-
History And Anthology of American
Literature
(Volume
ⅠⅡ
)
美国文学史及选读
1
、
2
Part
Ⅰ
The
Literature of Colonial
America
殖民主义时期的文学
1.
17
世纪早期
English and
European explorers
开始登陆美洲。
在他们
之前
100
多年
Caribbean
Islands, Mexico and
other Parts of
South America
已被
the
Spanish
占领。
2.
17th
早期
English
settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(
< br>弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞
)
开始了美国历史
< br>
3.
美国最早殖民者
(earliest
settlers)included
Dutch
,Swedes
,Germans
,French
,Spaniards
,Italians
and
Portuguese
(
荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等
)
。
4.
美国早期文学主要为
the narratives and
journals of these
settlements
采用
in diaries and
in journals(
日记和日志
)
，
他们写关于
the land with dense
forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
5.
第
一<
/p>
批
美
国
永
久
居
民
：
the
first
permanent
English
settlement
in
North
America
was
established
at
Jamestown,Virginia in 160
7(
北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿
)
。
6.
船长约翰·史密斯
Captain John
Smith
他的作品
(reports of explora
tion)17th
早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真
正意义上
的文学作品
in
the
early
1600s,have
been
described
as
the
first
distinctly
American
literature
written
in
Englis
h.
他讲述了
filled with themes,
myths, images, scenes, character and
events,
吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往
lure
the Pilgrims and the Puritans.
7.
美国第一位作家：
1608
年
Captain
John
Smith
写了封信《自殖
民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事
件的真实介绍》
“
A True Relation of Such Occurrences and
Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia
Since
the First Planting of That
Colony
”
.
8.
他的第二本书
< br>1612
年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“<
/p>
A
Map
of
Virginia:
with
a
Description
of
the
Country
”
.
9.
他一共出版了八本书，其中有关
于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导
sought
a
post
as
guide
to
the
Pilgrims.<
/p>
他
1624
年《弗吉尼亚通史》
“
General
History
of
Virginia
”
,
讲述了传奇故事
how
the
Indian
princess
Pocahontas(
波卡洪特斯
)saved him.
10.
他保存了殖民者在
Jamestown
早期开荒史及
explore
d the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region
(
切萨皮克
地区
)
，最重要的是
he saw from the beginning what
was eventually to be a basic principle of American
history, the
need
of
“
workers
”
inst
ead
of
“
gentlemen
”
for
the
tough
job
of
planting
colonies
and
pushing
the
frontiers
westward.
11.
早期新英格兰文学主要关于
theological,
moral, historical and political.
12.
清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义
the Puritans
in New England embraced hardships, together with
the discipline of a
harsh
church
想建立神权社会
found a theocra
cy,
他们生活简朴，
意志坚定，
我行
我素，
不屈不挠地斗争
they had
toughness, purpose and character, they
grappled strongly with challenges they set themsel
ves.
他们的基本价值观：
注
重勤劳
，节俭，虔诚和节制
hard work, thrift, piety and
sobriety
这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。
一、
William
Bradford and John
Winthrop
威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普
普利茅斯第一任首长：
William Bradford;
波斯顿第一任首长
：
John Winthrop.
1
．
William Bradford:
《
普利茅斯开发历史
》
“
The
History of Plymouth Plantation
”
< br>文章从
1630
年开始写起
an
account
of the small group of Puritans
who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to
the New Wold.
文字简洁，认真
负责，直接叙述，
可读性强
simplicity and earnestness of the
book, with its direct reporting, make it readable
and
moving.
1637
年他
用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父
“a common blessing and father to them
all”
2
．
John Winthrop:
《
新英
格兰历史》
“
The History of New Eng
land
”
.1630
年登上
“阿贝亚”
（
Arbella
< br>）
to
Massachusetts
并开始写日记
keep
a
journal
and
to
the
rest
of
his
life.1826
年正式出版
is
notable
for
its
candid
simplicity
and
honesty.
3
．
他们并
不出于创作需要而是记录历史，
但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作
品
the need to
record
important
events
in
permanent
form.
Yet,
through
a
direct
and
vigorous
prose
style,
each
account
literary
excellence.
4
．
清教徒
（
Puritan
）
:
就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人
Puritans
wanted to make pure
their
religious
beliefs
and
practices,
The
Puritan
was
“
Would-be
purifier
”
.
总认为自己是上帝选民
looked
upon
1
themselves as a chosen people.
对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意
anyone who
challenged their way of
life was
opposing God
’
s Will and was
not to be accepted.
对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍
they were
zealous
in
defense
of
their
own
beliefs
but
often
intolerant
of
the
beliefs
of
others.
制定法律限制个人生活行为
made laws about
private morality as well as public behavior
霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”
“
stern
and
black-browed
Puritans
”
.
二、
John Cotton and Roger
Williams
约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯
1
．
John
Cotton
第一批知识分
子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”
the Patriarch of New
England. 1633
年到
Boston
开
始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响
了当时人们的行为
he
was
the
“
teacher
”
(spiritual leader) of the
community and its guiding influence toward the
ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by
the
church)
他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成
his
primary influence was through the pulpit.
< br>听众对他深信不疑。
他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主
th
ey were much more concerned with authority than
with democracy.
2
．
Roger
Williams:1631
年
came to the
Massachusetts
后被放逐到现罗德岛
Rhode
Island
。对不同意见者并不赞同对
其迫害而是屈服与容忍
，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有
任何
政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨
the idea that
simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in
belief did not give anyone the right to
force belief on others. He also felt that no
political order or church system could
identify itself directly with God.
他对印第安语言非常感兴趣
Indian language.
他写过《开启美国语言的钥匙》或
也叫做
《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
“
A Key
into the Language of
America
”
or
“
A Help to the language
of the Natives in That Part of America
Called New England
”
三、
Anne
Bradstreet and Edward
Taylor
安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒
这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。
1
．
Anne Dudley
Bradstreet
是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一
one
of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630
年乘
“
Arbella
”
到
Massachusetts.
