-
History And Anthology of American
Literature
(Volume
ⅠⅡ
)
美国文学史及选读
1
、
2
Part
Ⅰ
The
Literature of Colonial
America
殖民主义时期的文学
1.
17
世纪早期
English and
European explorers
开始登陆美洲。
在他们
之前
100
多年
Caribbean
Islands, Mexico
and other Parts of
South America
已被
the
Spanish
占领。
2.
17th
早期
English
settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(
< br>弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞
)
开始了美国历史
< br>
3.
美
国
最
早
殖
民
者
(earliest
settlers)included
Dutch
,Swedes
,Germans
,French
,Spaniards
,Italians
and
Portuguese
(
荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等
)
。
4.
美国早期文学主要为
the narratives and
journals of these
settlements
采用
in diaries and
in journals(
日记和日
志
)
，他们写关于
the land with dense
forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
5.
第
一<
/p>
批
美国
永久
居<
/p>
民：
the
first
permanent
English
settlement
in
North
America
was
established
at
Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(
北
美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿
)
。
6.
船长约翰·史密斯
Captain John
Smith
他的作品
(reports of explora
tion)17th
早期出版，被认为是美国第一部
真正意义上
的文学作品
in
the
early
1600s,have
been
described
as
the
first
distinctly
American
literature
written in
English.
他讲述了
filled with
themes, myths, images, scenes, character and event
s,
吸引了朝圣者和清
教徒前往
lur
e the Pilgrims and the Puritans.
7.
美国第一位作家：
1608
年
Captain John Smith
写了封信
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事<
/p>
件的真实介绍》
“
A True
Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note
as Hath Happened in Virginia
Since the
First Planting of That
Colony
”
.
8.
他的第二本书
< br>1612
年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“<
/p>
A Map of Virginia: with a Description of
the
Country
”
.
9.
他一共出版了八本书，其中有关
于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导
sought a
post as
guide to
the
Pilgrims.
他
1624
年
《弗吉尼亚通史》
“
General History of Virginia
”
,
讲述了传奇故事
how
the Indian princess
Pocahontas(
波卡洪特斯
)saved him.
10.
他保存了殖民者在
Jamestown
早期开荒史及
explore
d the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region
(
切萨
皮克地区
)
，最重要的是
he saw from the beginning what
was eventually to be a basic principle of American
history, the need of
“
workers
”
instead of
“
gentlemen
”
for the tough job of planting colonies and
pushing
the frontiers westward.
11.
早期新英格兰文学主要关于
theological,
moral, historical and political.
12.
清教徒坚韧耐劳，
严格遵守教义
the
Puritans in New England embraced hardships,
together with the discipline
of a harsh
church
想建立神权社会
found a theocra
cy,
他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争
t
hey had toughness, purpose and character, they
grappled strongly with challenges they set themsel
ves.
他们的
基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制
hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety
这些也成了早期美国作品主
导思想。
一、
William
Bradford and John
Winthrop
威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普
普利茅斯第一任首长：
William Bradford;
波斯顿第一任首长
：
John Winthrop.
1
．
William
Bradford:
《
普利茅斯开发历史
》
“
The
History
of
Plymouth
Plantation
”
文章从
1630
年开始写起
an
account of the small group
of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam
and then to the New Wold.
文字简洁，
认真负责，
直接叙述，
可读性强
s
implicity and earnestness of the book, with its
direct reporting, make
it readable and
moving.
1637
年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总
结，
后来科登·
马瑟写道：
他是众人之
福，
也是众人之父
“a common blessing
and father to them all”
2
．
John
Winthrop:
《新英
格兰历史》
“
The
History
of
New
England
”
.1630
年登上“阿贝亚”
（
Arbella
）
to
Massachusetts
并开始写日记
keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826
年正式出版
is notable for
its candid
simplicity and honesty.
3
．
他们并
不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品
the
need
to
record important events in permanent form.
Yet, through a direct and vigorous
prose style, each account
literary
excellence.
4
．
清教徒
（
Puritan
< br>）
:
就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，
要纯洁自己信仰的人
Puritans wanted to make
pure
1
their
religious
beliefs
and
practices,
The
Puritan
was
“
Would-be
purifier
”
.
总认为自己是上帝选民
looked
upon
themselves
as
a
chosen
people.
对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意
anyone
who
challenged
their way of life was opposing
God
’
s Will and was not to be
accepted.
对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能
容
忍
they were zealous in defense of their
own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of
others.
制定法律限
制个人生活行为
made
laws about private morality as well as public beha
vior
霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的
清教徒”
“
stern and black-browed
Puritans
”
.
二、
John Cotton and Roger
Williams
约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯
1
．
John
Cotton
第一批知识分
子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”
the Patriarch of New
England. 1633
年到
Boston
开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为
he
was
the
“
teacher
”
(spiritual leader) of the
community and its guiding influence toward the
ideal of theocracy(a state
ruled by the
church)
他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成
his
primary influence was through the pulpit.
< br>听众对
他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主
th
ey
were
much
more
concerned
with
authority
than
with
democracy.
2
．
Roger
Williams:1631
年
came to the
Massachusetts
后被放逐到现罗德岛
Rhode
Island
。对不同意见者并不赞
同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍
，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，
没有任何
政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨
the idea that
simply to be virtuous in conduct and
devout in belief did not give anyone
the right to force belief on others. He also felt
that no political order or
church
system could identify itself directly with God.
他对印第安语言非常感兴趣
Indian language.
他写过《开
启美国语言的钥匙》或也叫做《美洲新英格兰部分土
著居民语言指南》
“
A Key into the
Language of America
”
or
“
A Help to the
language of the Natives in That Part of America
Called New England
”
三、
Anne
Bradstreet and Edward
Taylor
安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒
这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。
1
．
Anne Dudley
Bradstreet
是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一
one
of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630
年
乘“
Arbella
”
到
Massachusetts.
她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。
2
．
她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，
the
title of this collection of poems, in classical al
lusion(
用比喻的
方法
)
即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
“
The
Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
”
.
诗歌中传奇故事有点言
过其实，但对
日常琐事叙述相当高超
poetic ventures were
overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the
simple events of her daily life.
