-
Chapter 1
New World Beginnings
33,000 B.C. - A.D1783
225 Million Years Ago - Pangaea started
to break apart.
10 Million Years Ago
- North America was shaped by nature -
Canadian Shield
2 Million Years Ago
- Great Ice Age
35,000 Years
Ago
- The oceans were glaciers
and the sea level dropped, leaving an isthmus
connecting Asia
and North America.
The
Bering Isthmus was crossed by people going into
North America.
10,000 Years
Ago
- Ice started to retreat
and melt, raising the sea levels and covering up
the
Bering Isthmus.
Evidence suggests that early people may
have come to the Americas in crude boats, or
across the
Bering Isthmus.
Europeans Enter Africa
People of Europe were able to reach
sub-Saharan Africa around
1450
when the Portuguese invented the
caravel, a ship that should sail into
the wind.
This ship allowed sailors to
sail back up the western
coast of
Africa and back to Europe.
The
Portuguese
set up trading
posts along the African beaches trading with
slaves and gold, trading
habits that
were originally done by the Arabs and Africans.
The Portuguese shipped the slaves back
to
Spain and Portugal where they worked
on the sugar plantations.
When Worlds Collide
Possibly 3/5 of the
crops
cultivated around the world today
originated in the Americas.
Within 50
years of the Spanish arrival in
Hispaniola
, the Taino
natives decreased from 1 million
people
to 200 people due to diseases brought by the
Spanish.
In centuries
following Columbus's landing in the Americas, as
much as
90%
of the Indians
had died
due to the diseases.
The Spanish
Conquistadores
In the
1500's
, Spain became the
dominant exploring and colonizing power.
The Spanish conquerors came
to the Americas in the service of
God
as well as in search of
gold
and
glory
.
Due to the gold and silver deposits
found in the New World, the European economy was
transformed.
The islands of the
Caribbean Sea served as offshore bases for the
staging of the Spanish invasion of the
mainland Americas.
By the
1530s
in
Mexico
and the
1550s
in
Peru
, colorless colonial
administrators had replaced the
conquistadores.
Some of the
conquistadores wed Indian women and had children.
These offspring were known as
mestizos
and formed a
cultural and biological bridge between Latin
America's European and Indian
races.
The Conquest of
Mexico
In about
1519
, Hernan Cortes set sail
from Cuba with men and horses.
Along
the way, he picked up
two translators -
A Spanish prisoner of Mayan-speaking Indians, and
an Indian slave named Malinche.
The Spaniards arrived at
Tenochtitlan
, the Aztec
capital with the intention of stealing all of the
gold
and other riches; they were amazed
by the beauty of the capitol.
On
June 30, 1520
, the Aztecs
attacked the Spanish because of the Spaniards'
lust for riches.
The
Spanish countered, though, and took
over the capital and the rest of the Aztec empire
on
August 13,
1521
.
Due to the
rule of the Spanish, the Indian population in
Mexico went from 20 million to 2 million in
less than a century.
The Spread of Spanish
America
In
1565
, the Spanish built a
fortress at St. Augustine, Florida to protect the
sea-lanes to the Caribbean.
In
1680
, after the Spanish
captured an area known today as New Mexico in
1609
, the natives launched
a rebellion known as
Popes
Rebellion
.
The natives
burned down churches and killed priests.
They
rebuilt a
kiva
, or ceremonial
religious chamber, on the ruins of the Spanish
plaza at Santa Fe.
The misdeeds of the
Spanish in the New World led to the birth of the
Black Legend
.
This
false
concept stated that the
conquerors just tortured and killed the Indians,
stole their gold, infected them
with
smallpox, and left little but misery behind.
Chronology
33,000-8,000 B.C. - First
humans cross into Americas from Asia.
5,000 B.C.
-
Corn is developed as a stable crop in highland
Mexico.
4,000 B.C.
- First civilized societies develop in
the Middle East.
1,200 B.C.
- Corn planting reaches present-day
American Southwest.
1,000 A.D.
- Norse voyagers discover and briefly
settle in northeastern North
America.
Corn
cultivation reaches Midwest and southeastern
Atlantic seaboard.
1,100 A.D.
- Height of Mississippian settlement at
Cahokia.
1,100-1,300 A.D.
- Christian crusades arouse European
interest in the East.
1295
- Marco Polo returns to Europe.
Late 1400s
-
Spain becomes united.
1488
- Diaz rounds southern tip of Africa.
1492
-
Columbus lands in the Bahamas.
1494
- Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain
and Portugal.
1498
- Da Gama reaches India.
Cabot
explores northeastern coast of
North
America for
England.
1513
- Balboa claims all lands touched by
the Pacific Ocean for Spain.
1513, 1521
- Ponce de Leon explores Florida.
1519-1521
-
Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain.
1522
- Magellan's vessel completes
circumnavigation of the world.
1524
- Verrazano explores eastern
seaboard of North America for France.
1532
-
Pizarro crushes Incas.
1534
- Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence
River.
1539-1542
- De Soto explores the Southeast and
discovers the Mississippi River.
1540-1542
-
Cabrillo explores present-day Southwest.
1542
-
Cabrillo explores California coast for Spain.
1565
-
Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine.
Late 1500s
- Iroquois Confederacy founded,
according to Iroquois legend.
1598-1609
- Spanish under Onate conquer pueblo
peoples of Rio Grande valley.
1609
- Spanish found New Mexico.
1680s
-
French exploration down Mississippi River under La
Salle.
1769
- Serra founds first California
mission, at San Diego.
Chapter 2
The
Planting of English America
1500-1733
The Spanish were at Santa
Fe in
1610.
The
French were at Quebec in
1608.
The English
were at Jamestown, Virginia in
1607.
England's Imperial Stirrings
King Henry VIII broke with
the Roman Catholic Church in the
1530s
, launching the
English
Protestant
Reformation
, and intensifying the
rivalry with Catholic Spain.
Elizabeth Energizes England
In
1580
, Francis
Drake circumnavigated the globe, plundering and
returning with his ship loaded with
Spanish booty.
He had a
profit of about 4,600%.
When the English fleet defeated the
Spanish Armada, Spain's empirical dreams and
fighting spirit had
been weakened -
helping to ensure the English's naval dominance
over the North Atlantic.
England on the Eve of an
Empire
Because an economic
depression
hit
England
in the later part of
the 1500s and many people were left
without homes, the stage was set for
the establishment of an English beachhead in North
America.
England Plants
the Jamestown Seedling
In
1606
, a joint-stock company,
known as the
Virginia Company of
London
,
received
a charter from
King James I of England
for a settlement in the New World.
The
company landed in Jamestown on
May 24,
1607
.
In
1608
, Captain John Smith
took over the town and forced the settlers into
line.
By
1609
, of
the 400 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60
survived the
starving
winter
1609-1610.
Cultural Clash in the
Chesapeake
Lord De La Warr
reached Jamestown in
1610
with supplies and military.
He started the
First
Anglo-Powhatan War
.
The Indians were again
defeated in the
Second Anglo-Powhatan
War
in
1644.
By
1685
, the
English considered the Powhatan people to be
extinct.
Virginia: Child
of Tobacco
John Rolfe
married Pocahontas in
1614
,
ending
the First Anglo-
Powhatan War.
In
1619
, self-government was
made in Virginia.
The London Company
authorized the settlers to
summon an
assembly, known as the
House of
Burgesses
.
King
James I didn't trust the House of Burgesses and so
in
1624
, he made Virginia a
colony of England,
directly under his
control.
Maryland:
Catholic Haven
Maryland
was formed in
1634
by Lord Baltimore.
Maryland
was made for a refuge for the Catholics to escape
the wrath of the Protestant English
government.
The
Act of Toleration
, which was
passed in
1649
by the local
representative group in Maryland,
granted toleration to all Christians.
The West Indies: Way
Station to mainland America
By the mid-17th Century, England had
secured its claim to several West Indian Islands.
Sugar
was, by
far, the major crop on the Indian Islands.
To support the massive sugar crops,
millions of African slaves were imported.