她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。
2
．
她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，
the
title of this collection of poems, in classical al
lusion(
用比喻的方
法
)
即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
“
The
Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
”
.
诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其
实，但对
日常琐事叙述相当高超
poetic
ventures
were
overambitious
but
wrote
well
when
dealt
with
the
simple
events
of her daily life.
3
．
Edward
Taylor:
清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位
the best
of the Puritan poets
他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出<
/p>
诗人风格和形式
his work followed they
style and forms of the leading English poets of
the mid-seventeenth century
。
他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的
most of
Taylor
’
s work treated
religious
themes, with many poems based
directly on the Psalms.
在世时没出版过作品，
1937
年发现手稿，
1960
< br>年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part
Ⅱ
The Literature of Reason
And Revolution
理性和革命时期文学
1
．
托马斯
·
佩因《常识》
Thomas Paine’s
“
Common
Sense
”
;
托马斯
·
杰弗逊《独立宣言》
Thomas Jefferson
“
Declaration of
Independence
”
2
．
在经济
方面，
英国要求美出口原材料，
后从英国购回高成本的机器
they hampered colonial economy by
requiring
Americans to ship raw
materials abroad and to import finished goods at
prices higher than the cost of making them in
this country.
3
．
在政治
方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表
by
ruling
the
colonies
from
overseas and by taxing the colonies
without giving them representation in Parliament.
4
．
美独立
战争持续了八年（
1776-1783
）
The War for Independence.
诺亚
·
韦伯斯特（
Noah
Webster
）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5
．文学上独立的代表作：
1785
年杰弗逊：
《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》
Jefferson
’
s
“
Notes on the State of
Virginia
”
;
1791
年巴特姆：
《旅行笔记》
“Travels” by Bartram
一、
Benjamin
Franklin
本杰明
·
富兰克林
1706-1790
殖民地时期作家
。
独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家
in the
colonial period, the only good American author
before
the Revolutionary War.
2
1
．
出生于
波士顿
Boston,
曾创办《半岛公报》
。
1732-1758
出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》
“
Poor
Richard
’
s
Almanac
”
collocation of proverbs.
2
．
建立一秘密俱乐部
the Junto, informal
discussion of scientific, economic and political i
deals.
建立可借图书馆，
创办
宾
夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭
success
ful in business, renowned in
science
also served his nation brilliantly.
协助杰弗
逊起草
“独立宣言”
aided Jefferson in
writing
“
The Declaration of
Independence
”
.
同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法
Constitu
tion.
3
．
其还是美国第一位主要作家
the first major
writer
非凡表达能力，
简洁明了，
有点幽默，
还是一位讽刺天才
as an
author he had power of expression,
simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
4
．
他最好
作品收录在《自传》
“
Autobiography
”
。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“
Genera
l Magazine
”
“
对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“
his
shadow lies heavier than any other
man
’
s on this
young nation.
5
．
教材作品《自传》
”
The
Autobiography
”
二、
Thomas Paine
托马
斯
·
佩因（
1737-1809
）
1
．
被称为
“人类最平凡的人“
（
Great Commoner of
Mankind
）
.
美国著名政治小册
子作家
pamphleteer.
2
．
176
2
年税务官职务
employed as an excise
officer. 1772
年
《收税官的案子》
“
The Case of the Officers of the
Excise
”
第一部政治性小册子。
1774
年富兰克林给他写介绍信
“<
/p>
an ingenious worthy young man
”
去美国费城
Philadelphia,
edited
the
“
Pennsylvania
Magazine
”
and
contributed
to
the
“
Pennsylvania
Journal
”
是政治讽刺的天才
a
political
satirist of
genius.
3
．
1776
年
1
月
10
日
his famous pamphlet
“
Common
Sense
”
appeared
《常识》
，署名“
By an Eng
lishman
”
.
书中大胆
拥护“独立宣言”各主张
it boldly advocated a
“
Declaration for Independenc
e
”
.
成了美国独立革命思想的代言人
became forthwith the most articulate
spokesman of the American Revolution.
4
．
177
6-1783
《美国危机》
“
Amer
ican Crisis
”
signed
“
Common
Sense
”
was a series of
sixteen pamphlets.
第一篇于
1776
年黑色
12
月出版，
这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，
极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，
增强胜利信心
was read at once
to
all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired
the success of that
citizen
’
s
army
。
最后一篇
1783
年
12
月
9
日
出版。
5
．
战争结束后
perfecting the model of
an iron bridge without
piers
。
(1791-1792
)
《人权》
“
Rights of M
an
”
。拥护卢梭自由理念，号召推翻英国君主制
not only championed
Rousseau
’
s
doctrines of freedom, but also
suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.
6
．
在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱
,
he
opposed
the
execution
of
Louis
XVI
and
the
Reign
of
Terror, was imprisoned.
《理性的时代》
“
The
Age
of
Reason
”
1794-1795
，这部自然神论的作品主
张宗教观念的理性：
a
deistic
treatise
advocating a
rationalistic view of religion.
他最后一部作品
1797
《土地公平》
“
Agrarian Justice
”
.
7
．
教材作
品：
《美国危机》
：
“
The American Crisis
”
.
三、
Thomas Jeffers
on
托马斯
·
杰弗逊（
1743-1826
）
1
．
美国历史上最为广泛影响人物
his
thought
and
personality
have
influenced
his
countryman
more
deeply
and
remained more effectively
alive.
同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神
vigorous
humanitarian sympathies.
启蒙运动的产
物
a product of the
Enlightenment,
对各领域都有兴趣：
law,
philosophy, education, science,
mechanics
…
..
2
．
尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：
where the
people might have a fresh start toward liberty,
selfhood.