3
．
Edward
Taylor:
清教徒
诗人中最杰出的一位
the
best
of
the Puritan poets
他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些
杰
出
诗
人
风
格
和
形
式
his
work
followed
they
style
and
forms
of
the
leading
English
poets
of
the
mid-seventeenth
century
。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的
m
ost
of
Taylor
’
s work
treated religious themes, with many poems based
directly on the Psalms.
在世时没出版过作品，
1937
年发现手稿，
1960
< br>年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part
Ⅱ
The Literature of Reason
And Revolution
理性和革命时期文学
1
．
托马斯
·
佩因《常识》
Thomas Paine’s “
Common
Sense
”
;
托马斯
·
杰弗逊《独立宣言》
Thomas Jefferson
“
Declaration of
Independence
”
2
．
在经济
方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器
they
hampered
colonial
economy
by
requiring Americans to ship raw
materials abroad and to import finished goods at
prices higher than the cost
of making
them in this country.
3
．
在政治
方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表
by
ruling
the
colonies
from
overseas and by taxing the colonies
without giving them representation in Parliament.
4
．
美独立
战争持续了八年（
1776-1783
）
The War for Independence.
诺亚
·
韦伯斯特（
Noah
Webster
）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5
．文学上独立的代表作：
1785
年杰弗逊：
《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》
Jefferson
’
s
“
Notes on the State of
Virginia
”
;
1791
年巴特姆：
《旅行笔记》
“Travels” by Bartram
一、
Benjamin Franklin
本杰明
·
富兰克林
1706-1790
2
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家
in
the colonial period, the only good American author
before the Revolutionary War.
1
．
出生于
波士顿
Boston,
曾创办《半岛公报》
。
1732-1758
出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》
“
Poor
Richard
’
s
Almanac
”
collocation of proverbs.
2
．
建立一秘密俱乐部
the Junto, informal
discussion of scientific, economic and political i
deals.
建立可借图书馆，
创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成
功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭
successful
in
business,
renowned in science also served his
nation brilliantly.
协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”
aided Jefferson in writing
“
The Declaration of Independ
ence
”
.
同法国谈判获得援助，后
作为议会代表起草美国宪法
Constitution.
3
．
其还是美国第一位主要作家
the
first
major
write
r
非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才
as
an author he had power of expression, simplicity,
a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
4
．
他最好
作品收录在《自传》
“
Autobiography
”
。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“
Genera
l Magazine
”
“
对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“
his
shadow lies heavier than any other
man
’
s on
this
young nation.
5
．
教材作品《自传》
”
The
Autobiography
”
二、
Thomas Paine <
/p>
托马斯
·
佩因（
1737-1809
）
1
．
被称为
“人类最平凡的人“
（
Great Commoner of
Mankind
）
.
美国著名政治小册
子作家
pamphleteer.
2
．
176
2
年税务官职务
employed
as
an
excise
officer.
1772
年《收税
官的案子》
“
The Case
of
the
Officers
of
the
Excise
”
第一部政治性小册子。
1774
< br>年富兰克林给他写介绍信“
an ingenious worthy
young man
”
去美国费城
Ph
iladelphia, edited the
“
Pennsylvania
Magazine
”
and contributed to
the
“
Pennsylvania
Journal
”
是政治讽刺
的天才
a
political satirist of genius.
3
．
177
6
年
1
月
10
日
his famous pamphlet
“
Common
Sense
”
appeared
《常识》
，署名“
By an Eng
lishman
”
.
书中
大胆拥护“独立宣言”各主张
it boldly advocated a
“
Declaration for Independenc
e
”
.
成了美国独立革命思想的
代言人
became forthwith the most
articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
4
．
177
6-1783
《美国危机》
“
Amer
ican Crisis
”
signed
“
Common
Sense
”
was a series of
sixteen pamphlets.
第一篇于
1776
年黑色
12
月出版，
这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，
极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，
增强胜利信心
was read
at once to
all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired
the success of that
citizen
’
s
army
。
最后一篇
1783
年
12
月
9
日出版。
5
．
战争结束后
perfecting the model of
an iron bridge without
piers
。
(1791-1792
)
《
人权》
“
Rights of Man
”
。
拥护
卢梭自由理念，
号召推翻英国君主制
not only
championed Rousseau
’
s
doctrines of freedom, but also
suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.
6
．
在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱
, he
opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign
of
Terror, was imprisoned.
《理性的时代》
“
The
Age
of
Reason
”
1794-1795
，这部自然神论的作品主
张宗教观念的理性：
a
deistic
treatise
advocating a
rationalistic view of religion.
他最后一部作品
1797
《土地公平》
“
Agrarian Justice
”
.
7
．
教材作
品：
《美国危机》
：
“
The American Crisis
”
.
三、
Thomas Jefferson
托马斯
·
杰弗逊（
1743-1826
）
1
．
美国历史上最为广泛影响人物
his thought and
personality have influenced his countryman more
deeply and
remained more effectively
alive.
同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神
vigorous
humanitarian sympathies.
启蒙运动
的产物
a product of the
Enlightenment,
对各领域都有兴趣：
law,
philosophy, education, science,
mechanics
…
..
2
．
尽全力
为美国寻找一条自由、
自我之路：
where the
people might have a fresh start toward liberty,
selfhood.
作
为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能
力，不看重世俗中特权
a
humanist
looked
to
merit
and
ability
alone,
not to
privilege
法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利
the
natural rights of man must be secured by law
inalienably
for all, irrespective of
station
政府是一个必要的魔鬼，
政府在普遍赞同下才
合法，
其目的是为个人谋福利，
而
不是
压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由
.
government,
a
necessary
evil, found sanction only in the common consent of
a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of
the
individual,
not
his
exploitation;
it
must
provide
freedom
of
speech,
thought,
association,
press,
worship,
education, and
enterprise.
3
．
1776
年同约翰
·
亚当斯、本杰明
·
富兰克林、罗杰
·
谢尔曼、罗伯特
·
R·
利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》
with John
Adams,
Benjamin
Franklin,
Roger
Sherman
and
Robert
R
Livingston,
he
drafted
the
Declaration
of
3
Independence.
4
．
179
0-1793
任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，
as the
first American secretary of state.