By 1700, the number
of black
slaves to white settlers in the English West
Indies by nearly 4 to 1.
In order to
control the
large number of slaves, the
Barbados Slave Code of 1661
denied
even the
most fundamental rights to
slaves.
Colonizing the
Carolinas
Civil war plagued
England in the 1640s.
In
1707
, the Savannah Indians
decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians
and migrate to the
back country of
Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony
founded by Quakers under William
Penn
promised better relations.
Almost all
of the Indians were killed in raids before they
could depart
- in
1710
.
Rice
became the primary export of the
Carolinas.
Chronology
1558
- Elizabeth I becomes queen of England
1565-1590
-
English crush Irish uprising
1577
- Drake circumnavigates the globe
1585
- Raleigh founds Roanoke colony
1588
- England defeats Spanish Armada
1603
- James I becomes king of England
1604
- Spain and England sign peace treaty
1607
- Virginia colony founded at Jamestown
1612
- Rolfe perfects tobacco culture in
Virginia
1614
- First Anglo-Powhatan War ends
1619
- First Africans arrive in Jamestown.
Virginia House of Burgesses established
1624
- Virginia becomes a royal colony
1634
- Maryland colony founded
1640s
-
Large-scale slave-labor system established in
English West Indies
1644
- Second Anglo-Powhatan War
1649
- Act of Toleration in Maryland.
Charles I beheaded; Cromwell rules
England
1660
- Charles II restored to English throne
1661
- Barbados slave code adopted
1670
- Carolina colony created
1711-1713
-
Tuscarora War in North Carolina
1712
- North Carolina formally separates
from South Carolina
1715-1716
- Yamasee War in South Carolina
1733
- Georgia colony founded
The Thirteen Original
Colonies
Name
Virginia
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Plymouth
Maine
Maryland
Connecticut
New Haven
Rhode Island
Delaware
N. Carolina
New York
New Jersey
Carolina
Pennsylvania
Georgia
Founded By
London Co.
John
Mason and Others
Puritans
Separatists
F. Gorges
Lord Baltimore
Mass.
Emigrants
Mass. Emigrants
R.
Williams
Swedes
Virginians
Duke of York
Berkeley and
Carteret
Eight Nobles
William Penn
Oglethorpe and
others
Year
1607
1623
1628
1620
1623
1634
1635
1638
1636
1638
1653
1664
1664
1670
1681
1733
Chapter 3
Settling the Northern Colonies
1619-1700
The
Protestant Reformation Produces
Puritanism
German friar
Martin Luther denounced the authority of the
priests and popes when he nailed his
protests against Catholic doctrines to
the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in
1517
.
He
declared that the
Bible alone was the
source of God's words.
He started the
John Calvin of Geneva elaborated Martin
Luther's ideas.
He spelled out his
basic doctrine in Latin in
1536,
entitled
Institutes of the Christian
Religion
.
These ideas
formed
Calvinism
.
When King Henry VIII broke
his ties with the Roman Catholic Church in the
1530s
, he formed the
Protestant Church.
There
were a few people who wanted to see the process of
taking Catholicism out
of England occur
more quickly.
These people were called
Puritans
.
A tiny group
of
Puritans, called
Separatists
, broke away from
the Church of England.
Fearing that
his
subjects would defy him both as
their political leader and spiritual leader, King
James I, the head of
state of England
and head of the church from
1603-1625
,
threatened to harass the more
bothersome the
Separatists out of the
land.
The Pilgrims End
Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth
Losing their identity as English, a
group of Separatists in Holland came to America in
search for
religious freedom.
The group settled outside the domain of
the Virginia Company and, without legal
permission, settled in
Plymouth Bay
in
1620
.
Captain
Myles Standish- prominent among the non-belongers
of the Mayflower who came to Plymouth
Bay; an Indian fighter and negotiator.
Before disembarking from the Mayflower,
the Pilgrim leaders drew up and signed the
Mayflower
Compact
.
This
was a simple agreement to form a crude government
and to submit to the will of the
majority under the regulations agreed
upon.
It was signed by 41 adult males.
It was the
first attempt
at a government in America.
In the Pilgrims' first winter of
1620-1621, only 44 of the 102 survived.
In
1621
, there
was the
first Thanksgiving Day
in
New England.
William Bradford- elected 30 times as
governor of the Pilgrims in the annual elections;
a self-taught
scholar who read Hebrew,
Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch; Pilgrim leader.
The Bay Colony Bible
Commonwealth
Charles I
dismissed Parliament in
1629
and sanctioned the anti-Puritan
persecutions of the reactionary
Archbishop William Laud.
In
1629
, an energetic group of
non-Separatist Puritans, fearing for their faith
and for England's future,
secured a
royal charter to form the
Massachusetts
Bay Company
.
(Massachusetts
Bay Colony)
During the
Great Migration
of the
1630s, about 70,000 refugees left England for
America.
Most of
them were
attracted to the warm and fertile West Indies,
especially the sugar-rich island of Barbados.
John Winthrop- the Bay Colony's first
governor - served for 19 years.
Building the Bay Colony
Governor Winthrop of the Bay Colony did
not like Democracy.
The
freemen annually elected the governor and his
assistants and a representative assembly called
the
General Court
.
Visible Saints
was another
name for the Puritans.
John Cotton- a
very devoted Puritan.
Michael
Wigglesworth wrote the poem,
1662
.
Trouble in the Bible
Commonwealth
Anne
Hutchinson- an intelligent woman who challenged
the Puritan orthodoxy; was banished from the
Massachusetts Bay Colony because of her
challenges to the Church.
Roger
Williams- popular Salem minister who also
challenged the Church; an extreme Separatist; was
banished from the Massachusetts Bay
Colony.
The Rhode Island
Roger Williams fled to the
Rhode Island area in
1636
.
There, he established religious freedom
for all
kinds of people.
New England Spreads Out
Hartford
and Connecticut
were founded in
1635
.
An energetic group of Boston Puritans
poured into
the Hartford area lead by
Reverend Thomas Hooker.
(Colony)
In
1639
, the
settlers of the new Connecticut River colony
drafted a document known as the
Fundamental Orders
.
It was basically a constitution.
New Haven
was established in
1638
.
Part of
Maine
was purchased by Massachusetts
Bay in
1677
from the Sir
Ferdinando Gorges heirs.
In
1641
, New Hampshire was
absorbed by the greedy Massachusetts Bay.
The king took it back and
made New Hampshire a royal colony in
1679
.
Puritans versus Indians
The
Wampanoag
chieftain, Massasoit, signed a treaty with the
Plymouth Pilgrims in
1621
.
The
Wampanoag helped the
Pilgrims have the first Thanksgiving in that same
year.
In
1637
,
hostilities exploded between the English settlers
and the powerful Pequot tribe.
The
English
militiamen and their
Narragansett Indian allies annihilated the Pequot
tribe.
In
1675
,
Massasoit's son, Metacom (also nicknamed King
Philip by the English) launched a series of
attacks and raids against the
colonists' towns.
The war ended in
1676
.
Seeds of Colonial Unity and
Independence
In
1643
, 4 colonies banded
together to form the
New England
Confederation
.
It was made
to defend
against foes or potential
foes.
The confederation consisted of
only Puritan colonies - two
Massachusetts colonies (the
Bay Colony
and small
Plymouth
) and two
Connecticut colonies (
New
Haven
and the scattered
valley settlements).
Each
colony had 2 votes, regardless of size.
As a slap at the Massachusetts Bay
Colony, King Charles II gave rival Connecticut in
1662
a sea-to-sea
charter grant, which legalized the
squatter settlements.
In
1663
, the outcasts in Rhode
Island received a new charter, which gave kingly
sanction to the most
religiously
tolerant government yet devised in America.
In
1684
, the
Massachusetts Bay Colony's charter was revoked by
London authorities.
Andros
Promotes the First American Revolution
In
1686
, the
Dominion of New England
was
created by royal authority.
Unlike the
homegrown New
England Confederation, it
was imposed from London.