作为
人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能
力，不看重世俗中特权
a humanist looked to merit
and ability alone, not to
privilege
法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利
the
natural
rights
of
man
must
be
secured
by
law
inalienably
for
all,
irrespective
of
station
政府是一个必
要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压
榨与剥削人民。
政府须为民提供言论、
思想、
结社、<
/p>
出版、
信仰、
教育和创业等自由
.government, a necessary evil,
found sanction only in the common
consent of a social contract, its purpose was the
benefit of the individual, not his
exploitation; it must provide freedom
of speech, thought, association, press, worship,
education, and enterprise.
3
．
177
6
年同约翰
·
亚当斯、本杰明
·
富兰克林、罗杰
·
谢
尔曼、罗伯特
·
R·
利文斯顿一起起草
《独立宣言》
with John
Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R
Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of
Independence.
4
．
1790-1793
任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，
as the first American secretary of state. 1800
起担任两届美国总统。
5
．
把自己收藏的一万册书卖给政府，建立了国会图书馆（
the
Library of Congress
）
.1819
年开始创建弗吉尼亚大
学并担任第一任校长。
3
6
．
182
6
年去世，正值《独立宣言》签署
50
周年
the fiftieth anniversary of
“
The Declaration of
Independence
”
7
．
教材作
品：
《独立宣言》
(1776
年
7
月
4
日
)
：
“
The
Declaration of
Independence
”
。
四、
Philip Freneau
菲利浦
·
弗瑞诺（
1752-1832
）
1
．
革命战争后期最杰出作家
perhaps the most
outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary
period
既是一位诗人也是
政治方面的新闻记者
double role as poet and political journalis
t.
作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主
义类
he was neoclassical by training and taste
yet romantic in essential spirit
。一个讽刺小说
家、伤感作家、
一个人
道主义者
was
also
at
once
a
satirist
and
a
sentimentalist,
a
humanitarian.
“美国革命诗人”
（
the
poet
of
the
Revolution
）
;
“美国诗歌之父”
（
Father of American
Poetry
）
.
2
．
177
0
年第
1
部作品
《想象的力量》
（
The Power of Fancy<
/p>
）
.1775
年因出版有关讽刺英国人作
品而被认可
as a satirist
of the
British.
3
．
1776
年出版《夜屋》
（
The House of Night
）哥特式小说
the
Gothic mood. F·
L·
帕蒂称它为“在美国听到
的第一
部真正浪漫主义作品，
从中看到了
“圣诞老人的美”
“
the first
distinctly romantic note heard in
America
”
and
“
The
Beauties of
Santa Cruz
”
。
作品中既有
对社会的抗议，
又有对自然的赞美，
其后期作品采用了这种风格
blending the
praise of
nature with social protest, in his characteristic
later manner.
4
．
1781
写下名诗
《英国囚船》
(The British Prison Ship)
一首抨击色彩
诗作，
揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍
a good
piece
of
invective,
reveals
the
rigors
and
brutality
of
his
captivity
。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽
刺
continuing to hurl his vitriol at the
British in many poems.
5
．
178
6
年他的早期作品被收录在《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“<
/p>
The
Poems
of
Philip
Freneau
Written
Chiefly
During the Late
War
”
.
6
．
1788
年出板
《札记》
“
Miscellaneous
Works
”
. 1791
年创办<
/p>
《国家公报》
对抗
《联邦公报》
with Jefferson
’
s
support
“
National
Gazette
”
campaigned
against
the
opinions
of
the
“
Gazette
of
the
United
States
”
edited
by
John
Fenno
(Supported by
Hamilton).
7
．
他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士
has
only
recently
been
recognized
as
a
courageous
champion
of
American
popular
government.
作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来
as
a
poet,
Freneau
heralded
American
literary
independence
他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物
的风格
in
contrast
with
the
ornate
style
of
his
early
couplets,
he
later
developed
a
natural,
simple,
and
concrete
diction.
8
．
教材作
品：
《野忍冬花》
：
“
The Wild Honey
Suckle
”
《印第安人的坟地》
：
“
The Indian Burying
Ground
”
《致凯
提
·
迪德》
：
“
To a Caty-
Did
”
Part
Ⅲ
The
Literature of
Romanticism
浪漫主义文学
1.
1828
年安德鲁
·
杰克逊当选
7th
总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束”
the frontier hero Andrew
Jackson as the
7
th
President of the United
States had brought an effective end to the
“
Virginia
Dynasty
”
of American
Presidents.
1861
年开始
Civil War.
2.
美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市
化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡
the United
States
had
begun
to
change
into
an
industrial
cause
society,
technology
would
bring
vast
material
benefits
and
cause
overwhelming social disorders.
3.
这段时间大部分作家思想受到了
新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双重影响
The
attitudes
of
America
’
s writers
were shaped by their New World environment and an
array of ideas inherited from the romantics
traditions of Europe.
4.
浪漫主义共同点
romantics shared
certain general characteristics:
他们都注重道德
，
强调个人主义价值观及直觉感
觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，
人类社会是腐败之源
moral
enthusiasm,
faith
in
the
value
of
individualism
and
intuitive perception, and a presumption
that the natural world was a source of goodness
and man
’
s societies a source
of corruption.
6
．
超验主
义（
1830s
—
the Civil
War
）
：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的
感受，超越法律和世
俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力
量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的
一部分
as a
moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither
logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over
reason,
individual expression over the
restraints of law and custom. They believed in the
transcendence of the
“
Overso
ul
”
, an
all-
pervading power for goodness from which all things
come and of which all things are a part.
4
7
．
美国早
期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主
要形式
novels, short stories, and
poems replaced sermons and manifestos as
America
’
s principal literary
forms.
8
．
From the early 1800s to the civil war <
/p>
美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈
< br>的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在
血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰
was a land of
paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and
shaped by the realities
of
a
growing
materialism.
Americans
had
sought
new liberties
and
new
ideas
in
life
and
art, but
conflicts
of
their
society
had culminated in a bloody civil war.
一、
Washington Irving
华盛顿
·
欧文
1783-1859
1.
他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格
was
the
first
great
prose
stylist
of
American
romanticism
familiar style.
