


Views of Language






P173


1


、语言的概念





Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.



2


、语言的本质特征


/


设计特性(


des ign features





1



arbitrariness


任意性(体现了


convention


规约性 )




2


)< /p>


duality


二重性(


basic level, higher level


基层和高层)



.



精品文档




3



creativity


创造性< /p>


/productivity


能产性


< /p>



4



disp lacement


移位性(赋予


generalizations, abstractions


概括和抽象)



5



cultural transmission


文化传习性




3


、语言的功能(


Functions of Language





1



informative function


信息功能




2



interpersonal function


人际功能




3



performative function


施为功能




4



emotive function


情绪功能




5



phatic function


寒暄功能




6



recreational function


娱乐功能




7



metalingual function


元语言功能




4


、语言学角度的语言观




1



The Structural View of Language


结构语言观





the structural view sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems:


phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntax.




2



The Function View of Language


功能语言观





the function view sees language not only as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing


things.



3



The Interactional View of Language


交互语言观(


interaction, dynamics


交互性和动态)





the interactional view of language considers language as a communicative tool, whose main


use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.




二、语言学习观(


Views of Language Learning






P176


1


、语言学习理论


< br>(


1



Behaviorist Learning Theory


行为主义学习理论



Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arouses out of the ideas that attempted to explain


all learning in terms of some form of conditioning (stimulus, response, and reinforcement)


2



Cognitive Learning Theory


认知主义学习理论





Cognitive theory thinks that



language is a intricate rule-based system and with a knowledge of


the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced



.


< p>
3



Constructivist Learning Theory


构建主义学习理论





The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs


meaning based on his own experiences and what he already knows.



最近发展区理论



Zone of Proximal Development




三、语言教学观(


Views of Language Teaching






P178


1


、语言教学理论




(结构主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论)




















四、外语教学法的主要流派



1



grammar- translation method


语法翻译法




2



audio-lingual method


听说法(


pattern drill


句型操练、


contrastive analysis


对比分析法)



.


精品文档



3



total physical response


全身反应教学法





P181


4



cognitive approach


认知教学法(提高


accuracy, appropriateness


得体性)



5



communicate approach


交际法



(包含< /p>


function,notion


功能和意念)

< br>




P183



1


)交际能力(


comm unicative competence






grammatical competence


语法能力、


sociolinguistic


社会语言能力、


discourse


语篇能力、


strategic


策略能力、


linguistic


语 言能力、


pragmatic


语用能力、


fluency


流利性




2



3P


教学模式:< /p>


presentation--practice--production




6



task-based approach


任务型教学





P184



1



real-world tasks /target tasks


目标任务;



pedagogical tasks


教学任务




2


)任务的四个构成元素:


objective



context



proc ess



outcome



3



information gap


信息差


/


信息沟





activities must have clear and attainable objectives./should be confined to the classroom


context./should help develop students



language ability.



4



con structivism learning theory


建构主义学习理论





(强调


scene, writing, conversation, and meaning construction


情景、


写作、


会话和意义建构)




5


)任务型教学的三个 环节:


pre- task


前任务、


task-cycle


任务环



task



planning



report



language focus


语言聚焦(


analysis



pr actice







第三章



初中英语语言知识教学



一、语音教学





P192



1


、语音教学的内容





The realistic goal of teaching pronunciation should be





consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural.





intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners.





communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is


intended by the speaker.



2



Pronunciation knowledge teaching


发音知识教学






monophonic, alphabet, phonetic symbols


单音、字母、音标)




3



Flow of language teaching


语流教学






sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation


重音、节奏、语调)





4



The principle of phonetic teaching


语音教学的原则






accuracy, long-term, integrity, communication, pertinence, interest


准确性、长期性、整体


性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原则)




5



The teaching method of phonetics


语音的教学方法





P195



1



Sound perception


听音感知




练习方法:


using minimal pairs


最小对立体


(live-- leave)



which order


排序、


same or different


辨别异同、


odd one out


同中选异、


completion


填空



.


精品文档




2



Imitation and explanation


模仿讲解





personally demonstration



imitate




practice


亲自示范,反复模仿、练习




3



Pronunciat ion practice


发音练习




练习方法:


listen and repeat


听音模仿、


fill in the blanks


填空、


using pictures


借助图片、



using meaningful context


借助情景


make up sentences


造句、


using togue twisters


运用绕口令




4


)语流教学(见上)慢动作(


slow motion speaking





二、词汇教学





P197




language teaching theories


理论



构成:


receptive/passive vocabulary


接受性


/


消极 词汇和


productive/


产出性


/


积极词汇



1



Learning content


教学内容




1



word meaning


词汇的意义



include learning form,meaning and use.