It embraced
all of New England until in
1688
when it was
expanded
to New York and
East and West Jersey.
The
leader
of the Dominion of
New England was Sir Edmund Andros - an able
English military
man.
He
established headquarters in
Puritanical
Boston
.
Andros stopped the
town meetings; laid heavy restrictions on the
courts, the press, and schools; and
revoked all land titles.
In
1688-1689
, the people of old
England engineered the
Glorious
(or
Bloodless
)
Revolution
.
They
dethroned Catholic James II and
enthroned the Protestant rulers of the
Netherlands, the Dutch-born
William III
and his English wife, Mary, daughter of James II.
In
1691
,
Massachusetts was made a royal colony.
There was
unrest
in New York and Maryland from
1689-1691
, until newly
appointed royal governors
restored a
semblance of order.
Old
Netherlands at New Netherland
Late in the
16
th
Century
, the
Netherlands
fought for and
won its
independence from Catholic
Spain
with the help of
England.
In the
17
th
Century, the Dutch (the
Netherlands) became a power.
Golden
Age.
It fought
3
great
Anglo-Dutch naval
battles
.
The Dutch Republic
became a leading colonial power, with by far its
greatest activity in the East Indies.
The
Dutch East
India Company
was nearly a state within
a state and at one time supported an army
of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships,
40 of them men-of-war.
This company
hired an English explorer, Henry Hudson, to seek
great riches.
He sailed into the
Delaware Bay and New York Bay in
1609
and then ascended the
Hudson River.
He filed a Dutch
claim to a wooded and watered area.
The
Dutch West India Company
was less powerful than the
Dutch East India Company, and was based
in the Caribbean.
It was more
interested in raiding than
trading.
In
1628
, in raided a fleet of
Spanish treasure ships and stole $$15 million.
The company established outposts in
Africa and Brazil.
In
1623-1624
, the Dutch West
India Company established New Netherland in the
Hudson River
area.
It was
made for its quick-profit fur trade.
The company also purchased Manhattan
Island from
the Indians for worthless
trinkets. The island encompassed 22,000 acres.
New Amsterdam
, later New
York City, was a
company
town
.
The Quakers were
savagely abused.
Friction
with English and Swedish Neighbors
New England was hostile to the growth
of its Dutch neighbor, and the people of
Connecticut finally
ejected intruding
Hollanders from their verdant valley.
3 of the 4 member colonies of the New
England Confederation were eager to
wipe out New Netherland with military force.
Massachusetts,
providing
most of the troops, rejected this.
From
1638-1655
, the Swedish
trespassed on Dutch preserves by planting the
anemic colony of
New
Sweden
on the Delaware River.
The
Golden Age
for Sweden was during and following the
Thirty Years' War of
1618-1648
, in which
its
brilliant King Gustavus Adolphus had carried the
torch for Protestantism.
Resenting the
Swedish intrusion, the Dutch dispatched a small
military expedition in
1655
.
It was led
by the able of
the directors-general, Peter Stuyvesant, who had
lost a leg while soldiering in the West
Indies and was dubbed
The
main fort fell after a bloodless siege,
whereupon Swedish rule came to an
abrupt end.
Dutch Residues
in New York
In
1664
, the Dutch were forced
to surrender their territory (New Netherland) to
the English when a
strong English
squadron appeared off the coast of New Amsterdam.
New Amsterdam was named
New
York
, after the Duke of York.
Penn's Holy Experiment in
Pennsylvania
A group of
dissenters, commonly known as
Quakers,
arose in England in
the
mid-1600s
.
Officially,
they were known
as the Religious Society of Friends.
Quakers were especially offensive to
the authorities, both religious and civil.
They refused to support
the
Church of England with taxes.
William
Penn was attracted to the Quaker faith in 1660.
In
1681
, he
managed to secure from King
Charles II
an immense grant of fertile land, in consideration
of a monetary debt owed to his deceased
father by the crown.
The
king called the area
Pennsylvania
.
Quaker Pennsylvania and
Its Neighbors
The Quakers
treated the Indians very well.
Many
immigrants came to Pennsylvania seeking
religious
freedom
.
excessive hilarity.
By
1700,
Pennsylvania surpassed all but Massachusetts and
Virginia as the most populous and wealthy
colony.
William Penn was
never fully liked by his colonists because of his
friendly relations with James II.
He
was arrested for treason thrice and
thrown into prison.
In
1664
, New Netherland, a
territory along the Hudson River, was taken by the
English and granted to
Lord John
Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. This grant that
was given to Carteret and Berkeley
divided the region into East and West
New Jersey, respectively.
Berkeley sold West New Jersey in
1674
to a William Penn and
his group of Quakers, who set up a
sanctuary before Pennsylvania was
launched.
In
1681
(the same year that Penn was given the region of
Pennsylvania from King Charles II), William
Penn and his Quakers purchased East New
Jersey from Carteret's widow.
In
1702
, the proprieters of
East and West New Jersey voluntarily surrendered
their governmental
powers over the
region to the royal crown after confusion began to
arise over the large number of
landowners and growing resentment of
authority. England combined the two territories
(East and West
New Jersey) into
one colony
in
1702
.
The Middle Way in the Middle
Colonies
The middle colonies
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania,
were known as the
colonies
because
of their heavy exports of
grain
.
These colonies were more ethnically
mixed than any of the other colonies.
The people were given
more
religious tolerance than in any other colonies.
Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston,
Massachusetts in 1706. He moved to Philadelphia at
the age of
17.
The Stuart Dynasty in
England
Name, Reign
Relation to America
James I,
1603-1625
Charles I, 1625-1649
Interregnum, 1649-1660
Charles II, 1660-1685
VA.,
Plymouth founded; Separatists persecuted
Civil Wars, 1642-1649; Mass., MD formed
Commonwealth; Protectorate (Oliver
Cromwell)
The Restoration; Carolina,
Pa., N.Y. founded;
Conn. chartered
James II, 1685-1688
William
and Mary, 1689-1702
(Mary died in 1694)
Chronology
1517
- Martin Luther begins Protestant
Reformation
1536
- John Calvin of Geneva publishes
Institutes of the Christian
Religion
1620
- Pilgrims sail on the Mayflower to
Plymouth Bay
1624
- Dutch found New Netherland
1629
- Charles I dismisses Parliament and
persecutes Puritans
1630
- Puritans found Massachusetts Bay
Colony
1635-1636
- Roger Williams convicted of heresy
and founds Rhode Island colony
1635-1638
-
Connecticut and New Haven colonies founded
1637
- Pequot War
1638
- Anne Hutchinson banished from
Massachusetts colony
1639
- Connecticut's Fundamental Orders
drafted
1642-1648
- English Civil War
1643
- New England Confederation formed
1655
- New Netherland conquers New Sweden
1664
- England seizes New Netherland from
Dutch, East and West Jersey
colonies
founded
1675-1676
- King Philip's War
1681
- William Penn founds Pennsylvania
colony
1686
- Royal authority creates Dominion of
New England
1688-1689
- Glorious Revolution overthrows
Stuarts and Dominion of New England
Catholic trend; Glorious Revolution,
1688
King William's War, 1689-1697
Chapter 4
American Life in the
17
th
Century
1607-1692
The
Unhealthy Chesapeake
Half
the people born in early Virginia and Maryland did
not survive to celebrate their
20
th
birthday.
At
the beginning of the 18
th
Century,
Virginia
was the
most populous
colony with
59,000
people.
Maryland was
the 3
rd
largest, after
Massachusetts, with 30,000.
The Tobacco Economy
By the
1630s, 1.5 million
pounds of tobacco
were being shipped
out of the Chesapeake Bay every
year
and almost 40 million by the end of the century.
Because of the massive amounts of
tobacco crops planted by families,
indentured
servants
brought in from
England to work on the farms.
In
exchange for working, they received transatlantic
passage and eventual
freedom
dues
small piece of land.
Virginia and Maryland
employed the
headright
workers.
Under its terms, whoever paid the
passage of a laborer received the right to acquire
50 acres
of land.