1800
起担任两届美国总统。
5
．
把自己收藏的一万册书卖给政府，建立了国会图书馆（
the
Library of Congress
）
.1819
年开始创建弗吉尼亚
大学并担任第一任校长。
6
．
1
826
年去世，正值《独立宣言》签署
50
周年
the fiftieth anniversary of
“
The Declaration of
Independence
”
7
．
教材作
品：
《独立宣言》
(1776
年
7
月
4
日
)
：
“
The
Declaration of
Independence
”
。
四、
Philip Freneau
菲利浦
·
弗瑞诺（
1752-1832
）<
/p>
1
．
革命战争后期最杰出作家
perhaps the most
outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary
period
既是一位诗
人也是政治方面的新闻记者
double role as poet and political journalis
t.
作品形式是新古典主义类，
但本质上却
属浪漫主义类
he was neoclassical by training
and taste yet romantic in essential spirit
< br>。
一个讽刺小说家、
伤感
作家、
一个人道主义者
was also at once a satirist and
a sentimentalist, a humanitarian.
“美国革命诗人”
（
the
poet of the Revolution
）
;
“美国诗歌之父”
（
F
ather of American Poetry
）
.
2
．
177
0
年第
1
部作品《想象的力量》
（
The
Power
of
Fancy
）
< br>.1775
年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可
as
a
satirist of the British.
3
．
177
6
年出版《夜屋》
（
The
House of Night
）哥特式小说
the
Gothic mood. F·
L·
帕蒂称它为“在美国听到
的第一
部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”
“<
/p>
the first distinctly romantic note heard
in America
”
and
“
The
Beauties
of
Santa
Cruz
”
。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这
种风格
blending the praise of nature with
social protest, in his characteristic later
manner.
4
．
1781
写下名诗《英国囚船》
(The
British
Prison
Sh
ip)
一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍
a
good piece of invective, reveals the
rigors and brutality of his captivity
。此
后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣
地讽刺
continuing
to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.
5
．
178
6
年他的早期作品被收录在《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“<
/p>
The Poems of Philip Freneau Written
Chiefly
During the Late
War
”
.
6
．
1788
年出板
《札记》
“
Miscellaneous
Works
”
. 1791
年创办<
/p>
《国家公报》
对抗
《联邦公报》
with Jefferson
’
s
support
“
National
Gazette
”
campaigned
against
the
opinions
of
the
“
Gazette
of
the
United
States
”
edited
by
John
Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).
7
．
他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士
has only
recently been recognized as a courageous champion
of
American
popular
government.
作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来
as
a
poet,
Freneau
heralded
American literary
independence
他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，
后期形成了自然、
简洁、
言之有物的风格
in contrast with the ornate style of his
early couplets, he later developed a natural,
simple, and
concrete diction.
8
．
教材作
品：
《野忍冬花》
：
“
The Wild Honey
Suckle
”
《印第安人的坟地》
：
“
The Indian Burying
Ground
”
《致凯
提
·
迪德》
：
“
To a Caty-
Did
”
Part
Ⅲ
The
Literature of
Romanticism
浪漫主义文学
1.
1828
年安德鲁
·
杰克逊当选
7th
总统，
标志着
“美国总统中，
弗吉尼亚王朝的结束”
the frontier
hero Andrew
Jackson as the
7
th
President of the United
States had brought an effective end to the
“
Virginia
Dynasty
”
of
American Presidents.
1861
年开始
Civil War.
2.
美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市
化国家，
科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡
the
United States had
begun
to
change
into
an
industrial
cause
society,
technology
would
bring
vast
material
benefits
and
cause
overwhelming social disorders.
3.
这段时间大部分作家思想受到了
新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双重影响
The
attitudes
of
America
’
s
writers
were
shaped
by
their
New
World
environment
and
an
array
of
ideas
inherited
from
the
romantics traditions of Europe.
4.
浪漫主义共同点
romantics shared
certain general characteristics:
他们都注重道德
，强调个人主义价值观及直
觉感觉，
并且认为自然是美的源头，
人类社会是腐败之源
moral enthusiasm,
faith in the value of individualism
and
intuitive
perception,
and
a
presumption
that
the
natural
world
was
a
source
of
goodness
and
man
’
s
societies a source of corruption.
6
．
超验主
义（
1830s
—
the Civil
War
）
：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的
感受，超越法律和世
4
俗束缚的个
人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的
< br>一部分
as a moral philosophy,
transcendentalism was neither logical nor
systematized. It exalted feeling over
reason, individual expression over the
restraints of law and custom. They believed in the
transcendence of the
“
Overso
ul
”
, an all-pervading power
for goodness from which all things come and of
which all things are a part.
7
．
美国早
期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主
要形式
novels, short stories, and
poems replaced sermons and manifestos as
America
’
s principal literary
forms.
8
．
From the early 1800s to the civil war <
/p>
美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强
烈的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法< /p>
在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰
was a land of
paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and
shaped by the
realities
of
a
growing
materialism.
Americans
had
sought
new
liberties
and
new
ideas
in
life
and
art,
but
conflicts of their society had
culminated in a bloody civil war.
一、
Washington Irv
ing
华盛顿
·
欧文
< br>1783-1859
1.
他
是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，
大众化风格
was
the first great prose stylist of American
romanticism
familiar style.
2.
他的作品简单明了，
但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，
这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特
征结合起来，
作品中尽量表现出自己的个性
the
apparent
ease
of
his
writing
is
not
simply
that
of
the
gifted
amateur;
it
results from his purposeful
identification of his whole personality with what
he wrote
。
他温文尔雅，
放眼
世界，
幽默谦虚，
他用自己大气，
优雅
的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，
最后形成自己的风格
< br>he was
urbane
and
worldly,
yet
humorous
and
gentle,
his
great
and
graceful
style
combine
with
American
roots
shaped his independent
literary personality
。
他是第一个不折
不扣的纯文学作家，
他写作纯是为快乐和为了创
造快乐
he was the first great belletrist, writing
always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.
3.
1819-1820
他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读
物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国
h
is
“
Sketch
Book
”
appeared
the
first
modern short stories
and the first great American juvenile literature
to write good history and biography as
literary entertainment. He introduced
the familiar essay to America
他的短篇小说极大地
激发了世界各国人
们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣
his
best-known
stories
awakened
an
interest
in
the
life
of
American
regions.
4.
19
岁
发表
《乔纳森
·
欧尔德斯泰尔》
讽刺作品，
对纽约人的生活进行了讽刺
“
Jonathan Oldstyle
”
,
satires of New
York lif.
5.
