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名词解释
1.
Language
: language is a
system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication.
2.
Design features of language
(
语言的区别性特征
)
:
i.
Arbitrariness:
the
forms
of
linguistic
signs
bear
no
natural
relationship
to
their
meaning=language is
arbitrary in
the sense that
there is
no intrinsic
connection between
a
word()
and the object it refers to .
ii.
Duality:
the
property of having two levels of structures, such
that units of the primary level
are
composed of elements of the secondary level. By
duality we mean that language system
has two sets of structures, one of
sounds and the other of meanings.
指拥有两层结
构的这种特
性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。指语言是声音和意义双重结构组成的系
统。
举例：
Sounds >
syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences>
texts/discourses
iii.
Productivity
：
Language can be used to create new meanings
because of its duality .
语言可
以
理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果
（
Un
derstand
and
create
unlimited
number with
sentences
）
iv.
Displacement<
/p>
：
Human languages enable their
users to symbolize something which are not
present at the moment of communication.
v.
Cultural
transmission:
language
is
passed
on
from
generation
to
generation
through
teaching and
learning rather than instinct.
3.
Linguistics
is the scientific study of language. It
is a scientific study because it is based on the
systematic investigation of linguistic
data, conducted with reference to some general
theory of
language structure.
4.
Psycholinguistics
: It is the
study of how language is acquired, understood and
produced.
5.
Langue:
F.
de
Saussure
.
Langue
refers
to
the
abstract
linguistic
system
shared
by
all
the
members
of
a
speech
community.
语言指语言系
统的整体，这个整体相对是比较稳定的。
（
abstract<
/p>
）
6.
Parole
:
the
realization
of
langue
in
actual
use.
言语则指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中
说出的具体话语。
（
concrete
）
7.
Competence
:
Chomsky.
Competence is the
ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his
language.
8.
Performance:
Performance
is
the
actual
realization
of
this
knowledge
in
linguistic
communication.
9.
Phoneme
(
音位）
：
A
phoneme
is
a
phonological
unit;
it
is
the
smallest
unit
of
sound
in
a
language, of distinctive
value, abstract. It is not any particular sound,
but rather it is represented
or
realized by a certain phone in a certain context.
10.
Allophones
(
音位变体）
：
Th
e
non-distinctive
sounds
are
members
of
the
same
phoneme.
For
example, in English, when the
phoneme/p/ occurs at the beginning of words like
put
and
pair
, it
is
aspirated; but when /p/ occurs in
words like
span
and
spare
, it is
unaspirated
。
The aspirated
and unaspirated /p/ are allophones of
the same phoneme.
11.
Minimal pairs
(
最小对
立体）
：
Word forms which differ
from each other only by one sound.
For
example, in English,
pill
and
bill
are a minimal pair
12.
Complementary
distribution
(
互补分布
）
：
Not
all
the
speech
sounds
occur
in
the
same
environment.
When
two
sounds
never
occur
in
the
same
environment,
for
example,
the
unaspirated/p/ always occurs after /s/
while the aspirated one always occurs in other
places.
13.
Suprasegmental phonology
(
超音段音位）
：
stress
（重音）
(word stress &
sentence stress), tone
（音调）
and
intonation
（语调）
.
1
14.
Morphology
：
It
’
s the
branch of linguistics that studies that internal
structure of words, and the
rules by
which words are formed.
15.
Morpheme
(
词素）
：
The
minimal
unit
of
meaning,
the
smallest
unit
in
terms
of
relationship
between
expression and content.
PS:Types: roots
(
词
根）
affix
（词缀）
and
stem
（词干）
.
16.
Inflectional
affix
（屈折词缀）
：
Infle
ctional affixes are mostly
suffixes(
后缀
),which are
always
word final(e.g. drums, walks,
Mary's)
①
limited in number
②
not change the part of
speech
③
indicating
grammatical meaning
④
conditioned by the phrase
or sentence they attach to
17.
derivational
affix
（派生词缀）
:
Derivational
affixes
can
be
prefixes(e.g.
depart,
online)
or
suffixes(e.g. teacher, workable).
①
change the lexical meaning
②
might or might not change
the part of
speech
(
词性
)
③
based on simple
meaning distinctions
④
more
productive
⑤
can be prefixes
or suffixes
18.
Word-formation
(
构词
）
：
the processes of word
variations signaling lexical relationships. They
are c
ompound
(
合成）
and
derivation
(
派生
).
19.
Syntax
：
It is a
branch of linguistics that studies how words are
combined to form sentences and
the
rules that govern the formation of sentences.
20.
Category
(
范畴）
：
It
refers to the defining properties of words. E.g.
the categories of the noun
and the
pronoun are usually said to the categories of
number
（数）
,
gender
（性）
,
case
（格）
.
21.
Syntactical <
/p>
category
(
句法范畴
):
A
group
of
linguistic
items
which
fulfill
the
same
or
similar
functions in sentence-formation.
（在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位）
Word--lexical category, Phrase--phrasal
category, Clause---clausal category, Sentence
22.
Simple
sentence:
It contains a subject and a
verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
Coordinate sentence:
It
contains two
independent clauses joined by a
coordinator(
并列连词
)
.
Complex
sentence
: It has an independent clause
joined with one or more dependent clauses by one
or
more
subordinators(
从属连词
) such as
if, when, because, although.
23.
Reference:
how language
refers to the real
physical world
(
语言指代外部物质世界
)
Sense:
Inherent
meaning
of
the
linguistic
form.
It
is
abstract
and
the
meaning
dictionary
compilers are interested in.
(
语言形式的内在意义
)
24.
Homonymy
: words having
different meanings have the same form, different
words are identical
in sound or
spelling, or in both.
homophones
同音词
(knight and
night, piece and peace )
homograph
同形词
(tear (v) and
tear (n), lead (v) and lead (n) )
complete
homonyms
同音同形词
(fast (adj)
and fast (n) )
25.
言语行为理论
Speech Act
Theory:
J. Austin,
20
世纪
50
年代末，
认为语言不
仅可以用来表述，
更
可以用来
“
做事
doing
things”
，
即
“to do
things with words”
.
●
言内行为
Locutionary
Act
：指
the utterance of a
sentence itself,
即
“
说话
”
行为本身，话语表
示字面意思
literal Meaning
●
言外行为
Illocutionary
Act
：指说话时，因为言语本身的一些习惯力量而随之产生了其他
的一些行为，如
警告、允诺等；通常表述的是说话者的交流目的或意图
●
言后行为
Perlocutionary Act
26.
合作原则
The Cooperative
Principles: (
)
Quantity Maxim: Make it as informative
as required, not too much
Quality Maxi
m
：不要说不真实
false
或者缺乏
证据
lack adequate
evidence
的话
Relation
Maxim
：
relevant
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