2.
他的作品简单明了，
但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，
这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特
征结合起来，
作品中尽量表现出自己的个性
the
apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of
the gifted amateur; it results
from his
purposeful identification of his whole personality
with what he wrote
。
他温文尔雅，
放眼世界，
幽默谦虚，
他用自己大气，
优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，
最后形成自己的
风格
he was urbane and
worldly,
yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful
style combine with American roots shaped his
independent
literary personality
。
他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，
他写作纯是为快
乐和为了创造快乐
he was the first great
belletrist, writing always for
pleasure, and to produce pleasure.
3.
1819-1820
他第一部
《见闻札记》
是现代文学史上的第一部短
篇小说，
也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，
他把历史与传
说当作娱乐形式来写，
把大众化的散文引入美国
his
“
Sketch
Book
”
appeared the first
modern short
stories and the first
great American juvenile literature to write good
history and biography as literary entertainment.
He
introduced
the
familiar
essay
to
America
他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一
步了解美国人民生
活的兴趣
his
best-known stories awakened an interest in the
life of American regions.
4.
19
岁发表《乔纳森
·
欧尔德斯泰尔》讽刺作品，对纽约人的生活进行了讽刺“
Jonathan
Oldstyle
”
, satires of New
York lif.
5.
1809
年以迪德里奇
·
尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》
，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美
洲
殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“
A
History
of
New
York
”
by
Diedrich
Knickerbocker
a
rollicking
burlesque of a
current serious history of the early Dutch
settlers, has become a classic of humor.
6.
1822
年《布雷斯布里奇庄园》
“
Bracebridge
Hall
”
.
7.
1824
年《旅行者故事》
，带有德国浪漫主义风格“
Tales of
Traveller
”
has the flavor of
the German romanticism.
8.
<
/p>
同美国剧作家及演员约翰
·
佩恩创作著名
社会喜剧
《查理二世》
（又叫
《快乐君
主》
）
in Paris he with John
Howard
Payne wrote the brilliant social
comedy
“
Charles the
Second
”
or
“
The Merry
Monarch
”
.
9.
1828
《克里斯托弗
·
哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“
A History of the Life and
V
oyages of Christopher
Columbus
”
;
10.
1829
《格拉纳达征服编年史》
“
A Chronicle of
the Conquest of Grandada
”
;
11.
1831
《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》
“
V
o
yages and Discoveries of
the Companions of
Columbus
”
.
1832<
/p>
《阿尔罕布拉》
“
Alhambra
”
; 1832
年《西班牙征服传说》收录
在
1835
年《见闻札记》中“
Leg
ends of the
Conquest of
Spain
”
(in the
“
Crayon
Miscellany
”
).
12.
陆续出版系列西部传奇故事，
1835
《草原游记》
；
1836
《阿斯托里亚》
；
1837
《博纳维尔船长历险记》
，
western
adventures as
“
A Tour on the
Prairies
”
;
“
Astoria
”
and
“
The Adventures of Captain
Bonneville
”
.
13.
1840
《奥立弗
·
戈尔德史密斯》
“
Life of Oliver Goldsmith
”;
1855-1859
《乔治
·
华盛顿传》
“
Lif
e of George Washington
”
.
14
．教材作品：
《作者自叙》
：
“
The
Author
’
s Account of
Himself
”
;
《睡谷传奇》
：
“
The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow
”
.
二、
James Fenimore Cooper
詹姆斯
·
芬尼莫
·
库珀
1789-1851
< br>1
．
美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家
the first important American novelist began
his literary career on a dare.
2
．
1821
年他第二部小说《间谍》获得极大的成功，
是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期
间“
The Spy
”
was successful, it
was a rousing tale about espionage against the
British during the Revolutionary War.
3
．
库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，
即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说
Cooper
launched two kinds of immensely
popular
stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier
saga. 1824
年《领航者》最为成功“
The
Pilot
”
the best of his
many sea romances.
1839
年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史《美国海军》
he wrote the first official history of
the
5
U.S. Navy.
4
．库珀边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》由
5
部小说共同组成，历时
18
年，
1823-1841
，即《杀鹿者》
、
《最后的莫希干
人》
、
《探路人》
、
《拓荒者》及《大草原》
。阿伦
·
内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美
国最接近史
诗的一部大作，
his frontier
stories
“
Leather Stocking
Tales
”
including five
novels:
“
The
Deerslayer
”
; The Last of the
Mohicans
”
,
“
The
Pathfinder
”
,
“
The
Pioneers
”
,
“
The
Prairie
”
.
Allan
Nevins
calls
these
five
novels
“
the
nearest
approach yet to an
American epic
”
.
通过
这些人物的描写，
作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，
还使欧洲人
意识到美
国
with a vast group of
supporting characters, virtuous or villainous,
Cooper made the American conscious of his past,
and made the European conscious of
American.
5
．教材作品：
《最后的莫希干人》
：
“
The
Last of the Mohicans
”
三、
William Cullen
Bryant
威廉
·
卡伦
·
布莱恩特
1794-1878
1.
1817
年伟大史诗
《死之思考》
（
希
腊语）
，
人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作
the stately poem called
”
Thanatopsis
”
(Greek, meaning
“
view of
death
”
) introduced the best
poet to appear in American up to that time.
2.
他不仅在诗坛享有极高声望，在
新闻界也是一个重量级新闻人物，他是当时最杰出的编辑之一。他积极支持
言论自由、<
/p>
贸易自由等主张，
还主张废除奴隶制
ap
art from his fames as a poet, Bryant merits a
reputation as one of
the great editors
of American journalism. He supported such causes
as free speech, free trade and the abolition of
slavery.
3.
《致水鸟》
是其巅峰之作，
“用美国英语写作的最
完美的短诗”
，
“
To a
Waterfowl
”
is perhaps the
peak of his work,
“
Most
perfect brief poem in the
language
”
.
4.