1809
年以迪德里奇
·
尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》
，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲
殖民时的真实历史成
为了幽默作品中的经典
“
A History of New
York
”
by Diedrich
Knickerbocker a rollicking
burlesque of
a current serious history of the early Dutch
settlers, has become a classic of humor.
6.
1822
年《布雷斯布里奇庄园》
“
Bracebridge
Hall
”
.
7.
1824
年
《旅行者故事》
，
带有德国浪漫主
义风格
“
Tales of
Traveller
”
has the flavor of
the German romanticism.
8.
<
/p>
同美国剧作家及演员约翰
·
佩恩创作著名
社会喜剧《查理二世》
（又叫《快乐君主》
）
< br> in
Paris
he
with
John
Howard
Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy
“
Charles the
Second
”
or
“
The Merry
Monarch
”
.
9.
1828
《克里斯托弗
·
哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“
A History of the Life and Voyages of
Christopher Columbus
”
;
10.
1829
《格拉纳达征服编年史》
“
A Chronicle of
the Conquest of Grandada
”
;
11.
1831
《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》
“
Voyages and
Discoveries of
the
Companions of Columbus
”
.
1832
《阿尔罕布拉》
“
Alhambra
”
; 1832
年
《西班牙征服传说》
收录在
18
35
年
《见闻札记》
中
“
Legends of the
Conquest
of Spain
”
(in the
“
Crayon
Miscellany
”
).
12.
陆续出版系列西部传奇故事，
1835
《草原游记》
；
1836
《阿斯托里亚》
；
1837
《博纳维尔船长历险记》
，
western
adventures as
“
A Tour on the
Prairies
”
;
“
Astoria
”
and
“
The Adventures of Captain
Bonneville
”
.
13.
1840
《奥立弗
·
戈尔德史密斯》
“
Life of Oliver Goldsmith
”;
1855-1859
《乔治
·
华盛顿传》
“
Lif
e of George Washington
”
.
14
．教材作品：
《作者自叙》
：
“
The
Author
’
s Account of
Himself
”
;
《睡谷传奇》
：
“
The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow
”
.
二、
James Fenimore
Cooper
詹姆斯
·
芬尼莫
·
库珀
1789-1851
< br>1
．
美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家
the first important American novelist began
his literary career on a
5
dare.
2
．
1821
年他第二部小说《间谍》获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，
事件发生在美国独立战争期
间“
The
Spy
”
was successful, it was
a rousing tale about espionage against the British
during the Revolutionary
War.
3
．库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说
Cooper
launched
two
kinds
of
immensely popular stories: the sea
adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824
年
《领航者》
最为成功
“
The Pilot
”
the
best
of
his
many
sea
romances.
1839
年他写
过第一部美国式正官方历史《美国海军》
he
wrote
the
first
official history of the U.S. Navy.
4
．库珀边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》由
5
部小说共同组成，历时
18
年，
1823-1841
，即《杀鹿者》
、
《最后的莫希干
人》
、
《探
路人》
、
《拓荒者》及《大草原》
。阿
伦
·
内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近
史
诗的一部大作，
his frontier stories
“
Leather Stocking
Tales
”
including five
novels:
“
The
Deerslayer
”
; The Last
of the Mohicans
”
,
“
The
Pathfinder
”
,
“
The
Pioneers
”
,
“
The
Prairie
”
. Allan Nevins calls
these five novels
“
the
nearest approach yet to an American epi
c
”
.
通过这些人物的描写，作者记录
了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲
人意识到美国
with a
vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or
villainous, Cooper made the American
conscious of his past, and made the
European conscious of American.
5
．教材作品：
《最后的莫希干人》
：
“
The Last of the
Mohicans
”
三、
William Cullen
Bryant
威廉
·
卡伦
·
布莱恩特
1794-1878
1.
1817
年伟大史诗《死之思考》
（希腊语）
，人们一致认为这是当时
美国最杰出的一篇诗作
the
stately
poem
called
”
Thanatopsis
”
(Greek, meaning
“
view of
death
”
) introduced the best
poet to appear in American up to
that
time.
2.
他不仅在诗坛享有
极高声望，在新闻界也是一个重量级新闻人物，他是当时最杰出的编辑之一。他积极支持
言论自由、贸易自由等主张，还主张废除奴隶制
apart from his
fames as a poet, Bryant merits a reputation as
one of the great editors of American
journalism. He supported such causes as free
speech, free trade and the
abolition of
slavery.
3.
《致水鸟》
是其巅峰之作，
“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”
，
“
To a
Waterfowl
”
is perhaps the
peak of his
work,
“
Most perfect brief poem in
the language
”
.
4.
后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了
《伊利亚特》和
《奥德赛》
his most
important later works are his translations
of the
“
Iliad
”
and the
“
Odyssey
”
into English blank
verse.
5.
当欧文用自己的
作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的
水平，
他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家
As
Irving had shown that American prose had come of
age, so
Bryant demonstrated to European
readers that American poetry was ready to demand
serious attention. He
was the first
American to gain the stature of a major poet.
6.
教材作品：
《死之思考》
：
“
Thanato
psis
”
《致水鸟》
：
“
To a
Waterfowl
”
四、
Edgar Allan Po
e
埃德加
·
阿伦
·
坡
1809-1849
1.
1833
年，
在一次小说比赛中他的
《金瓶子城的方德先生》
获奖
he won a contest with his
story
“
Ms. Found in a
Bottle
”
.Then he
got a job as editor with the
“
Southern Literary
Messenger
”
(
南方文学
信使
)
坡充分展示了自
己作为编辑、诗
人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能
showed his true
talents as an editor, a poet, a literary
critic, and a writer of fiction.
2.
发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》
“
The
Fall of the House of Usher
”
.
3.
1840
年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》
his
first
collection
of
short
stories
“
Tales
of
the
Grotesque
and
Arabesque
”
.
4.
1845
年诗集《乌鸦》出版“
The
Raven
”
was published as the
title poem of a collection
在欧洲，坡被人们称
作诗歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远
< br>in Europe, he was hailed as a
pioneer in poetic and fictional
techniques. His influence was especially strong on
many French writers.
5.