Chesapeake
planters brought some
100,000
indentured servants
to the region by
1700
.
These
slaves
3/4 of all European
immigrants
to Virginia and Maryland in
the 17
th
Century.
Frustrated Freemen and
Bacon's Rebellion
In
1676
, about
1,000
Virginians
broke out of control - led
by a 29-year-old planter, Nathaniel
Bacon.
They fiercely
resented Virginia's Governor William Berkeley for
his friendly policies towards
the
Indians.
When Berkeley refused to
retaliate for a series of savage Indian attacks on
frontier
settlements (due to his
monopolization of the fur trading with them), the
crowd took matters into their
own
hands.
The crowd murderously attacked
Indians and chased Berkeley from Jamestown,
Virginia.
They torched the
capitol.
As the civil war in Virginia
continued, Bacon suddenly died from disease.
Berkeley took advantage of
this and crushed the uprising, hanging
more than 20 rebels.
Charles II
complained of the penalties
dealt by
Berkeley.
Due to the rebellions and
tensions started by Bacon, lordly planters looked
for other, less troublesome
laborers to
work their tobacco plantations.
They
soon looked to Africa.
Colonial Slavery
Africans
had been brought to
Jamestown
as early as
1619
, but as late
as
1670
, they numbered only
about 2,000 in Virginia-only about 7%
of the total population of the South.
In the
1680s
, the
wages in England rose
,
therefore decreasing the number of indentured
servants
coming to America.
By the
mid-1680s
,
black slaves outnumbered white servants
among the
plantation
colonies' new arrivals.
In
1698
, the
Royal
African Company
, first chartered in
1672
,
lost its
monopoly
on carrying slaves to
the colonies.
Due to this,
many Americans, including many Rhode Islanders,
rushed to cash in on the
slave trade.
(Eventually, Rhode Island became the
first state t abolish slavery.)
Blacks accounted for half the
population of Virginia by 1750.
In
South Carolina, they outnumbered
whites
2:1.
Most of the slaves came from the
west coast of Africa, especially stretching from
present-day Senegal
to Angola.
Beginning in
Virginia
in
1662
, statues appeared that
formally decreed the iron conditions of slavery
for blacks.
These earliest
slave
codes
masters for life.
Africans in
America
By about 1720, the
proportion of females in the Chesapeake area soon
began to rise, making it possible
for
family life.
On the Sea Islands off
South Carolina's coast, blacks evolved a language,
Gullah
.
It
blended English
with several African
languages, including Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa.
In
New York City in
1712
, a
slave revolt
cost the lives of 12 whites and caused
the execution of 21
blacks.
In
1739 in South Carolina
along the Stono River, a revolt
exploded.
The rebels tried to march to
Spanish Florida but were stopped by a
local militia.
Southern Society
Just before the Revolutionary War,
70%
of the
leaders
of the
Virginia legislature
came
from families
established in Virginia
before 1690.
Social Scale
-
Great Planters-owned gangs of slaves
and vast domains of land; ruled the region's
economy
and monopolized political
power.
Small Farmers-largest social
group; tilled their own modest plots and may have
owned one or
two slaves.
Landless Whites-many were former
indentured servants.
Black Slaves
The New England
Family
In contrast with the
Chesapeake, the New Englanders tended to migrate
in families as opposed to single
individuals.
Family came
first with New Englanders.
There were low premarital pregnancy
rates, in contrast with the Chesapeake.
Because
southern men
frequently died young, leaving widows with small
children to support, the
southern
colonies generally allowed married women to retain
separate title their property and
gave
widows the right to inherit their husband's
estates
.
But in New
England, Puritan
lawmakers worried that
recognizing women's separate property rights would
undercut the unity
of married persons
by acknowledging conflicting interests between
husband and wife.
When a
man died, the Church inherited the
property, not the wife.
New
England women usually gave up their property
rights when they married.
In contrast
to old
England, the laws of New England
made secure provisions for the property of widows
and even
extended important protections
to women with marriage.
Above all, the
laws of Puritan New England sought to defend the
integrity of marriages.
Life in the New England
Towns
Massachusetts was at
the front of the colonies attempting to abolish
black slavery.
New towns were legally
chartered by the colonial authorities, and the
distribution of land was entrusted
to
proprietors.
Every family received
several parcels of land.
Towns of more
than 50 families had to have an elementary school.
Just 8 years
after
Massachusetts
was
formed, the colony established
Harvard
College, in
1636.
Virginia
established its first college,
William
and Mary, in 1693.
Puritans
ran their own churches, and democracy in
Congregational Church government led logically to
democracy in political government.
The Half-Way Covenant and
the Salem Witch Trials
About
the middle of the 17
th
century, a new form of sermon began to be heard
from Puritan pulpits -
the
jeremiad
.
Troubled
ministers in
1662
announced
a new formula for church membership, the
Half-Way
Covenant
.
This
new arrangement modified the covenant, or the
agreement between the church and its
adherents, to admit to baptism-but not
members.
This move upped
the churches' memberships.
This boost
in membership was just what the
money-
stricken church needed.
A group of
adolescent girls in
Salem,
Massachusetts
, claimed to have been
bewitched by certain older
women.
A witch hunt ensued, leading to the
legal lynching of
20 women
in
1692.
In
1693,
the
witchcraft hysteria ended when the governor of
Massachusetts prohibited any further trials
and pardoned those already convicted.
In 1713, the Massachusetts legislature
annulled the
The New England Way of Life
The
soil of New England was
stony
and hard to plant with.
There was
less
diversity in New England than in the South
because European immigrants did not
want to come to a place where there was
bad soil.
The summers in New England
were very hot and
the winters very
cold.
The Native Americans recognized
their right to USE the land, but the concept of
OWNING was
unknown.
The
people of New England became experts at
shipbuilding and commerce due to the timber found
in
the dense forests.
They
also fished for
cod
off the
coasts.
The combination of Calvinism,
soil, and climate in New England made for energy,
purposefulness,
sternness,
stubbornness, self-reliance, and resourcefulness.
The Early Settlers' Days
and Ways
Women, slave or
free, on southern plantations or northern farms,
wove, cooked, cleaned, and care for
children.
Men cleared land;
fenced, planted, and cropped the land; cut
firewood; and butchered
livestock as
needed.
Resentment against upper-class
pretensions helped to spark outbursts like
Bacon's Rebellion of 1676
in
Virginia
and the
uprising of
Maryland's Protestants toward the end of the
17
th
century.
In
New York, animosity
between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants
fueled
Leisler's Rebellion
,
an ill-starred and bloody insurgence
that rocked
New York City from
1689-1691.
In
1651, Massachusetts prohibited poorer
folk from
and in
18
th
century
Virginia, a tailor was fined and jailed for
arranging to race his
horse-
gentlemen.
Estimated Slave Imports to the New
World, 1601-1810
Spanish American
Brazil
British
Caribbean
Dutch Caribbean
French Caribbean
Danish Caribbean
British North America and
future United
States
TOTAL
17th
Century
292,500
560,000
263,700
40,000
155,800
4,000
10,000
X
18th Century
598,600
1,891,400
1,401,000
460,000
1,348,400
24,000
390,000
X
Total
871,000
2,451,400
1,664,700
500,000
1,504,200
28,000
400,000
7,419,300
Chronology
1619
- First Africans arrive in Virginia
1636
- Harvard College founded
1662
- Half-Way Covenant for Congregational
Church membership established
1670
- Virginia assembly disfranchises
landless freeman
1676
- Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia
1680s
-
Mass expansion of slavery in colonies
1689-1691
-
Leisler's Rebellion in New York
1692
- Salem witch trials in Massachusetts
1693
- College of William and Mary founded
1698
- Royal African Company slave trade
monopoly ended
1712
- New York City slave revolt
1739
- South Carolina slave revolt
Chapter 5
Colonial Society on the Eve of
Revolution
1700-1775
Conquest by the Cradle
In 1775, the most populous colonies
were Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North
Carolina, and
Maryland.