后期，
他用无韵诗的形式翻译了
《伊利亚特》
和
《奥德赛》
his most important later works
are his translations of the
“
Iliad
”
and the
“
Odyssey
”
into
English blank verse.
5.
当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了
相当高的
水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家
As
Irving had shown that American prose had come of
age, so
Bryant demonstrated to European
readers that American poetry was ready to demand
serious attention. He was the
first
American to gain the stature of a major poet.
6.
教材作品：
《死之思考》
：
“
Thanato
psis
”
《致水鸟》
：
“
To a
Waterfowl
”
四、
Edgar Allan Poe
埃德加
·
阿伦
·
坡
1809-1849
1.
1833
年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖
he won a
contest with his story
“
Ms.
Found in a
Bottle
”
.Then he
got a job as editor with the
“
Southern Literary
Messenger
”
(
南方文学
信使
)
坡充分展示了自己作
为编辑、诗
人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能
showed his true
talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic,
and
a writer of fiction.
2.
发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》
“
The
Fall of the House of Usher
”
.
3.
1840
年，
第一部短篇小说集《述异集》
his first
collection of short stories
“
Tales of the Grotesque and
Arabesque
”
.
4.
1845
年诗集《乌鸦》出版“
The
Raven
”
was published as the
title poem of a collection
在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗<
/p>
歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远
< br>in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer
in poetic and fictional techniques. His
influence was especially strong on many French
writers.
5.
教材作品：
《给海伦》
：
“
To Helen
”
《乌鸦》
：
“
The Raven
”
《安娜贝尔
·
李》
“
Annabel
Lee
”
《鄂榭府崩溃记》
“
The Fall
of the House of Usher
”
五、
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
拉尔夫
·
沃尔多
·
爱默生
1803-1882
1
．
< br>他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖
he
was
responsible
for
bringing
Transcendentalism to New England and
was recognized throughout his life as the leader
of the movement
爱默生首
先强调的是个人主
义、思想独立和自强
he
believed
above
all
in
individualism,
independence
of
mind
and
self-reliance
他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲
突的思想
he
admired
courage,
he
was
not
afraid
of
changing
or
clashing ideas.
2
．
1836
年出版了第一本书
《论自然
》
“
Nature
”
< br>,
真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，
一个
是
《美国学
者》
，还有一个是《神学院
致辞》
“
The American
Scholar
”
and
“
The Divinity School
Address
”
.
他的许多演讲后收
6
录在他的《随笔集》中，演讲中最重要的著作是他
1850
< br>年的《代表》和
1856
年《英国人》
< br>。
1847
年他的《诗
集》问世
. Many of his lectures were later
distilled into his famous
“
E
ssays
”
. Among his most
important works are
“
Representative
Men
”
and
“
English
Traits
”
.His
“
Poems
”
appeared in
1847.
3
．
< br>人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵
律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味
in
his
day,
Emerson
’
s
poems
were
criticized
for
their
lack of form and
polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has
received high praise. His harsh rhythms and
striking
images appeal to many modern
readers as artful techniques.
4
．
他的散
文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等
整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的
句子
不仅思想深刻，
而且让人难以忘怀
his prose style is sometimes as highly individual
as his poetry. Many of his essays
were
put together from his journal entries, speeches,
and random notes, and they are often somewhat
disorganized. Yet
his skill in
polishing each sentence into a striking thought
makes his writing memorable.
5
．
《美国学者》被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言”
“
our intellectual
Declaration of Independence
”
6
．
教材作
品：
《论自然》
：
“
< br>Nature
”
;
《论自助》
：
“
S
elf-Reliance
”
六、
Henry David Thoreau
亨利
·
戴维
·
梭罗
1817-1862
1
．
他是爱
默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践
he was
Emerson
’
s truest disciple,
who put into
practice many of
Emerson
’
s theories.
2
．
185
4
年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作《沃尔登》
“
Walden
”
, the
superb book came out of his
two-
year
’
s residence at Walden
Pond
在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作
一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应
该发现自己的
生活方式
he explained many
of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of
life. He thought it better for a man to work
one day a week and the rest of the week
could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for
Emerson, self-reliance and
independence
of mind ranked above all each should find out his
own way of living.
3
．
184
9
年，根据他
1846
年坐监经历写下
了著名的随笔《平民反抗》
，文章中梭罗阐述了自己的观点，在政府的
< br>压力下，人不应该违背自己的良知
From his experience
in jail came his famous
essay
”
Civil
Disobedience
”
, which
stated Thoreau
’
s
belief that no man should violate his conscience
at the command of a government.
4
．
教材作品：
《沃尔登
我生活的地方；我为何生活》
：
“
Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For
”
七、
Nathaniel Hawthorne
纳撒尼尔
·
霍桑
1804-1
864
1
．
《七尖角阁的房子》讲述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“
The House of the Seven
Gables
”
deals with the
effects of
a curse, and though the tale
itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang
from the author
’
s family
history.
2
．
他是通过观察
和聆听别人谈话来获得创作素材的，
听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、
民间传说及各种鬼怪趣
事
Hawthorne
gathered his material by observing and listening
to others whose talk was filled with New England
Lore,
legend, and superstition.
3
．
《海关大楼》
“
The Custom
House
”
;
< br>1852
年的《福谷浪漫史》
“
The Blithedale Romance
”
;
1846
年他完成了宏篇巨著《古厦
青苔》
splendid stories called
“
Mosses from an Old
Manse
”
1860
年创作出《宝石神像》
“
The Marble
Faun
”
.
5
．
霍桑独
特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例
证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》
，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每
一个事件都能够达到了一个特定
的效果，
它讲述了关于罪的故事
，
罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事
Hawthor
ne
’
s unique gift was for
the creation of strongly symbolic
stories which touch the deepest roots of
man
’
s moral nature. The
finest example is
the
recreation
of
Puritan
Boston,
“
The
Scarlet
Letter
”
.