教材作品：
《给海伦》
：
“
To Helen
”
《乌鸦》
：
“
The Raven
”
《安娜贝尔
·
李》
“
Annabel
Lee
”
《鄂榭府崩溃记》
“
The Fall
of the House of Usher
”
6
五、
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
拉尔夫
·
沃尔多
·
爱默生
1803-1882
1
．
他是把
超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖
he
was
responsible
for
bringing
Transcendentalism to New England and
was recognized throughout his life as the leader
of the movement
爱默
生首先强调的是个人主
义、思想独立和自强
he believed above
all in individualism, independence of mind and
self-reliance
他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲
突的思想
he admired courage, he was not
afraid of changing or
clashing ideas.
2
．
1836
年出版了第一本书《论自然》
“
Nature
”
,
真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是《美国
学者》
，还有一个是《神学院致辞》
“
The
American Scholar
”
and
“
The Divinity School
Address
”
.
他的许多演
讲后收录在他的《随笔集》中，演讲中最重要的著作是他
1850<
/p>
年的《代表》和
1856
年《英国人》<
/p>
。
1847
年他
的《诗集》问世
. Many of his lectures were
later distilled into his famous
“
Essays
”
. Among his most
important
works are
“
Representative
Men
”
and
“
English
Traits
”
.His
“
Poems
”
appeared in
1847.
3
．
< br>人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵
律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，
非常适合现代读者的口味
in his day,
Emerson
’
s poems were
criticized for their
lack of form and
polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has
received high praise. His harsh rhythms and
striking images appeal to many modern
readers as artful techniques.
4
．
他的散
文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等
整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的
句子
不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘怀
his prose
style is sometimes as highly individual as his
poetry. Many of his
essays were put
together from his journal entries, speeches, and
random notes, and they are often somewhat
disorganized. Yet his skill in
polishing each sentence into a striking thought
makes his writing memorable.
5
．
《美国学者》被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言”
“
our intellectual
Declaration of Independence
”
6
．
教材作
品：
《论自然》
：
“
< br>Nature
”
;
《论自助》
：
“
S
elf-Reliance
”
六、
Henry David Th
oreau
亨利
·
戴维
·
梭罗
1817-1862
1
．
他是爱
默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践
he
was
Emerson
’
s
truest
disciple,
who
put
into
practice many of Emerson
’
s
theories.
2
．
1854
年，
梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年
经历写出名作
《沃尔登》
“
Walde
n
”
, the superb book came out
of his
two-year
’
s
residence at Walden Pond
在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种
生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工
作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为
人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己
的生活方式
he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man
to work one day a week and the rest
of the week could be devoted to thought. For
Thoreau, as for Emerson,
self-reliance
and independence of mind ranked above all each
should find out his own way of living.
3
．
184
9
年，根据他
1846
年坐监经历写下
了著名的随笔《平民反抗》
，文章中梭罗阐述了自己的观点，在政府的
< br>压力下，人不应该违背自己的良知
From
his
experience
in
jail
came
his
famous
essay
”
Civil
Disobedience
”
,
which stated
Thoreau
’
s belief that no man
should violate his conscience at the command of a
government.
4
．
教材作品：
《沃尔登
我生活的地方；我为何生活》
：
“
Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For
”
七、
Nathaniel Hawt
horne
纳撒尼尔
·
霍桑
1804-1864
1
．
《七尖角阁的房子》讲述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“
The House of the Seven
Gables
”
deals with the
effects
of a curse, and though the tale
itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang
from the author
’
s family
history.
2
．他是通过观察和聆听别人谈话来获得创
作素材的，听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪
趣事
Hawthorne
gathered
his
material
by
observing
and
listening
to
others
whose
talk
was
filled
with
New
England Lore, legend,
and superstition.
3
．
< br>《海关大楼》
“
The
Custom House
”
;
<
/p>
1852
年的《福谷浪漫史》
“
The Blithedale
Romance
”
;
1846
年他完成了宏篇巨著《古厦青苔》
sple
ndid stories called
“
Mosses
from an Old Manse
”
1860
年创作出《宝石神像》
“
The Marble Faun
”
.
5
．
霍桑独
特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例
证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》
，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每
一个事件都能够达到了一个特定
7
的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事
Hawt
horne
’
s unique gift was
for the creation of strongly symbolic
stories which touch the deepest roots of
man
’
s moral nature. The
finest
example is the recreation of
Puritan Boston,
“
The Scarlet
Letter
”
. In this novel each
word, image, and event
works
toward
a
single
effect.
It
is
a
complex
story
of
guilt,
its
effects
upon
various
persons,
and
how
deliverance is obtained for some of
them.
6
．
< br>在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题
his
ability
to
create vivid and symbolic images that
embody great moral questions appear strongly in
his short stories
。霍桑
的杰出之处在于他
能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为了当
时人们的道德参考
it was
Hawthorne
’
s ability to make
a story exist in its own right but at the same
time appear
as a moral symbol.
< br>霍桑同埃德加
·
阿伦
·
坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师，他们都创作了独一无二的小说
形式
样
Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe
the distinction of advancing the art of the short
story, giving to
the form qualities
that are uniquely American
。
霍
桑同麦尔维尔一样都采用了讲故事的手法来探讨生活的意义
to Hawthorne and Melville, hower, the
telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the
meaning of life.
7
．
他的作
品还有：
《伊桑
·
布兰德》
、
《小伙子布朗》
、
《海
德格博士的体验》
、
《野心勃勃的客人》
、
《巨石脸》
。
“
< br>Ethan
Brand
”
;
“
Young Goodman
Brown
”
;
“
Dr.
Heidegger
’
s
Experiment
”
;
“
The Ambitious
Guest
”
;
“
The Great Stone
Face
”
.
8
．
教材作
品：
《红字》
：
“
The Scarlet Letter
”
八、
Herman Melvill
e
赫尔曼
·
麦尔维尔
< br>1819-1891
1
．
《白
鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高
峰，这种写法强烈地吸引了现在社会的读者
“
Moby
Dick
”
,
a
tremendous
chronicle
of
a
whaling
voyage
in
pursuit of a seemingly supernatural
white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism,
another strong appeal to
readers of his
century.
2
．
1846
年
《泰皮》
出版后，
他被称为
“同食人族生活的人”
“
Typee
”
, became
known as the
“
man who lived
among
cannibals
”
1847
年后续集《欧穆》同样大获成功“
Omoo
”
；
1849
年《雷德本》
“
Bedburn
”
;
1850
年《白外衣》
“
White-
Jacket
”
;
1891
年《比利
·
伯德》
“<
/p>
Billy Budd
”
3
．两部哲学性小说《玛地》
、
《皮埃尔》
two other philosophical novels <
/p>
“
Mardi
”
,
“
Pierre
”
.
