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北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心
200
8
年博士生招生考试试卷（
A
卷）
（刘润清
）
Directions: Answer any
FOUR
of the following
questions, each bearing 25 points
out
of
100.
Your
answers
will
be
evaluated
in
terms
of
both
their
content and language.
Please write very clearly.
I
Define TEN of
the following terms and then translate them into
Chinese.
1. register
2.
dialect
3. linguistic potential
4. critical
period hypothesis
5. displacement
6.
duality of structure
7. extraposition
8.
gradual adjective
9.
deduction
10.
idiolect
11. lateralization
12. retrospection
13. phoneme
14.
right branching direction
15. rule-governed behavior
16. speech synthesis
17.
behaviourism
18. null operator movement
19.
story grammar
20. traditional grammar
II. Read carefully the following
passage taken from
Saussure
’
s
Course
in General
Linguistics
and
then
discuss
its
importance
in
exploring
the
nature
of
language.
Language is a system of
signs that express ideas, and is therefore
comparable to a system of
writing, the
alphabet of deaf-mutes, symbolic rites, polite
formulas, military signals, etc. But it is
the most important of all these
systems.
A science that
studies the life of signs within society is
conceivable; it would be a part of
social psychology and consequently of
general psychology;
I shall call it
semiology. Semiology
would show what
constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since
the science does not yet exist,
no one
can say what it would be; but it has a right to
existence, a place staked out in advance.
Linguistics is only a part of the
general science of semiology; the laws discovered
by semiology
will
be
applicable
to
linguistics,
and
the
latter
will
circumscribe
a
well-defined
area
within
the
mass
of anthropological facts.
To
determine
the
exact
place
of
semiology
is
the
task
of
the
psychologist.
The
task
of
the
linguist is to find out what makes
language a special system within the mass of
semiological data.
This issue will be
taken up again later; here I wish merely to call
attention to one thing: if I have
succeeded
in
assigning
linguistics
a
place
among
the
science,
it
is
because
I
have
related
it
to
semiology.
following passage is taken
from Halliday
’
s
An Introduction to Functional
Grammar
. Read it carefully,
explain what every sentence means and then
comment on his theory of language.
The basic opposition, in
grammars of the second half of the twentieth
century, is not that between
'structuralist'
and
'generative'
as
set
out
the
public
debates
of
the
1960s.
There
are
many
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