About 90% of people lived in rural
areas.
A Mingling of the
Races
Colonial America was a
melting pot.
Germans were 6%
of the total population in 1775.
Many Germans settled in Pennsylvania,
fleeing
religious persecution, economic
oppression, and the ravages of war.
Scots-Irish were 7%
of the
population in 1775.
They were lawless
individuals.
By the mid
18
th
century, a chain of
Scots-Irish settlements lay scattered along the
which hugged the
eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to
Georgia.
The Scots-Irish led the armed
march of the Paxton Boys in
Philadelphia in 1764
, protesting the
Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy
toward the Indians, and a few years later,
spearheaded the
Regulator
movement
in North Carolina,
a small but nasty insurrection against eastern
domination of the colony's
affairs.
About 5% of the multicolored colonial
population consisted of other European groups-
French
Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes,
Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots Highlanders.
The Structure of Colonial
Society
By the mid 1700s,
the richest 10% of Bostonians and Philadelphians
owned 2/3
of the taxable
wealth in their cities.
By
1750, Boston contained a large number of homeless
poor, who were compelled to wear a large red
In all the colonies the
ranks of the lower classes were further swelled by
the continuing stream of
indentured
servants.
The black slaves were the
lowest in society.
Clerics, Physicians, and
Jurists
Most honored of the
professions was the Christian ministry.
Most physicians were poorly trained and
not highly esteemed.
The first medical
school came in 1765.
Epidemics were a
constant nightmare.
A crude form of
inoculation was introduced in
1721.
Powdered dried toad was a favorite
prescription for smallpox.
Diphtheria
was also a killer,
especially of young
people.
Workday America
Agriculture was the leading
industry
, involving about 90% of the
people.
The staple crop in
Maryland and Virginia was tobacco.
The fertile middle (bread) colonies
produced large quantities of
grain.
Fishing was not nearly as
prevalent as agriculture, but it was rewarding.
Trade was popular in the New England
group- New York and Pennsylvania.
Manufacturing in the colonies was of
only secondary importance.
Lumbering was perhaps the most
important manufacturing activity.
By
1770, about 400 vessels were
splashing
down the ways each year, and about 1/3 of the
British merchant marine was American built.
As early as the 1730s, fast-breeding
Americans demanded more and more British products-
yet the slow
growing British population
early reached the saturation point for absorbing
imports from
America.
This
trade imbalance prompted the Americans to look for
foreign markets to get money to
pay for
British products.
There was much trade
with the West Indies.
In 1773, bowing
to pressure from British West Indian planters,
Parliament passed the
Molasses
Act
,
aimed at crushing North
American trade with the French West Indies.
The colonists got around this by
smuggling.
Horsepower and Sailpower
The roadways in the colonies were in
terrible condition.
An intercolonial
postal system was established by the mid-1700s.
Dominant
Denominations
Two
established, or tax-supported, churches were
conspicuous in 1775: the
Anglican and
the
Congregational
.
The Church of England,
Anglicans, became the official faith in Georgia,
North and South Carolina,
Virginia,
Maryland, and a part of New York.
The
College of William and Mary was founded in 1693
to train a better class of clerics for
the Anglican Church.
The Congregational
Church had grown out of the Puritan Church, and
was formally established in all
the New
England colonies except independent minded Rhode
Island.
Presbyterianism was never made
official in any of the colonies.
Religious toleration
had
made tremendous strides in America.
There were fewer Catholics in
America; hence anti-Catholic laws were
less severe and less strictly enforced.
In general, people could
worship or not worship as they pleased.
The Great
Awakening
A few churches
grudgingly said that spiritual conversion was not
necessary for church membership.
Jacobus Arminius was a Dutch theologian
who preached that individual free will, not divine
decree,
determined a person's eternal
fate.
The
Great
Awakening
exploded in the 1730s and
1740s.
The Awakening was started in
Northampton,
Massachusetts, by Jonathan
Edwards.
He said that through faith in
God,
not
through doing good
works, could one attain eternal
salvation.
He had an alive-style of
preaching.
George Whitefield gave
America a different kind of enthusiastic type of
preaching.
The
old
lights
,
orthodox clergymen,
were skeptical of the new ways of preaching.
New lights
, on the other
hand,
defended the Awakening for its
role in revitalizing American religion.
The Awakening had an emphasis on
direct, emotive spirituality and seriously
undermined the older
clergy.
It started many new denominations and
greatly increased the numbers and the
competitiveness
of American churches.
Schools and
Colleges
Puritan New England
was more interested in education than any other
section.
Dominated by the
Congregational Church, it stressed the
need for Bible reading by the individual
worshiper.
College education was
regarded very highly in New England.
9
local colleges were established during the
colonial era.
A Provincial
Culture
The red-bricked
Georgian style was introduced in 1720.
Art, architecture were popular in the
colonies.
Science was behind the old
world.
Ben Franklin was considered the
only first-rank scientist in the
New
World.
Pioneer
Presses
A celebrated legal
case in 1734-1735 involved John Peter Zenger, a
newspaper printer.
He was
charged with printing things that
assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York.
The jury voted him
not
guilty to the surprise of the judge and many
people.
This paved the way for freedom
of the press.
The Great
Game of Politics
By 1775, 8
of the colonies had royal governors, who were
appointed by the king.
3-Maryland,
Pennsylvania, and Delaware- were under
proprietors who themselves chose the
governors.
2-Connecticut
and Rhode Island- elected their own governors
under self-governing
characters.
Nearly every colony used a two house
legislative body.
The upper house, or
council, was appointed
by the crown in
the royal colonies and the proprietor in the
proprietary colonies.
The lower house,
as
the popular branch, was elected by
the people.
Lord Cornbury: made
governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702.
He was a drunkard, a
spendthrift, and a bad person.
Chapter 6
The
Duel for North America
1608-1763
France Finds a Foothold in
Canada
In
1598
, the
Edict
of Nantes
was issued by the crown of
France.
It granted limited religious
freedom
to French Protestants, and
stopped religious wars between the Protestants and
Catholics.
In
1608
, France established
Quebec
.
(Catholic)
The leading
figure was Samuel de Champlain, an
intrepid soldier and explorer whose
energy and leadership earned him the title
The government of New France (Canada)
was under direct control of the king.
The people did not
elect any
representative assemblies.
New France Sets Out
New France contained one valuable
resource -
beaver
.
French Catholic
missionaries, notably the
Jesuits
, labored with much
enthusiasm to convert the Indians
to
Christianity and to save them from the fur
trappers.
Antoine Cadillac- founded
Detroit in
1701
to thwart
English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley.
Robert de La Salle- explored the
Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana.
In order to block the Spanish on the
Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several
fortified posts in
Mississippi and
Louisiana.
The French founded
New Orleans
in
1718
.
Illinois
became France's garden empire of North America
because much grain was produced there.
The Clash of Empires
The earliest battles among European
power for control of North America, known to
British colonists as
King William's War
(1689-1697)
and
Queen Anne's
War (1702-1713)
.
Most of
the battles were
between the British
colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain.
The wars ended in
1713
with peace terms signed
at
Utrecht
.
France and Spain were terribly beaten
and Britain received French-populated
Acadia and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay.
The British
also won limited
trading rights in Spanish America.
The
War of Jenkins's Ear started in
1739
between the British and
Spaniards.
This small battle became
a war and became known as
King Georges's War in
America.
It ended in
1748
with a treaty that
handed Louisbourg back to France,
enraging the victorious New Englanders.
George Washington
Inaugurates War with France
In
1754
, George
Washington was sent to Ohio Country to secure the
land of the Virginians who had
secured
legal rights to 500,000 acres.
His 150
Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing
French
reinforcements to come.
The Virginians were forced to surrender
on
July 4, 1754.
In
1755
, the
British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a
stab in the back, and scattered them as far
as Louisiana.
Global War and Colonial
Disunity
The
French and Indian War (Seven Years'
War)
started in
1754.
It was fought in America, Europe,
the West Indies, the Philippines,
Africa, and on the ocean.