《代笔者巴特贝》是有
诗歌风味的短篇故事
“
Bartleby the
Scrivener
”
.
还有两本短篇小说，
即
《班内托
·
西兰尼》
和
《比利
·
伯德》
（最
后一部）
two celebrated short novels
“
Benito
Cereno
”
and
“
Billy
Budd
”
.
《比利
·
伯德》同《白鲸》一样都运用
船来象征社会，苦苦追
寻和探讨了人类善与恶的问题，船就是社会的一个缩影，里面有各种各样的人物
uses
a
ship as symbol of society and
searchingly examines the problems of good and
evil. Aha
b’
s ship was like a
world
in miniature with characters from
all walks of life.
4
．教材作品：
《白鲸》
：
“
Mo
by Dick
”
九、
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
亨利
·
沃兹沃思
·
朗费罗
1807-1882
1<
/p>
．
1833-1835
创作完成散文浪漫
作品《海外记游》
his prose rom
ance
“Outre
-
Mer”;
2
．在《海华沙》中，他采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人
的传说
using
Finish
folk
meter
in
his
celebration of American
Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”.
他最大的成就就是他使
诗歌成为了人人都能看，
都能写
的一种文学体裁
his greatest virtue is that he made poetry
seem worth reading and worth writing.
3
．
1838
年他第一部诗集名叫《夜吟
》
Longfellow
’
s
first collection of poems entitled
“
Voices of the
Night
”
；
1839
年浪漫散文作品《许珀里翁》出版“
Hyperi
on
”
the prose
romance.
。
1841
年《歌谣及其他》
“
Ballads and
other Poems
”
;
184
2
年《奴隶制度诗篇》
“
Poems
on Slavery
”
;
1847
年诗歌《伊凡吉林》
“
Evangel
ine
”
;
1855
年《海华沙之歌》
“
Song of
Hiawatha
”;
1858
年《迈克尔
·
斯坦狄什的求婚》
“
The Courtship of Miles
Standish
”
;
戏剧作品《迈
克尔
·
安吉洛》
dramatic
work
“
Michael
Angelo
”
翻译作品《神曲》翻译成就最高“
Divine
Comedy
”
.
4
．他的其它作品：
《金星号遇难》
、
< br>《人生礼赞》
、
《精益求精》
、
《乡村铁匠》
、
《逝去的青春》
8
“
The Wreck of the
Hesperus
”
;
“
A Psalm of
Life
”
;
“
Excelsior
”
;
“
The Village
Blacksmith
”
;
“
My Lost
Youth
”
.
5
< br>．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜 人，
纯正有韵味而大受欢迎
after his death,
he became the only American to be honored with a
bust in the Poet
’
s
corner of Westminster Abbey. The
gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his
poetry was popular during
his lifetime.
6
．教材作品：
《人生礼赞》
：
“
A Psalm of
Life
”
;
《奴隶
的梦》
：
“
The
Slave
’
s
Dream
”
;
《逝去
的青春》
；
“
My Lost
Youth
”
;
《海华沙之歌
海华沙的禁食》
“
The Song
of Hiawatha
Hiawatha
’
s
Fasting
”
Part
Ⅳ
The Literature Of
Realism
现实主义文学
1.
美国国内战争
Civil War 1861-1865.
美国现实主义文学：
他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，
他们声称平凡
的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的
源泉
they
sought
to
portray
American
life
as
it
really was, insisting that the ordinary
and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal
as the magnificent and
the remote.
2.
现实主义一词来源于法语
realisme,
她是一种文学原则，
她强调描写平凡的生活，
强调其<
/p>
“真实性和现实性”
。
Realism
had
originated
in
France
as
realisme,
a
literary
doctrine
that
called
for
“
reality
and
truth
”
in
the
depiction
of
ordinary
life.
“
现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小<
/p>
”
,William
Dean
Howells(
豪厄斯
)
defined realism as
“
nothing
more and nothing less than the truthful treatment
of material
”
.
他反对那
些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美
国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征
表
现出来
he spoke out against the
writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair.
He called for the treatment of
the
“
Smiling aspects of
life
”
as being the more
“
American
”
, insisting that American was truly a land of hope
and of possibility that should be
reflected in its literature.
3.
美国现实主义文学总体说来对生
活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实主义大师
亨利
·
詹姆斯、马克
·
吐温
则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理
进行了
深度探讨，
他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。
马克
·
吐温打破了乡土小说
的狭窄局限，前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活
the
bulk
of
America
’
s
literary
realism
was
limited
to
optimistic treatment of the surface of
life. Yet the greatest of
America
’
s realists, Henry
James and Mark Twain,
moved
well
beyond
a
superficial
portrayal
of
nineteenth-century
America.
James
probed
deeply
into
the
individual psychology of his
characters, writing in a rich and intricate style
that supported his intense scrutiny
of
complex human experience. Mark Twain, breaking out
of the narrow limits of local color fiction,
described
the breadth of American
experience as no one had ever done before, or
since.
4.
美国新的现实主
义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出
受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们
并没有意志的自由，
他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的
出身所局限；
他们还认宗教上的
“真理”
是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了
natura
lism,
a
new
and
harsher
realism.
America
’
s literary
naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting
moral truths. They attempted to
achieve
extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting
characters of low social and economic classed who
were
dominated by their environment and
heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the
world was amoral, that men
and women
had no free will, that their lives were controlled
by heredity and the environment, that religious
“
truths
”
were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was
misery in life and oblivion in death.
一、
Walt Whitman
沃尔特
·
惠特曼
1819-1892
1.
美国文学史上极其重要的、具有
创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真
正的史诗
one
of
the
great
innovators
in
American
literature.
In
the
cluster
of
poems
he
called
“
Leaves
of
Grass
”
he gave
America its first genuine epic poem.
他所创
造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固
定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特
曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声
the poetic style he
devised is
now called free verse-that
is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme
scheme. Whitman thought that the
voice
of democracy should not be haltered by traditional
forms of verse.
9
2.
1855
年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作
者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，
社会下层
的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来
most
of
the
poems
in
“
Leaves
of
Grass
”
are
about
man
and
nature.