In
this
novel
each
word,
image,
and
event
works
toward
a
single
effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its
effects upon various persons, and how deliverance
is obtained for some
of them.
6
．
在他的
短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题
h
is
ability
to
create vivid and symbolic images that
embody great moral questions appear strongly in
his short stories
。霍桑的杰出
之处在于他
能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为了当时人们
< br>的道德参考
it was
Hawthorne
’
s ability to make
a story exist in its own right but at the same
time appear as a moral
7
symbol.
霍桑同埃德加
·
阿伦
·
坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师
，他们都创作了独一无二的小说形式样
Hawthorne
shares
with
Edgar
Allan Poe
the
distinction
of
advancing
the
art
of
the
short
story,
giving
to
the
form
qualities
that
are
uniquely
Amer
ican
。霍桑同麦尔维尔一样都采用了讲故事的手法来探讨生活的意义
to
Hawthorne and
Melville, hower, the telling of a tale was a way
of inquiring into the meaning of life.
7
．
他的作
品还有：
《伊桑
·
布兰德》
、
《小伙子布朗》
、
《海
德格博士的体验》
、
《野心勃勃的客人》
、
《巨石脸》
。
“
< br>Ethan
Brand
”
;
“
Young Goodman
Brown
”
;
“
Dr.
Heidegger
’
s
Experiment
”
;
“
The Ambitious
Guest
”
;
“
The Great Stone
Face
”
.
8
．
教材作
品：
《红字》
：
“
The Scarlet Letter
”
八、
Herman Melvill
e
赫尔曼
·
麦尔维尔
< br>1819-1891
1
．
《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主
义手法的创作高
峰，这种写法强烈地吸引了现在社会的读者
“
Moby
Dick
”
, a tremendous
chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit
of a seemingly supernatural white
whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another
strong appeal to readers of his
century.
2
．
1846
年《泰皮》出版后，他被称为“同食人族生活的人”
“
Typee
”
, became
known as the
“
man who lived
among
cannibals
”
1847
年后续集《欧穆》同样大获成功“
Omoo
”
；
1849
年《雷德本》
“
Bedburn
”
;
1850
年《白外衣》
“
White-
Jacket
”
;
1891
年《比利
·
伯德》
“<
/p>
Billy Budd
”
3
．两部哲学性小说《玛地》
、
《皮埃尔》
two other philosophical novels <
/p>
“
Mardi
”
,
“
Pierre
”
.
《代笔者巴特贝》是有诗
歌风味的短篇故事“
Bartleby the
Scrivener
”
.
还有两本短篇小说，即《班内托
·
西兰尼》和《
比利
·
伯德》
（最后
< br>一部）
two celebrated short novels
“
Benito
Cereno
”
and
“
Billy
Budd
”
.
《比利
·
伯德》同《白鲸》一样都运用船来
象征社会，
苦苦追寻和探讨了人类善与恶的问题，
船就是社会的一个缩影，
里面有各种各样的人物
uses a ship as
symbol of society and searchingly
examines the problems of good and evil.
Aha
b’
s ship was like a world
in miniature
with characters from all
walks of life.
4
．教材作品：
《白鲸》
：
“
Moby
Dick
”
九、
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
亨利
·
沃兹沃思
·
朗费罗
1807-1882
1<
/p>
．
1833-1835
创作完成散文浪漫
作品《海外记游》
his prose rom
ance
“Outre
-
Mer”;
2
．
在
《海华沙》
中，
他采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人的传说
using Finish folk meter in his celebration
of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha
”.
他最大的成就就是他使诗歌成为了人人都能看，都能写的一种文学体
裁
his greatest virtue is that he
made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.
3
．
1838
年他第一部诗集名叫《夜吟》
Longfellow
’
s first collection of poems entitled
“
Voices of the
Night
”
；
1839
年浪漫散文作品《许珀里翁》出版“
Hyperi
on
”
the prose
romance.
。
1841
年《歌谣及其他》
“
Ballads and
other Poems
”
;
184
2
年《奴隶制度诗篇》
“
Poems
on Slavery
”
;
1847
年诗歌《伊凡吉林》
“
Evangel
ine
”
;
1855
年《海华沙之歌》
“
Song of
Hiawatha
”;
1858
年《迈克尔
·
斯坦狄什的求婚》
“
The Courtship of Miles
Standish
”
;
戏剧作品《迈
克尔
·
安吉洛》
dramatic
work
“
Michael
Angelo
”
翻译作品《神曲》翻译成就最高“
Divine
Comedy
”
.
4
．他的其它作品：
《金星号遇难》
、
< br>《人生礼赞》
、
《精益求精》
、
《乡村铁匠》
、
《逝去的青春》
“
The Wreck of the
Hesperus
”
;
“
A Psalm of
Life
”
;
“
Excelsior
”
;
“
The Village
Blacksmith
”
;
“
My Lost
Youth
”
.
5
< br>．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜 人，
纯正有韵味而大受欢迎
after his death,
he became the only American to be honored with a
bust in the Poet
’
s corner
of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness,
sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was
popular during his lifetime.
6
．教材作品：
《人生礼赞》
：
“<
/p>
A Psalm of Life
”
;
《奴隶的梦》
：
“
The Slave
’
s
Dream
”
;
《逝去
的青春》
；
“
My Lost
Youth
”
;
《海华沙之歌
海华沙的禁食》
“
The Song
of Hiawatha
Hiawatha
’
s
Fasting
”
8
Part
Ⅳ
The Literature Of
Realism
现实主义文学
1.
美国国内战争
Civil War 1861-1865.
美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡
的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉
they
sought to portray American life as it really
was, insisting that the ordinary and
local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as
the magnificent and the remote.
2.
现实主义一词来源于法语
realisme,
她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”
。
Realism had originated in France as
realisme, a literary doctrine that called for
“
reality and
truth
”
in the depiction of
ordinary
life.