In Europe, the principal adversaries
were Britain and Prussia on one side and France,
Spain, Austria,
and Russia on the
other.
The French wasted so many
troops in Europe that they were unable to put
enough forces into America.
The
Albany Congress
met in
1754.
Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up.
It attempted to unite
all of
the colonies but the plan was hated by individual
colonists and the London regime.
Braddock's Blundering and
Its Aftermath
General
Braddock set out in
1755
with 2,000 men to capture
Fort
Duquesne
.
His force was
slaughtered by the much smaller French
and Indian army.
(
Braddock's
Blunder
)
Due to this loss
of
troops, the whole frontier from
Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to
attack.
George
Washington,
with only 300 men, tried to defend the area.
In
1756
, the
British launched a
full-scale invasion
of Canada
.
Pitt's Palms of Victory
In
1757
, William
Pitt became the foremost leader in the London
government.
He was known as the
He attacked and captured
Louisbourg
in
1758
.
To lead the
attack in the
Battle of Quebec
in
1759
, Pitt
chose James Wolfe.
The two opposing
armies
faced each other on the
Plains of Abraham
, the
British under Wolfe and the French under Marquis
de
Montcalm.
Montreal fell
in
1760
.
The
Treaty of Paris (1763)
ended
the battle and threw the French power off
the continent of North America.
Restless
Colonists
Intercolonial
disunity
had been caused by enormous
distances; geographical barriers; conflicting
religions, from Catholics to Quakers;
varied nationalities, from German to Irish;
differing types of
colonial
governments; many boundary disputes; and the
resentment of the crude back-country settlers
against the aristocrats.
Americans: A People of
Destiny
In
1763
,
Ottawa
chief
,
Pontiac,
led
several tribes, aided by a handful of French
traders who remained
in the region, in
a violent campaign to drive the British out of the
Ohio country.
His warriors captured
Detroit in the spring of that year and
overran all but 3 British outposts west of the
Appalachians.
The British countered
these attacks and eventually defeated the Indians.
London government issued the
Proclamation of 1763.
It
prohibited settlement in the area beyond the
Appalachians.
(The
Appalachian land was acquired after the British
beat the Indians).
It was made to
prevent another bloody eruption between
the settlers and Indians.
Many
colonists disregarded it.
Chapter 7
The Road to Revolution
1763-1775
The
Deep Roots of Revolution
Two
ideas in particular had taken root in the minds of
the American colonists by the mid
18
th
century:
1.
Republicanism
- a just
society in which all citizens willingly
subordinated their private,
selfish
interests to the common good.
Both the
stability of society and the authority of
government thus depended on the virtue
of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness,
self-sufficiency, and courage.
2.
Radical
Whigs
patronage and bribes by
the king's ministers.
They warned
citizens to be on guard for
possible
corruption.
Mercantilism
and Colonial Grievances
Georgia was the only colony to be
formed by Britain.
The
Navigation Law of 1650
stated that all goods flowing to and from the
colonies could only be
transported in
British vessels.
It was aimed to hurt
rival Dutch shippers.
The
Stamp Tax Uproar
Due to the
French and Indian War, Britain had a very large
debt.
In
1763
,
Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the
British navy to begin strictly enforcing
the
Navigation
Laws
.
He also secured from
Parliament the
Sugar Act of
1764
, the first law ever passed
by Parliament to raise tax revenue in
the colonies for England.
The Sugar
Act increased the duty on
foreign sugar
imported from the West Indies.
The
Quartering Act of 1765
required certain colonies to provide
food and quarters for British troops.
In
1765
, George
Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to
raise revenues to support the new
military force.
This stamp
tax, known as the
Stamp Act
,
mandated the use of stamped paper or the
affixing of stamps, certifying payment
of tax.
Parliament Forced
to Repeal the Stamp Act
The
Stamp Act Congress of 1765
brought together in New York City 27 distinguished
delegates from
9 colonies.
The members drew up a statement of
their rights and grievances and requested the king
and Parliament to repeal the hated
legislation.
The meeting's ripples
began to erode sectional
suspicions
(suspicions between the colonies), for it had
brought together around the same table leaders
from the different and rival colonies.
It was one step towards
intercolonial unity
.
Nonimportation agreements
(agreements made to not import British
goods)
were a stride toward
unionism.
The
Sons of Liberty
and
Daughters of Liberty
took the law into their own hands by
enforcing the
nonimportation
agreements.
The Stamp Act was repealed
by Parliament in
1766
.
Parliament passed the
Declaratory Act
, reaffirming
its right to bind the colonies in all cases
whatsoever.
The
Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston
Massacre
In
1767
, Parliament passed the
Townshend Acts.
They put a light import tax on glass,
white lead,
paper, paint, and tea.
British officials, faced with a
breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of
troops in the colonies
in
1768
.
On
March 5, 1770
,
a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and
the redcoats opened fired on
the
civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them.
The massacre was known as the
Boston Massacre
.
The Seditious Committees of
Correspondence
Lord North
was forced to persuade Parliament to repeal the
Townshend revenue duties.
Samuel Adams-
master propagandist and engineer of rebellion;
formed the first local committee of
correspondence in Massachusetts in
1772
(Sons of Liberty).
Committees of Correspondance were
created by the American colonies in order to
maintain
communication with one
another. They were organized in the decade before
the Revolution when
communication
between the colonies became essential.
In March of
1773
,
the Virginia
House of
Burgesses
, the lower house of the
Colony of Virginia,
proposed that each
colonial legislature appoint a standing committee
for intercolonial correspondance.
Within just a year, nearly all of the
colonies had joined.
l
Tea
Parties at Boston and Elsewhere
In
1773,
the
British East India
Company
was overstocked with 17 million
pounds of unsold tea.
If
the company collapsed, the London
government would lose much money.
Therefore, the London
government gave the company a full
monopoly of the tea sell in America.
Fearing that it was trick to pay more
taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea.
When the ships
arrived in
the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts,
Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to
allow the ships to unload their tea.
On
December 16,
1773
, a band of Bostonians, disguised
as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the
tea into the sea.
(
Boston Tea
Party
)
Parliament Passes the
In
1774
,
Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts
for their actions in the Boston Tea
Party.
Parliament passed
laws, known as the
Intolerable
Acts
, which restricted colonists'
rights.
The
laws made
restrictions on town meetings, and stated that
enforcing officials who killed colonists in the
line of duty would be sent to Britain
for trial (where it was assumed they would be
acquitted of their
charges).
One such law was the
Boston
Port Act
.
It closed the
Boston harbor until damages were
paid
and order could be ensured.
The
Quebec Act
was also passed in
1774
, but
was not a part of the Intolerable Acts.
It gave Catholic
French
Canadians religious freedom and restored the
French form of civil law; this law nullified many
of the Western claims of the coast
colonies by extending the boundaries of the
province of Quebec to
the Ohio River on
the south and to the Mississippi River on the
west.
The Continental
Congress and Bloodshed
In
1774
, the
1st
Continental Congress
met in
Philadelphia in order to redress colonial
grievances over
the Intolerable Acts.
The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia,
sent 55 men to the convention.
(The
1st
Continental Congress was not a
legislative body, rather a consultative body, and
convention rather than
a congress.)
After 7 weeks of deliberation, the
1st Continental Congress
drew up several papers.
The
papers
included a
Declaration of Rights
and
solemn appeals to other British-American colonies,
to the king,
and to the British people.
The creation of
The Association
was the most
important outcome of the Congress.
It
called for a
complete
boycott
of British goods;
nonimportation, nonexportation, and
nonconsumption.
In
April
1775
, the British commander in Boston
sent a detachment of troops to
Lexington.
They
were
to seize provisions of colonial
gunpowder and to capture the
rebel
, Samuel
Adams
and
John Hancock.
At Lexington,
8 Americans were shot and killed.
This
incident was labeled as the
Lexington
Massacre
.
When the British
went on to Concord, they were met with American
resistance and there were over 300
casualties and 70 deaths.