However, a small number of very good
poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated
Whitman, and with
the
Civil
War.
In
his
poetry,
Whitman
combined
the
ideal
of
the
democratic
common
man
and
that
of
the
rugged
individual.
他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救
世主，还是先知，诗人通过
对真理的表达来引导大众
in
his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the
democratic common man and that
of
the
rugged
individual.
He
envisioned
the
poet
as
a
hero,
a
savior
and
a
prophet,
one
who
leads
the
community by his
expressions of the truth.
3.
教材作品：
《自己之歌》
：
”
Song of
Myself
”
《我坐在这儿眺望着
》
：
”
I Sit and Look
Out
”
《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！
》
：
”
Drum-
Taps Beat! Beat! Dru
ms”
二、
Emily Dickinso
n
爱米丽
·
狄金森
1830-1886
1.
她的
诗歌古怪、
简洁，
她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷
漠，
她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，
和一种闲适的生活来阐
明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌
she
wrote
her
whimsical,
darting
verse
with sublime indifference to any notion
of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work
illustrated the fact
that one could
take a single household and an inactive life, and
make enchanting poetry out of it.
2.
她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起
，
1862
年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没
有离开过自己的
家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影
响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独
特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并
没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象
力
she
and her sister remained at home and did not marry.
After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving
her house nor seeing even close
friends. Her later retirement from the world,
though perhaps affected by an
unhappy
love affair, seems mainly to have resulted from
her own personality, from a desire to separate
herself
from the world. The range of
her poetry suggests not her limited experiences
but the power of her creativity
and
imagination.
3.
她
在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品
Emily,
however,
refused
to
revise
her
poems
to
fit
the
standards
of
others
and
took
no
interest
in
having
them
published; in fact she had only seven
poems published during her lifetime.
4.
她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短
，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却
对生活中的大
部分重大事件进行了探讨
Emily
Dickinson
’
s poetry comes out
in bursts. The poems are short,
many of
them being based on a single image or symbol. But
within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes
about
some of the most important things
in life.
5.
教材作品：
《我品味未经酿造的饮料》
：
”
I taste a liquor never
brewed
”
《我意识到一场葬礼
》
：
”
I Felt a
Funeral, in My Brain
”
《鸟儿沿着小径过来》
：
”
A Bird came Down the Walk-
“
《我为美而死》
：
”
< br>I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce
”
《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声
-
我死时》
：
”
I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I
died-
“
《我不能等候死神》<
/p>
：
”
Because I Could
not Stop for Death-
“
三、
Harriet
Beecher Stowe
哈丽雅特
·
比彻
·
斯托
1811-1896
1.
她出生名门，父亲莱曼是当地有
名的牧师，父亲在家“一手遮天”
，非常专横，对待他们兄妹非常严厉，他
希望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士，
女孩子能够嫁给传教士
< br>she was born into a respectable family that was to
become famous, her father Lyman was
a renowned clergyman. The family was dominated by
the father who
ruled
with
the
kind
of
wrathful
severity
that
he
imagined
were
the
chief
characteristics
of
the
God
he
worshiped and feared. The boys were
expected to become preachers, the girls to marry
preachers.
2.
185
1
年
6
月
5<
/p>
日，系列小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的第一集在《民族时代》专栏上开始连载，到
1852
年
4
月
1
日最后一集刊登完成
the novel
“
Uncle
Tom
’
s
Cabin
”
or
“
The Man That Was a
Thing
”
, began serially in
the
National Era on June 5, 1851, and
the last installment appeared on April 1, 1852.
3.
这部小说被翻译成
40
多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品
倾注了作者
10
自己对两主人公所
受痛苦和压迫的深刻感受，
再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动
Since then has
been published in
some forty languages and has been read by millions
of people around the world. The power
of
the
novel
unquestionably
comes
from
the
investment
of
the
author
’
s
sense
of
her
own
suffering
and
oppression (as well as her
determination to be free) in the characters of Tom
and his fellow slave Eliza,, the
protagonists of the
book
’
s two main plots.
4.
《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》
“
A Key
to Uncle Tom
’
s
Cabin
”
with documented case
histories to support what she had
portrayed fictionally. 1856
年
《德雷德，
阴暗大沼地的故事》
“
Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal
Swamp
”
attempt
to
repeat the theme and extend the argument of her
masterpiece: that a society resting on slavery
could not
long survive.
5.
教材作品：
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
：
“
Uncl
e Tom
’
s
Cabin
”
四、
Mark Twain
马克
·
吐温
1835-1910
1.
原名
Samuel Langhorne Clemens <
/p>
塞缪尔
·
朗赫恩
·
克莱门斯。
1847
年父亲去世后开
始到一家出版社当学徒工，
从
1853
年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯
·
比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生
活
his formal
education ended soon after his
father
’
s death in 1847, when
he became a printer
’
s
apprentice.
From 1853, he traveled
widely, as a journeyman printer, in the eastern
states and in the west, he met Horace
Bixby, the captain of the boat, and
turned to a career on the river.
国内战争爆发以
后，他离开密西西比河，先
后在军队当过志愿者，
到内华达州掏
过金，
他还做过木材投机生意，
当过新闻记者
< br>he left the Mississippi at the
outbreak of the Civil War, and became,
in swift succession, and army volunteer, a gold-
prospector in Nevada, a
timber
speculator and a journalist.
2.
在弗吉尼亚
《企业》
杂志任职期间，
他开始使用笔名
< br>“马克
·
吐温”
，
意为
口寻
，
也就是十二尺深
while working
for the
Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted
the pseudonym
“
Mark
Twain
”
, the way of a boatman
taking soundings, and meaning two
fathoms, i.e. twelve feet.
3.
1865
年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版
”
Jumping
Frog
”
;
1869
年，
《傻子国外旅行记》
“
Innocents Abroad
”
;
1872
年，
《艰苦岁月》
“
Roughing It
”
;
1873
年，
《镀金时代》
“
The Gilded Age
”
1876
年，
《汤姆
< br>·
索亚历险记》
“
The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer
”
; <
/p>
1883
年，
《密西西比河上的生活》<
/p>
“
Life on the
Mississippi
”
;
188
4
年，
《哈克贝里
·
< br>费恩历险记》
”
Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
”
;
1894
年，
《傻瓜威尔逊》
“<
/p>
Pudd
’
n
h
ead Wilson”
;
1900
年，
《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》
“
The
Man that Corrupted
Hadleyburg
”
;
1906
年，
《什么是人？》
“
What is Man
”
;
1916
年，
《神秘来客》
“
The Mysterious
Stranger
”
4.
