American Academy of Arts and Sciences美国艺术与科学学院

American Academy of Arts and

Sciences

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42°22′51″N 71°06′37″W42.380755°N 71.110256°W

American Academy of Arts and Sciences

American Academy of Arts and Sciences logo

To cultivate every art and science

which may tend to advance the

Motto

interest, honour, dignity, and

happiness of a free, independent,

and virtuous people.

Formation

1780

Type

Honorary society and center for

independent policy research

Purpose/focus

Honoring excellence and providing

service to the nation and the world

Headquarters

Cambridge, Massachusetts

, USA

Membership

4,000 fellows and 600 foreign

honorary members

President

Leslie Berlowitz

Website

The House of the Academy,

Cambridge, Massachusetts

.

The

American Academy of Arts and Sciences (American Academy)

is one of

the oldest and most prestigious honorary societies and a leading center

for independent policy research in the United States. Election to the

Academy is considered one of the nation’s highest honors since its

founding

during

the

American

Revolution

by

John

Adams

,

John

Hancock

,

James

Bowdoin

and other scholar-patriots who contributed prominently to the

establishment

of

the

new

nation,

its

government,

and

its

Constitution.

[1]

Today the Academy is with

a

dual function:

to elect to

membership finest

minds and most influential leaders, drawn from science, scholarship,

business, public affairs, and the arts, from each generation, and to

conduct

policy

studies

in

response

to

the

needs

of

society.

Major

Academy

projects now have focused on higher education and research, humanities

and cultural studies, scientific and technological advances, politics,

population

and

the

environment,

and

the

welfare

of

children.

D?dalus

,

the

Academy’s quar

terly journal, is widely regarded as one of the world's

leading intellectual journals.

[2]

The Academy is headquartered in

Cambridge, Massachusetts

.

Contents

[

hide

]

1 Overview

?

2 Membership

o

2.1 Founding members

o

2.2 Members

o

2.3 Classes and sections

?

3 Presidents, 1791-present

?

4 Activities

o

4.1 Projects

o

4.2 Research fellowship programs

o

4.3 Awards

o

4.4

National

Commission

on

the

Humanities

and

Social

Sciences

?

5 See also

?

6 External links

?

7 References

?

[

edit

] Overview

The Academy was established by Massachusetts legislature on 4 May 1780.

Its purpose, as described in its Charter of Incorporation, is

cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest,

honor, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous

people.

[3]

The sixty-two incorporating fellows represented varying

interests and high standing in the political, professional, and

commercial sectors of the state. The first class of new members, chosen

by

the

Academy

in

1781,

included

Benjamin

Franklin

and

George

Washington

as

well

as

several

foreign

honorary

members.

The

initial

volume

of

Academy

Memoirs

appeared in 1785, and the

Proceedings

followed in 1846. In the

1950s the Academy launched its journal

Daedalus

, reflecting its

commitment to a broader intellectual and socially-oriented program.

[4]

The

Academy

has

sponsored

a

number

of

awards

throughout

its

history.

Its

first award, established in 1796 by

Benjamin Thompson

(Count Rumford),

honored distinguished work on

research activities. Additional prizes recognized important

contributions

in

the

sciences,

social

sciences,

and

humanities.

In

2000,

a

scholar-patriot

award

was

inaugurated

to

honor

individuals

who

have

made

significant contributions to the work of the Academy and whose lives

exemplify the founders' vision of service to society.

Since

the

second

half

of

the

twentieth

century,

policy

research

has

become

a central focus of the Academy. In the late 1950s, arms control emerged

as a signature concern of the Academy. The Academy also served as the

catalyst

in

establishing

the

National

Humanities

Center

in

North

Carolina.

In the late 1990s, the Academy developed a new strategic plan, focusing

on four major areas: science, technology, and global security; social

policy

and

education;

humanities

and

culture;

and

education.

In

2002,

the

Academy established a visiting scholars program in association with

Harvard University

. Now a group of 54 academic institutions from across

the country have become university affiliates of the Academy to support

this program.