“<
/p>
现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小
”
,William
Dean
Howells(
豪厄斯
)
defined realism as
“
nothing more and nothing
less than the truthful treatment of material
”
.
他反对那些表现失意和绝
望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是
一个充满希望，
什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，
作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来
he spoke out
against
the writing of a bleak fiction
of failure and despair. He called for the
treatment of the
“
Smiling
aspects of life
”
as
being
the
more
“
American
”
,
insisting
that
American
was
truly
a
land
of
hope
and
of
possibility
that
should
be
reflected in its literature.
3.
美国现实主义文学总体说来对生
活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实主义大师
亨利
·
詹姆斯、马克
·
吐温
则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理
进行了
深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。马克
·
吐温打破了乡土小说
的狭窄局限，前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活<
/p>
the bulk of
America
’
s literary realism
was limited to optimistic
treatment of
the surface of life. Yet the greatest of
America
’
s realists, Henry
James
and Mark Twain, moved well
beyond a superficial portrayal of
nineteenth-century America. James probed deeply
into the individual psychology of
his
characters, writing in a rich and intricate style
that supported his intense scrutiny of complex
human experience.
Mark Twain, breaking
out of the narrow limits of local color fiction,
described the breadth of American experience as
no one had ever done before, or since.
4.
美国新的现实主义即自然主义大
师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出
受环境与出身
局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们
并没有意志的自由，
他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；<
/p>
他们还认宗教上的
“真理”
是虚幻的，<
/p>
人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，
死亡以后，
一切又烟消云散了
naturalism, a new and harsher
realism.
America
’
s
literary naturalists dismissed the validity of
comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve
extreme
objectivity and frankness,
presenting characters of low social and economic
classed who were dominated by
their
environment and heredity, the
naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral,
that men and women had no free
will,
that their lives were controlled by heredity and
the environment, that religious
“
truths
”
were illusory,
that the
destiny of humanity was misery
in life and oblivion in death.
一、
Walt Whitman
沃尔特
·
惠特曼
1819-1892
1.
美国文学史上极其重要的、具有
创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真
正的史诗
one of the great innovators in American
literature. In the cluster of poems he called
“
Leaves of
Grass
”
he
gave
America its first genuine epic poem.
他所创
造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，
在这种诗歌中，
没有固定的节拍，<
/p>
也
没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之
声
the poetic style he devised is now
called free
verse-that is, poetry
without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.
Whitman thought that the voice of democracy
should not be haltered by traditional
forms of verse.
2.
1855
年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。
有一部分诗歌描写的是令作
者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠
特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层
的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来
most of the poems in
“
Leaves of
Grass
”
are about man and
nature. However,
a small number of very
good poems deal with New York, the city that
fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In
his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal
of the democratic common man and that of the
rugged individual.
他给诗人
重新进行了
定义，
他认为诗人是一个英雄，
是一个救世主，
还是先知，
诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众
in
his
poetry, Whiman combined the ideal
of the democratic common man and that of the
rugged individual. He envisioned
the
poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who
leads the community by his expressions of the
truth.
3.
教材作品：
《自己之歌》
：
”
Song of Myself
”
《
我坐在这儿眺望着》
：
”
I Sit
and Look Out
”
《敲呀
！敲呀！鼓啊！
》
：
”
Drum-Taps Beat! Beat!
Dru
ms”
9
二、
Emily Dickinson
爱米丽
·
狄金森
1830-1886
1.
她的诗歌古怪、
简洁，
她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，
她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，
和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为
令人痴迷的诗歌
she wrote her whimsical, darting
verse with
sublime indifference to any
notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her
work illustrated the fact that one could
take a single household and an inactive
life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.
2.
她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起
，
1862
年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没
有离开过自己的
家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影
响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独
特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并
没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象
力
she
and her sister remained at home and did not marry.
After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving
her
house nor seeing even close
friends. Her later retirement from the world,
though perhaps affected by an unhappy love
affair, seems mainly to have resulted
from her own personality, from a desire to
separate herself from the world. The
range of her poetry suggests not her
limited experiences but the power of her
creativity and imagination.
3.
她在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱
米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品
Emily,
however, refused to revise her poems to
fit the standards of others and took no interest
in having them published; in
fact she
had only seven poems published during her
lifetime.
4.
她的诗歌
富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却
对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨
Emily
Dickinson
’
s poetry comes out
in bursts. The poems are short, many
of
them being based on a single image or symbol. But
within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes
about some of the
most important things
in life.
5.
教材作品：
《我品味未经酿造的饮料》
：
”
I taste a liquor never
brewed
”
《我意识到一场葬礼
》
：
”
I Felt a
Funeral, in My Brain
”
《鸟儿沿着小径过来》
：
”
A Bird came Down the Walk-
“
《我为美而死》
：
”
< br>I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce
”
《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声
-
我死时》
：
”
I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I
died-
“
《我不能等候死神》<
/p>
：
”
Because I Could
not Stop for Death-
“
三、
Harriet
Beecher Stowe
哈丽雅特
·
比彻
·
斯托
1811-1896
1.
她出生名门，父亲莱曼是当地有
名的牧师，父亲在家“一手遮天”
，非常专横，对待他们兄妹非常严厉，他希
望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士，女孩子能够嫁给传教士
she
was
born
into
a
respectable
family
that
was
to
become famous, her father
Lyman was a renowned clergyman. The family was
dominated by the father who ruled
with
the kind of wrathful severity that he imagined
were the chief characteristics of the God he
worshiped and feared.
The boys were
expected to become preachers, the girls to marry
preachers.
2.
185
1
年
6
月
5<
/p>
日，系列小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的第一集在《民族时代》专栏上开始连载，到
1852
年
4
月
1
日最后一集刊登完成
the
novel
“
Uncle
Tom
’
s
Cabin
”
or
“
The
Man
That
Was
a
Thing
”
,
began
serially
in
the
National Era on June 5,
1851, and the last installment appeared on April
1, 1852.
3.