晚年悲观与失望，对十九世纪美
国社会价值观不能接受，后一直是一个坚定的怀疑论者，有时他通过时事恶
毒的评论来疏
缓自己的压力，
晚景凄凉，
亲人相继离去
he pointed towards his uneasy acceptance of the
values
of nineteenth-century American
society, he wrote three works expressing his acute
pessimism. From that time
until his
death, he maintained a bitter skepticism, relieved
at times by outraged commentary on world affairs.
His last years were saddened by
personal bereavement.
5.
教材作品：
《汤姆
·
索亚历险记》
“
The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer
”
五、
O. Henry
欧
·
亨利
1862-1910
原名威廉
·
悉尼
·
波特（笔名欧
·
亨利）
William Sidney Porter.
1.
由于人们对他撰写的故事特别感
兴趣
,
《安斯利杂志》的出版人便邀请他到纽约专门写稿
he wrote stories for
different
magazines, and when there came a big demand for
his stories, the publishers of
“
Ainslee
’
s
Magazing
”
invited
him to come to New York.
2.
欧
·
亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷
苦人的生活，
也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，
他讲述的故事
一般很
短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事
中有许多俚语和地方性语
言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困难，这些表达方式，
在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好
地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来
Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well
as
in
other
places,
his
works
abound
in
good-natured
humor.
His
stories
are
usually
short,
the
plots
are
11
exceedingly
clever
and
interesting;
humor
abounds,
and
the
end
is
always
surprising.
Many
of
his
stories
contain
a
great
deal
of
slang
and
colloquial
expressions
that
make
them
hard
to
be
understood
by
people
outside
of America. Such forms of speech are used to give
what is called local, to make the stories fit in
with
the characters and scenes
described.
3.
欧
·
亨利认为他自己是一个十分谦虚的人，他很害羞，不喜与人交往，
即使是成名以后也是这样
His
own
estimate of himself was always a very
modest one and he was shy and retiring in the
presence of friends yet his
fame.
4.
最好小说集《四百万》
his best
volume
”
The Four
Million
”
;
最好单部小说：
《旧知》
、
《麦珙的礼物》
、
《市政报
告》
、
《没讲完的故事》
、
《月亮女神》
、
《吝啬爱人》
、
《装饰
过的房间》
，
his
best
individual
stories
“
Retrieved
Reformation
”
,
“
The
Gift
of
the
Magi
”
,
“
A
Municipal
Report
”
,
“
An
Unfinished
Story
”
,
“
Phoebe
”
,
“
A
Lickpenny
Lover
”
,
“
The Furnished
Room
”
.
5.
教材作品：
《警察与赞美诗》
：
”
The
Cop and the Anthem
”
六、
Henry James
亨利
·
詹姆斯
184
3-1916
1.
他大部分教育是
在家里完成的，
全家在欧洲的频繁旅行是他接受教育的另一个重要源泉
< br>he received the major
part of his
education at home, his
family
’
s travels in Europe
were another source of education for Henry.
2.
1871
年，第一部小说《观察和守护》
“
Watch and
Ward
”
;
1875
年《罗德里克
·
赫德森》
”
Roderick Hudson
”
;
1877
年《美国人》讲述的是一个国际性的话题，书中他认为
美国人同丰富多彩的欧洲生活相比，显得没底蕴
“
The
American
”
with
its
“
international
”
theme
of
the
traditionless
American
confronting
the
complexity
of
European life
1878
年
《达西
·
密勒》
< br>有人评论该作品是
“对美国姑娘的嘲弄”
，
但正是这部作品让他首次获得了国际声誉
”
Dais
y
Miller
”
, which
one American critic described as
“
an outrage to American
girlhood
”
but which brought
James
his first international fame.
1881
年《一个贵妇人的画像》是其早期作品中最好的一部“
The
Portrait
of
a
Lady
”
the
finest
example
of
James
’
s early
work.
3.
他第二个创作时期作品有：
1886
年《波士顿人》
“
The
Bostonians
”
1886<
/p>
年《卡萨玛西玛公主》
“
The
Princess Casamassima
”
;
1890
年《悲惨的缪斯》
“
The Tragic Muse
”
4.
第三阶段作品有：
1902
年《鸽翼》
“
The Wings of
the Dove
”
;
1903
年《大使》
”
The
Ambassadors
”
1904
年《金碗》
”
The Golden
Bowl
”
这时他写法日趋成熟和灵
活，
许多评论家声称为他的
“主要阶段”
exemplify the mature and formidable
style
of a third literary period, which
critics have come to praise as
“
The Major
Phase
”
.
5.
同豪厄斯不一样，他的影响不在
当时，而是在他去世后接下来的一段时间里，他因对自己祖国的批语，人物
情感的塑造较
为封闭狭小，人物的社会范围也较为有限而遭到了当时评论家的功击，他最后阶段创作的作品
晦涩难懂，风格也不大气，遭到了当时人们的嘲讽，其实只是对读者提出了更高的要求，只有有了同步的心< /p>
灵，才能感应他作品中的微妙之处，要求读者所受教育同他一样，要求读者同作者一样不慌
不忙，慢慢咀嚼
Unlike Howells
Jame
s’
s greatest influence
was exerted not on his own age but on the one that
followed. He had
been attacked for
criticizing his native land and for the narrow
emotional and social range of his characters.
And he had been ridiculed for the
obscure and costive style of his final period, a
style that was able to express
the
subtlest meanings but was based on the assumption
that the reader was as well educated, as
exquisitely
attuned, and in as little
hurry as the author.
6.
原来小说主要是一种新闻形式，主要讲述一些浪漫故事。他则把小说转变成了个人在社会环境中面
对种种冲
突，
，进行深刻转变的文学形式，对人们心理感受进行
反映的一种文学形式，他定义这为感受的最高形式
helping to
transform the novel from its alliances with
journalism and romantic story-telling into an art
form of
penetrating analysis of
individuals confronting society, chronicles of the
psychological perceptions that James
himself defined as the highest form of
experience.
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