Because of
this, the British had a
war
,
rather than a rebellion on their hands.
Imperial Strength and
Weaknesses
The population of
Britain was over 3 times as large as the
population of America.
Britain also
had a
much greater economic wealth and
naval power.
Unfortunately for the
British, though, there was rebellion brewing in
Ireland, and France, bitter from its
recent defeat, was waiting for an
opportunity to attack Britain.
Britain
was therefore forced to divert
much of
its military power and concentration away from the
Americas.
Britain's army
in America had to operate under numerous
difficulties; provisions were short and
soldiers were treated brutally.
American Pluses and
Minuses
Marquis de
Lafayette- French who was made a major general in
the colonial army at the age of 19; the
The
Articles of
Confederation
was adopted in
1781
.
It was the
first written constitution adopted by
colonists.
Due to the lack
of metallic money in America, Continental Congress
was forced to print
Continental
paper
money.
Within a short time, this money
depreciated significantly and individual states
were
forced to print their own paper
money.
A Thin
Line of Heroes
At
Valley Forge
, Pennsylvania,
American men went without food for 3 days in the
winter
of
1777-1778
.
Baron
von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America
fighters into shape for fighting the
British.
Lord Dunmore- royal
(British) governor of Virginia.
In
1775
, he issued a
proclamation
promising
freedom
for any enslaved
black in Virginia who joined the British army.
Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian
Regiment
Chapter 8
America Secedes
from the Empire
1775-1783
Congress Drafts George
Washington
The Second
Continental Congress selected George Washington to
head the army besieging Boston.
Bunker Hill and Hessian
Hirelings
From April 1775 to
July 1776, the colonists were both affirming their
loyalty to the king by sincerely
voicing their desire to patch up
difficulties while at the same time raising armies
and killing redcoats.
In May 1775, a
tiny American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict
Arnold captured the British
garrisons
at
Ticonderoga and Crown
Point
.
There, a store of
gunpowder and artillery was secured.
In June 1775, the colonists captured
Bunker Hill
.
The
British took it back with a large number of
soldiers.
In
July
1775
, the Second Continental Congress
adopted the
Olive Branch
Petition
American loyalty to
the king and begged to the king to stop further
hostilities.
The petition was
rejected by the king.
With
the rejection, the Americans were forced to choose
to fight to become
independent or to
submit to British rule and power.
In
August 1775, King George III proclaimed that the
colonies were in rebellion.
He then
hired
German
Hessians
to bring order to
the colonies.
The Abortive
Conquest of Canada
In
October 1775, the
British burned
Falmouth
(Portland), Maine.
In the same month, colonists made
an attack on Canada in hopes that it
would close it off as a possible source for a
British striking
point.
The
attack failed when General Richard Montgomery was
killed.
In January 1776, the
British set fire to Norfolk
.
Thomas Paine
Preaches Common Sense
The
Americans continued to
deny any
intention of independence
because
loyalty to the empire was
deeply
ingrained; many Americans continued to consider
themselves apart of a transatlantic
community in which the mother country
of Britain played a leading role; colonial unity
was poor; and
open rebellion was
dangerous.
Thomas Paine released a
pamphlet called
Common Sense
in
1776
.
It
argued that the colonies had
outgrown
any need for English domination and that they
should be given independence.
Paine and the Idea of
Thomas Paine called for the
creation of a new kind of political society,
specifically a
republic
,
where
power flowed from the people
themselves.
Jefferson's
Explanation of Independence
On July 2, 1776, Richard Henry Lee of
Virginia's
resolution of
declaring independence was passed.
It
was the formal declaration of
independence by the American colonies.
Thomas Jefferson was appointed to draft
up the
Declaration of
Independence
.
The
Declaration of
Independence
was formally
approved
by Congress on
July 4, 1776
.
It
was an explanation of
everything the
king had done to the Americans.
Patriots and Loyalists
During the War of Independence, the
Loyalists were called
Tories
Whigs
.
Tory
:
The
Loyalists made up 16% of the American population.
Many people of education and wealth
remained loyal
to England.
Loyalists were most
numerous where the
Anglican church
was
strongest.
The
Loyalists
were well entrenched in
New York City,
Charleston, Quaker
Pennsylvania,
and
New Jersey
.
They were least numerous in New
England.
The
Patriots
were numerous where
Presbyterianism and Congregationalism
flourished-mostly in
New
England.
The Loyalist
Exodus
Before the
Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were
treated relatively mild.
After,
though, they
were hanged, imprisoned,
and roughly handled.
They Loyalists
were forced to leave because the Patriots had to
eliminate their weaknesses.
General Washington at Bay
The
British
concentrated
New York City
as a base of operation due to the fact that Boston
was
evacuated in March 1776.
In
1776
, General
Washington and his men were overpowered by the
British at the
Battle of Long
Island
.
Washington and his men escaped to
Manhattan Island.
General William Howe
was General Washington's adversary.
On
December 26, 1776
,
Washington surprised and captured
1,000
Hessians
who were sleeping.
Burgoyne's Blundering
Invasion
London officials
had an intricate scheme for capturing the vital
Hudson River valley in 1777
.
It
would sever New England
from the rest of the states and paralyze the
American cause.
The main
invading force, lead by General
Burgoyne, would push down the Lake Champlain route
from
Canada.
General Howe's
troops in New York, if needed, could advance up
the Hudson River to meet
Burgoyne near
Albany.
The 3
rd
force was commanded by colonel Barry St. Leger,
who would come in
from the west by way
of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley.
General Burgoyne was forced to
surrender his entire command at
Saratoga
on
October 17, 1777
to
American
general Horatio Gates (
Burgoyne's
Blunder
).
This win made it
possible for the urgently
needed
foreign aid from France
.
(Turning point in war.)
Strange French Bedfellows
After the shooting at
Lexington
in April 1775,
French secretly provided arms to the Americans.
The British offered the Americans
home rule
after the Battle
of Saratoga.
The French didn't want
Britain to regain its colonies for fear
that Britain would seize the
sugar rich
French West Indies
.
In
order to stop this, the
French made an open alliance
with the Americans in
1778
, offering all the
British did with the exception of
independence.
The Colonial
War Becomes a World War
Spain and Holland became allies against
Britain in
1779
.
The British decided to evacuate
Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New
York City.
Blow and
Counterblow
General Benedict
Arnold turned traitor against the Americans in
1780.
General Nathaniel Greene
succeeded in clearing most British troops out of
Georgia and South Carolina.
The Land Frontier and the Sea
Frontier
The
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
-
(
1784
) the first treaty
between the United States and an Indian nation;
signed with the Iroquois.
George Rogers Clark- conceived the idea
of capturing the British of the wild Illinois
country in
1778-1779.
John
Paul Jones is known as the father of the navy.
He employed the tactic of privateering.
Privateering
- when privately
owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a
government during a
wartime to attack
and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc; it
diverted manpower from the main war
effort; it brought in needed gold,
harassed the enemy, and raised American morale by
providing
victories in a time when
victories were few.
Yorktown and the Final
Curtain
From 1780-1781, the
U.S. government fell nearly bankrupt.
British General Cornwallis fell back to
Chesapeake Bay at
Yorktown
to await seaborne supplies and
reinforcements.
This time
in war was one of the few times when British naval
superiority had been
lacking.
Admiral de Grasse offered to join the
Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the
sea.
George Washington,
along with Rochambeau's army, and Admiral de
Grasse cornered
Cornwallis.
He was forced to
surrender
on October 19, 1781
.
Peace at Paris
In
1782, a Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime of
Lord North.
Conditions of the Treaty of
Paris of 1783:
British formally recognized the
independence of the United States.
Florida is
given to Spain.
Britain granted
generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi
on the west, to the Great
Lakes on the
north, and to Spanish Florida on the south.
Yankees were
to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of
Newfoundland.
The Loyalists were to no longer be
prosecuted.
Congress was to recommend
to the state legislatures that confiscated
Loyalist property be
restored.
The states vowed to put no lawful
obstacles in the way of Loyalist property
collection.