这部小说被
翻译成
40
多种文字，
被全球数百万计
的人们广泛阅读，
这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自
己对
两主人公所受痛苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动
S
ince
then
has
been published in some forty languages
and has been read by millions of people around the
world. The power of the
novel
unquestionably comes from the investment of the
author
’
s sense of her own
suffering and oppression (as well
as
her determination to be free) in the characters of
Tom and his fellow slave Eliza,, the protagonists
of the book
’
s
two
main plots.
4.
《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》
“
A
Key
to
Uncle
Tom
’
s
Cabin
”
with
documented
case
histories
to
support
what
she
had
portrayed fictionally. 1
856
年
《德雷德，
阴暗大沼地的故事
》
“
Dred: A Tale of the Great
Dismal Swamp
”
attempt to
repeat the theme and extend the
argument of her masterpiece: that a society
resting on slavery could not long survive.
5.
教材作品：
《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
：
“
Uncl
e Tom
’
s
Cabin
”
四、
Mark Twain
马克
·
吐温
1835-1910
1.
原名
Samuel Langhorne Clemens <
/p>
塞缪尔
·
朗赫恩
·
克莱门斯。
1847
年父亲去世后开
始到一家出版社当学徒工，
从
1853
年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯
·
比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生
10
2.
3.
4.
5.
五、
O. Henry
欧
·
亨利
1862-1910
原名威廉
·
悉尼
·
波特（笔名欧
·
亨利）
William Sidney Porter.
1.
由于人们对他撰写的故事特别感
兴趣
,
《安斯利杂志》的出版人便邀请他到纽约专门写稿
he
wrote
stories
for
different
magazines,
and
when
there
came
a
big
demand
for
his
stories,
the
publishers
of
“
Ainslee
’
< br>s
Magazing
”
invited him to come to New York.
2.
欧
·<
/p>
亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述
的故事一般很
短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他
的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语
言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困难，这些表达
方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好
地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来
Many of his stories tell about the lives
of poor people in New York, as well as
in
other
places,
his
works
abound
in
good-natured
humor.
His
stories
are
usually
short,
the
plots
are
exceedingly
clever and
interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always
surprising. Many of his stories contain a great
deal of
slang and colloquial
expressions that make them hard to be understood
by people outside of America. Such forms of
speech are used to give what is called
local, to make the stories fit in with the
characters and scenes described.
3.
欧
·<
/p>
亨利认为他自己是一个十分谦虚的人，
他很害羞，
不喜与人交往，
即使是成名以后也是这样
His
own estimate
of himself was always a
very modest one and he was shy and retiring in the
presence of friends yet his fame.
4.
最好小说集
《四百万》
his
best volume
”
The Four
Million
”
;
最好单部小说：
《旧知》
、
《麦珙的礼物》
、
《市政报告》
、
《没讲
完的故事》
、
《
月亮女神》
、
《
吝啬爱人》
、
《
装饰过的房间》
，
his best individual stories
“
Retrieved
Reformation
”
,
“
The
Gift
of
the
Magi
”
,
“
A
Municipal
Report
”
,
“
An
Unfinished
Story
”
,
“
Phoebe
”
,
“
A
Lickpenny
Lover
”
,
“
The
Furnished
Room
”
.
5.
教材作品：
《警察与赞美诗》
：
”
The
Cop and the Anthem
”
六、
Henry James
亨利
·
詹姆斯
184
3-1916
1.
他大部分教育是
在家里完成的，全家在欧洲的频繁旅行是他接受教育的另一个重要源泉
he
received the major
part of his
education at home, his
family
’
s travels in Europe
were another source of education for Henry.
11
活
his formal education ended
soon after his father
’
s
death in 1847, when he became a
printer
’
s apprentice. From
1853, he traveled widely, as a
journeyman printer, in the eastern states and in
the west, he met Horace Bixby, the
captain of the boat, and turned to a
career on the river.
国内战争爆发以后，
他离开密西西比河，
先后在军队当过志
愿者，到内华达州掏过
金，他还做过木材投机生意，当过新闻记者
he left the
Mississippi at the outbreak of the
Civil War, and became, in swift
succession, and army volunteer, a gold-prospector
in Nevada, a timber speculator and
a
journalist.
在弗吉尼亚《企业》杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克<
/p>
·
吐温”
，意为
口寻
，也就是十二尺深
while working
for the Virginia City Territorial
Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym
“
Mark
Twain
”
, the way of a boatman
taking
soundings, and meaning two
fathoms, i.e. twelve feet.
1865
< br>年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版
”
Jumping
Frog
”
;
1869
年，
《傻子国外旅行记》
“
Innocents Abroad
”
;
1872
年，
《艰苦岁月》
“
Roughing It
”
;
1873
年，
《镀金时代》
“
The Gilded Age
”
1876
年，
《汤姆
< br>·
索亚历险记》
“
The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer
”
; <
/p>
1883
年，
《密西西比河上的生活》<
/p>
“
Life on the
Mississippi
”
;
188
4
年，
《哈克贝里
·
< br>费恩历险记》
”
Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
”
;
1894
年，
《傻瓜威尔逊》
“<
/p>
Pudd
’
n
h
ead Wilson”
;
1900
年，
《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》
“
The
Man that Corrupted
Hadleyburg
”
;
1906
年，
《什么是人？》
“
What is Man
”
;
1916
年，
《神秘来客》
“
The Mysterious
Stranger
”
晚年悲观与失望
，对十九世纪美国社会价值观不能接受，后一直是一个坚定的怀疑论者，有时他通过时事恶
毒的评论来疏缓自己的压力，
晚景凄凉，
亲人相继离去
he pointed towards his uneasy acceptance
of the values of
nineteenth-century
American society, he wrote three works expressing
his acute pessimism. From that time until his
death, he maintained a bitter
skepticism, relieved at times by outraged
commentary on world affairs. His last years
were saddened by personal bereavement.
教材作品：
《汤姆
·
< br>索亚历险记》
“
The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer
”
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