[5]

[

edit

] Membership

[

edit

] Founding members

Charter

members

of

the

Academy

are

Samuel

Adams

,

John

Adams

,

John

Bacon

,

James Bowdoin

,

Charles Chauncy

, John Clark,

David Cobb

,

Samuel Cooper

,

Thomas

Cushing

,

Nathan

Cushing

,

William

Cushing

,

Tristram

Dalton

,

Francis

Dana

,

Samuel Deane

,

Perez Fobes

,

Caleb Gannett

,

Henry Gardner

,

Benjamin

Guild

,

John Hancock

,

Joseph Hawley

,

Edward Augustus Holyoke

,

Ebenezer

Hunt

,

Jonathan Jackson

, Charles Jarvis,

Samuel Langdon

,

Levi Lincoln

,

Daniel

Little

,

Elijah

Lothrup

,

John

Lowell

,

Samuel

Mather

,

Samuel

Moody

,

Andrew Oliver

,

Joseph Orne

,

Theodore Parsons

,

George Partridge

,

Robert

Treat Paine

,

Phillips Payson

,

Samuel Phillips

,

Jr., John Pickering

,

Oliver Prescott

,

Zedekiah Sanger

,

Nathaniel Peaslee Sargeant

,

Micajah

Sawyer

,

Theodore Sedgwick

,

William Sever

,

Stephen Sewall

,

David Sewall

,

John

Sprague

,

Ebenezer

Storer

,

Caleb

Strong

,

James

Sullivan

,

John

Bernard

Sweat

,

Nathaniel Tracy

,

Cotton Tufts

,

James Warren

,

Samuel West

,

Edward

Wigglesworth

,

Joseph Willard

, Samuel Williams,

Abraham Williams

,

Nehemiah Williams

, and

James Winthrop

.

[

edit

] Members

From the beginning, the membership, nominated and elected by peers, has

included not only scientists and scholars but also writers and artists

as

well

as

representatives

from

the

full

range

of

professions

and

public

life.

Throughout

the

Academy’s

history,

10,000

fellows

have

been

elected,

including such notables as

John Adams

,

Thomas Jefferson

,

John James

Audubon

,

Joseph

Henry

,

Washington

Irving

,

Josiah

Willard

Gibbs

,

Augustus

Saint- Gaudens

,

J. Robert Oppenheimer

,

Willa Cather

,

T. S. Eliot

,

Edward

R.

Murrow

,

Jonas

Salk

,

Eudora

Welty

,

and

Duke

Ellington

.

Foreign

honorary

members

have

included

Leonhard

Euler

,

Marquis

de

Lafayette

,

Alexander

von

Humboldt

,

Leopold von Ranke

,

Charles Darwin

,

Jawaharlal Nehru

,

Werner

Heisenberg

, and

Alec Guinness

. Astronomer

Maria Mitchell

was the first

woman to be elected to the Academy, in 1848. The current membership

encompasses

over

4,000

fellows

and

foreign

honorary

members

on

the

roster,

including more than 250

Nobel

laureates and more than 60

Pulitzer Prize

winners.

[6]

[

edit

] Classes and sections

The current membership is divided into five classes and twenty-four

sections.

[7]

Class I

–

Mathematical and Physical Sciences

?

?

?

?

?

?

Section 1. Mathematics

Section 2. Physics

Section 3. Chemistry

Section 4. Astronomy (including Astrophysics) and Earth Science

Section 5. Engineering Sciences and Technologies

Section 6. Computer Sciences (including Artificial Intelligence

and Information Technologies)

Class II

–

Biological Sciences

?

?

?

?

?

Section 1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Section 2. Cellular and Developmental Biology, Microbiology and

Immunology (including Genetics)

Section 3. Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral

Biology

Section 4. Evolutionary and Population Biology and Ecology

Section 5. Medical Sciences (including Physiology and

Pharmacology), Clinical Medicine, and Public Health

Class III

–

Social Sciences

?

?

?

?

?

Section 1. Social and Developmental Psychology and Education

Section 2. Economics

Section

3.

Political

Science,

International

Relations,

and

Public

Policy

Section 4. Law (including the Practice of Law)

Section 5. Archaeology, Anthropology, Sociology, Geography and

Demography

Class IV

–

Arts and Humanities

?

?

?

?

?

Section 1. Philosophy and Religious Studies

Section 2. History

Section 3. Literary Criticism (including Philology)

Section

4.

Literature

(Fiction,

Poetry,

Short

Stories,

Nonfiction,

Playwriting, Screenwriting)

Section 5. Visual Arts and Performing Arts