Knowing a word means: knowing its pronunciation and stress/ its spelling and grammatical


properties/ its meaning/ how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.




词汇意义包括


conceptual meaning




associated meaning


概念意义和关联意义



概念意义:词典中意思,即


literal meaning/ denotation


字面意思


/


词 汇的外延、



关联意义:文化含义与语境意义,又称


connotation


词汇的内涵


( learn in the context )




2



word use


词汇的用法





包括:


collocation/ phrases/ idiom/ style/ register


搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域



(< /p>


3



word information


词汇信息





包括:


part of speech/ prefixes/ suffixes/ spelling/ pronunciation/ grammar features


词类、前


缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特征




4



word memory strategies


词汇记忆策略





avoid rote-learning


避免死记硬背




word- building


构词法猜测词义




2



Learning principle


教学原则




1


)音形义结合



pronounce



spelling



meaning



< p>
2


)词块整体教学



lexical chunks ( knowledge of collocation


搭配


)



3


)具体语境中教



learn in the context



4


)循序渐进



step by step



5


)反复练习巩固 记忆



review



6


)培养自学词汇能力



deduce the meaning of words


猜测词义




3



Teaching method


教学方法





P200



1


)呈现词汇


:




visual/physical demonstration


直观呈现





Word-building < /p>


构词法、


synonym/antonym(opposites )


同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答





verbal context/ situation < /p>


结合语境


/


创设情境






运用词汇学习策略,如


chunks/ reasoning/ analog/ using dictionary


归类


/< /p>


推理


/


类比


/< /p>


查字典




2< /p>


)巩固词汇:





labelling/ spot the difference/ describe the draw/ play a game/ word bingo/word association


贴标签


/


找茬


/


描述绘画


/


玩游戏(宾果)


/


词汇联想

< p>



三、语法教学





P201


.


精品文档



1



Content


教学内容





grammar


语法具有


Three dimensions


三维性:


form, meaning and usage


形式、意义和用法





semantic


语义包括


grammatical form/the grammatical meaning of the structure/contents of < /p>


meaning


语法形式、结构的语法意义和内容意义

< p>




task


教学任务:


语法


rules

< br>规则的


cognition/ drill/ application


认知


/


操练


/


应用、


the generation


of grammar consciousness


语法意识的生成




2



Principle

< p>
教学原则(交际性


/


实践性、集中分散相结合、趣 味性


/


通俗性)





grammar teaching should be:


(1)collocational:the grammar should be built on collocational relations between individual lexical


items and their subcategories.


(2)Constructive:one's knowledge of grammar is built bit by bit,which closely model the way


language is learned and used.


(3)Contextual:syntactic and lexical choices are explicitly related to pragmatic ones,and to social


and cultural contexts.


(4)Contrastive:grammar involves drawing the learner's attention to contrast the differences


between the target language and other languages,and between sets of similar features and items


of the target language.



3

< p>


Method


教学方法





P202



1



deductive method


演绎法(讲解规则,结合实例分析用法,句型练习)





features: It saves time/pays more attention to form/teaches grammar in a decontextualized


situation


脱离上下文




2



induc tive method


归纳法(学生自行归纳语法规则)





start with examples and guides ss to work out the rules

< p>


3



guided discovery method


引导发现法(学生归纳总结语法规则,老师强化其形式意义)




四、语篇教学





P204


1


、概念和结构



1



Conception


概念



discourse patt ern


语篇可以是


dialogue



monologue


对话、


独白,


包括


written/spoken language


书面语、口语,


form


形式上是


cohesion


衔接的,


semantic


语义上是


coherence


连贯的




2



Tactic pattern


结构模式





语段


/< /p>


句群、句际关系(并列、顺序、层递、转折)


< br>(


3



Cohesive device


衔接手段





logical connectors


逻辑纽带(


firstly, thus, on the other hand, if not






grammatical connectors


语法纽带(时态什么的)





Lexical connect ors


词汇纽带(


repetition


重复、


synonym/antonym(opposites)

同义


/


反义词)




Develop ss



skill of recognizing discourse patterns


训练方式:





checking the logic of the author



s arguments.




getting the scrambled sentences into a paragraph.(focus on textual coherence)




marking out common openers to stories and jokes.





2


、教学内涵



.


精品文档





Aims at developing ss



discourse awareness.(teacher asks ss to concentrate on such features as


structure, coherence and cohesion of a text)



3


、教学方法





P207




overall effecti veness


整体性效能(用


knowledge transfer


知识迁移实现,重在


cultivate


application ability


应用能力培养)、


overall grasp of the discourse


语篇的整体把握




Teaching language at the discourse level :


utterance function / expected response/ congratulation/ apology/ acceptance/ inform.



