-
Coherence
（连贯性）
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连贯性
是
指句中的成分之间具有含乎逻辑的有机联系，
全句所表述的
思路
清晰，使交际对方容易得到要领。
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Coherence
means
clear
and
reasonable
connection
between
parts.
?
the
train
of
thoughts
flows
smoothly
in
a
logical
sequence
in
a
sentence, from sentence to sentence,
from paragraph to paragraph
Example:
John
saw a handbag in a
field.
He
walked a cross the
field
and picked up the handbag.
He
took the handbag to the
police station
and
handed
it
in
as
lost
property.
When
he
had
done
this,
he
went
home.
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这个语篇做到了紧凑连贯。这是因为四个句子表达的意义联系紧密：
通过重复
(handbag)
延续主题发展，第四句
t
his
的照应对象是一个句
组，做到回应总结
< br>
。
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通过代词指示做到语义连贯：
第二、
三、
四句中的
he
与第一句的
John
发生了照应
关系，第三句的
it
与第一、二句的
h
andbag
是词汇复现关
系。
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A
sentence
is
coherent
when
its
words
or
parts
are
properly
connected and their relationships
unmistakably clear.
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It is not
coherent if it has
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confusing
shifts
in
person
and
number,
or
in
voice,
tense,
and
mood.
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pronouns with
ambiguous reference,
?
faulty parallel
constructions,
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dangling or misplaced modifiers,
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Pronoun reference
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句子中的代词应在数性和人称等方
面保持一致，或者和它所对应的名
词词组保持一致。
1)
代词与先行词在数上不一致是一个常见的错误。
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Being a
student, we all wish to learn to write well.
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One
can
never
write
effectively,
unless
they
write
as
much
and as often as they
can.
No
matter what
he is learning,
children
all
seem
to
follow what
the alduts do.
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2).
Ambiguousreference
歧义指代
:
a
sentence
contains
more
than
one
antecedent
to
which
a
pronoun
may
grammatically
refer.
Faulty:
She told my
sister that she was wrong.
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Revised:
“ I’m wrong,” she said to
my sister.
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She admitted that she was wrong and
said so to my sister.
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“ You’re wrong,” she said
to
my sister.
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My
sister was told that she was wrong.
Faulty:
He was knocked down by
a
bicycle
, but
it
was not serious.
Revised:
He was
knocked down by a bicycle, but was not badly hurt.
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Faulty:
I’m going to
the lecture on modern Chinese dramawith
my
friend,
because
he
is a dramatist I
like.
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Revised:
I’m
going
to
the
lecture
on
modern
Chinese
dramawith my friend, because the
speaker is a dramatist I like.
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3). Weak
reference: the antecedent is implied or
unspecified
指代含
糊
,
or the same pronoun stands for different implied
antecedents. In
this case, you should
clearly state what is implied.
He’s the author
of a best
-
selling book on
sailing, although he’s
never set foot
on one.
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I wished I had
brought my raincoat, for it had become colder and
I
needed it.
?
When
the
weather
became
colder,
I
wished
I
had
brought
my
raincoat, for I needed it.
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When he went by
the dog pound(
栏
), they
rushed to the fence and
barked at
him.
?
When he went by the dog pound, the dogs
rushed to the fence and
barked at him.
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注意：句中起修饰作用的名词不可以作代词所指代的先行词。
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e.g. In John
White’s novel
The Whites
, he
describes the life of the
immigrant
family.
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In
his
novel
The
Whites
,
John
White
describes
the
life
of
the
immigrant family.
Faulty:
A man is judged
not only by what he says but also by
his deeds.
Revised:
A man
is judged not only by what he says but also by
what
he does.
A
man
is
judged
not
only
by
his
words
but
also
by
his
deeds.
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平行结构：
Parallelism
一句话里往往出现两个或两个以上意思并列的
成分，这些成分应该保持平衡。
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Collecting
stamps,
playing
chess
and
catching
butterflies
are
Wary’s
hobbies.
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她既漂亮，又温柔，还勤俭持家。
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Parallel
ideas
had
better
be
expressed
in
parallel
constructions,
which give emphasis, clarity and
coherence to a sentence.
不平行
(non-parallelism)
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Dentists
advise
brushing
your
teeth
after
every
meal
and
to
avoid sugar in your diet.
?
Dentists
advise
brushing
your
teeth
after
every
meal
and
avoiding sugar in your diet.
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She is pretty,
tender, and manages the household thriftily.
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She is pretty,
tender, and thrifty.
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善于使用平行结构（
parallel
construction
）
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Both…and, not…
but, rather than, not only…but also…, as well as,
either…or,
等结构前后的语法形式必须一致。
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He
believed neither in himself nor did he believe in
others.
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He
believed neither in himself nor in others.
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平行的含义
:
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语法结构一致平行
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语法结构，意义，语气
语法结构平行
Parallel in structure
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Word
to
word;
phrase
to
phrase;
clause
to
clause;
sentence
to
sentence
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We have great faith and high hopes for
her.
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We have
great faith in and high hopes for her.
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To swim in a
pool is not as much fun as swimming in a river.
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To swim in a
pool is not as much fun as to swim in a river.
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The
hurricane was more of a threat to the tourists
than the natives.
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The
hurricane
was
more
of
a
threat
to
the
tourists
than
to
the
natives.
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We met a
Frenchman who had lived in Brazil, but he knew
very little
about his own country.
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We met a
Frenchman who had lived in Brazil, but who knew
very
little about his own country.
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意义，语气一致平行
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Parallel both
in sense and mood, voice, etc.:
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The Spring
Festival brings children care-free happiness and
grants
people leisured refreshment.
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The Spring
Festival brings children care-free happiness and
grants
adults/parents leisured
refreshment.
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He
was
beaten
and
robbed,
and
then
they
left
him
to
die
in
the
gutter.
?
He was beaten
and robbed, and left to die in the
gutter.
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If I were rich and she was single, I
would marry her.
?
If I were rich
and she were single, I would marry her.
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Pay
your
taxes
and
you
should
be
honest.
(the
imperative
mood
shifts to the indicative)
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Pay your taxes
and be honest.