第四章



初中英语语言技能教学





P212


一、听力教学



1


、影响听力的主要因素


< p>


1



objectiv e factor


客观因素:


types of language used


语言特征(语速


/tone


音调


/pause




/liaison


连读)、


tas k or purpose in listening


听力任务、


context in which the listening occurs


文化背景知识


< p>


2



subjecti ve factor


主观因素:


psychological< /p>


心理因素、


knowledge skills


知识技能因素、


methods and tactics


方法与策略因素




2


、听力教学的要领




1


)合理选择听力


mate rial


材料



authentici ty


真实性、


intelligibility


可理解性、


diversity/variety


多样 性)




2


) 建立专门的听力


training system


训练体系



< p>
3


)优化心理氛围,降低焦虑感(


arouse interest


调动兴趣、放松)




4


)重视听的过程中的


skill training


技巧训练





prediction


预测、


guess


猜测、


coherent memory


连贯记忆(


note- taking


)、


identifying the


discourse markers


辨认语段标记




5


)科学设计听力练习




3


、听力训练的

type


类型





P216



1



Focus listening


精听(


tonal discrimination


辨音、


gap filling


填空、


dictation


听写)



听写形式:





dictogloss


听释、


fast-speech dictation


快速听写、


pause and paraphrase


听写大意、


listening


cloze


完形听写、


error identification


纠错听写、


jigsaw identification


线索听写





2



Gist listening


泛听


( decide on the best title )



3



Free listening


随意听




4


、听力教学


model

模式




1



Bottom-up model


“自下而上”(强调


language knowledge


语言知识)



(< /p>


2



Top-down model


“自上而下”(侧重


background information


背景知识)




5


、听力教学的过程





P218



1



Pre-listening tasks


听前环节(


brainstorming/discuss a relevant picture/writing question


about the topic/associating vocabularies with the topic




.


精品文档




2



While-listening tasks


听中环节(辨音、获取主要信息、预测、猜词悟义)




3



Pos t-listening tasks


听后环节(


writing a similar text< /p>


作文、


discussion


讨论)




二、口语教学





P219


1



Spoken language


口语的特点




fragmentation


结构不完整性、


involvement


人和场合紧密依存性)


< p>


1


)语法特征


:The re are four common features of spoken language:






Using less complex syntax.


语法







Taking short cuts,lete sentences.(and, or,but)






Using fixed conventional ph rases/chunks.


俗语


(fashionable word, two-part allegorical


saying,colloquialism,slang,phrasal verbs


歇后语


/


口语词


/


俚语


/


短语动词


)






Using devices such as fillers,hesitation device to give time to think before speaking.


结构特征:


< p>
往往借助


filler


补白词(

< br>you know, let me see, um




形象特征:说话人的表情、语气及态度等


body langu age


身体语言;音质


/


声调


/


重音


/


停顿




2


)口语的交际特 点



“说”受语言


rule

< p>
规则支配


/


时间


fact or


因素制约


/


对方

< br>response


反应影响




2


、口语教学的要领




1


)在听的基础上培养说的能力(使输入的信息量大 于输出的信息量)




2


)组织多样化的口语活动形式



口语活动类型:


pre-communicative activities


前交际活动(操练


/

< br>模仿


/


重复)






communicative activities


交际活动(信息差活动


/


解决问题活动


/


讨论


/


辩论


/


采访


/


游戏)< /p>




3


)正确处 理准确与流利的关系






Accuracy( identify particular phonemes on tape )





Fluency( shouldn



t interrupt )




4


)创造 浓厚外语氛围,鼓励学生敢说乐说



The characteristics of a successful speaking task:





maximum foreign talk/even participation/high motivation/right language level



5


)合理选择口语组织形式,增加学 生开口的机会(小组形式


/


单双人活动)




3


、口语训练的方法





imitativeness


模仿性、


monologue


独白性、


performing


表演性的口语表达




三、阅读教学





P223


1


、外语阅读的


type/form


类型




1


) 根据阅读方式和技巧的不同划分



Adaptive reading


适应性阅读








recognition--read--silent-reading


认读


--


朗读


--


默读



Learning reading


学习型阅读








plain substance


主旨浅显

information


信息量大,强调阅读速度



comprehension


理解性阅读









real material


材料真实、


wide theme


题材广泛、


various types


体裁多样,


higher difficulty



度较高




2


)根据阅读方式和技巧的不同划分



.

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