Ben Franklin,
John Adams, and John Jay negotiated the peace
terms with Britain.
Chapter
9
The Confederation and the
Constitution
1776-1790
The Pursuit of Equality
The Continental Army officers formed an
exclusive hereditary order called the
Society of the
Cincinnati
.
Virginia Statue for Religious
Freedom-
created in
1786
by Thomas Jefferson and
his co-reformers;
stated that religion
should not be imposed on anybody and that each
person decided his/her own faith.
The
Philadelphia
Quakers
in
1775
founded the first
anti-slavery society
.
The 1st Continental Congress called for
the complete
abolition of the slave
trade
in
1774
.
Several
northern states went
further and either abolished slavery altogether or
provided the gradual
emancipation of
slaves.
No states south of
Pennsylvania abolished slavery.
Constitution Making in the
States
The 2nd Continental
Congress called upon the colonies in
1776
to draft
new
constitutions
.
Massachusetts called a special
convention to draft its constitution and then
submitted
the final draft to the
people.
As
written
documents, the state constitutions were
intended to represent a
fundamental
law
, superior
to the short-
lived impulses of ordinary legislation.
In the Revolutionary era, the capitals
of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North
Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia
were all moved westward.
Economic Crosscurrents
Economic democracy preceded political
democracy.
Due to the independence from
Britain, the United States had to make everything
on its own which it no
longer imported
from Britain.
Many
Americans were poor because the economy was so
bad.
Creating a
Confederation
Shortly before
declaring independence in 1776, the
2
nd
Continental Congress
appointed a committee to
draft a
written constitution for the new nation.
The finished product was the
Articles of
Confederation
.
It was
adopted
by
Congress in
1777
and it
convinced France that America had a
genuine government in the making.
The Articles of Confederation wasn't
ratified by all 13 colonies
until 1781.
The Articles of Confederation:
America's First Constitution
The 13 colonies were joined together
for joint action in dealing with common problems
such as foreign
affairs.
Congress had 2 major
handicaps
: It had no power to regulate
commerce, and this loophole left the
states free to establish conflictingly
laws regarding tariffs and navigation.
Congress couldn't enforce
its tax collection program.
The states were NOT required to pay the
government taxes, they were
merely
asked.
Landmarks in Land
Laws
Land Ordinance of
1785
- stated that the acreage of the
Old Northwest should be sold and the
proceeds should be used to help pay off
the national debt.
Northwest Ordinance
of 1787
- a uniform national land
policy; created the Northwest Territories and
gave the land to the government, the
land could then be purchased by individuals; when
a territory had
60,000 people, it might
be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the
privileges of the 13 other states.
The World's Ugly Duckling
Britain declined to make any commercial
treaty with the colonies or to repeal its
Navigation
Laws.
Lord
Sheffield argued in his pamphlet that Britain
could win back America's trade.
The
British remained in the Americas
where they maintained their fur trade
with the Indians.
The
American states did not honor the
treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists.
The British stayed
primarily
to keep the Indians on the side of the British so
to defend against future attacks on Canada by
the Americans.
Spain was
openly unfriendly to the Americans.
It
closed off the Mississippi river to commerce in
1784
.
The Horrid Specter of
Anarchy
Shay's
Rebellion
- in western Massachusetts in
1786
; when impoverished
back-country farmers, who
were losing
their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax
delinquencies, attempted to enforce their
demands of cheap paper money, lighter
taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers; led
by Captain
Daniel Shays.
The uprising was crushed but it left
fear in the propertied class of mobs.
A Convention of
In
1786
, Virginia
called for a
convention at Annapolis,
Maryland
.
There, Alexander
Hamilton
saved the convention from
collapsing - delegates from only 5 states showed
up.
He called upon
Congress
to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the
next year, not to deal with just
commerce, but to
fix then
entire fabric of the Articles of
Confederation
.
Alexander
Hamilton was an advocate of a super-powerful
central government.
On
May
25, 1787
, 55 representatives from all
of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to
Philadelphia to talk of the government
in the future of the country.
(
Constitutional
Convention
)
George Washington was elected as the
leader.
Patriots in Philadelphia
The delegates hoped to save the
revolutionary idealism and make it into a strong
political structure.
Hammering Out a Bundle of
Compromises
Some of the
delegates decided they would
scrap
the old Articles of
Confederation, contradicting
instructions from Congress to revise
it.
The
large-state
plan
Constitution.
It said that the arrangement in
Congress should be based upon a state's
population.
New Jersey presented the
small-state
plan
.
It centered on equal
representation in Congress without
regards to a state's size or
population.
The
Great
Compromise
It called for
representation by population in the
House of Representatives
,
and equal representation in the
Senate
.
Each
state would have 2 senators.
The new
Constitution
also called for
a
President.
Because of
arguments over if the slaves would count towards
the general population of the
state,
the
three-fifths
compromise
The new
Constitution also called for the
end of
the
slave trade by the end of 1807.
All new state constitutions except
Georgia's forbade overseas slave
trade.
Rhode Island was not present at the
Constitutional Convention.
Safeguards for Conservatism
The members of the Constitutional
Convention agreed economically-demanded sound
money and the
protection of private
property; and politically-favored a stronger
government with 3 branches and with
checks and balances among them.
The Clash of Federalists
and Anti-federalists
The
Anti-federalists were led by Samuel Adams, Patrick
Henry, and Richard Henry Lee.
The
followers consisted of states' rights
devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse
farmers - in general,
the poorest
class.
Federalists were led by George
Washington and Benjamin Franklin.
Most
of the Federalists lived in
the settled
areas along the seaboard.
Overall,
they were wealthier than the Anti-federalists,
more
educated, and better organized.
They also controlled the press.
The Great Debate in the
States
Delaware,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina,
and New Hampshire were the first 9
states to sign the Constitution.
Virginia, New York, North
Carolina, and Rhode Island were the
only states to not sign it.
(
4 Laggard
States
)
The
Four Laggard States
Virginia, New York, and North Carolina
all ratified the Constitution before it was put
into
effect.
Rhode Island
was the last state to ratify it and it did so only
after the new government had been
in
operation for a few months.
These 4 states did not ratify the
Constitution because they wanted to but because
they had to.
They
could not
safely exist outside the fold.
A Conservative Triumph
The architects of the Constitution
contented that every branch-executive, judiciary,
and
legislative-effectively represented
the people.
By imbedding the principle
of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks
and balances among these 3
branches,
the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines
of liberty and order.
Chapter 10
Launching the New
Ship of State
1789-1800
Washington for President
George Washington was unanimously
elected as President by the Electoral College in
1789
.
He took
the oath of office on April 30, 1789.
He established the cabinet.
At first, Secretary of State Thomas
Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander
Hamilton, and
Secretary of War Henry
Knox served under Washington.
Bill of Rights
James Madison wrote the
Bill
of Rights
and got them passed by
Congress in
1791.
The
Judiciary Act of
1789
created the Supreme Court, with a
chief justice and five associates, as well
as federal district and circuit courts,
and established the office of attorney general.
John Jay became the first Chief
Justice. (5 years)
Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public
Credit
In order to create a
thriving federal government, Alexander Hamilton
set out to create a plan to shape
the
policies of the administration in such a way as to
favor the wealthier groups.
These
wealthier
groups would then gratefully
lend their money and political support to the
government.
The wealth in
the government would then trickle down
through society.
In this plan, Hamilton persuaded
Congress to fund the entire national debt at par,
meaning that the
federal government
would pay off its debts at face value plus
accumulated interest.
This would
strengthen the national credit by
creating public confidence in the small Treasury
department.
He then
convinced Congress to take on the states' debts,
which would create confidence in the
government by the states.
States with large debts, like
Massachusetts, were delighted with Hamilton's
proposal, but states with small debts,
like Virginia, did not want the government to
assume state
debts.
Virginia did, however, want the
forthcoming federal district, the District of
Columbia, which
would bring commerce
and prestige.
So Virginia made a deal
with the government:
the government
would assume state debts if the
District of Columbia was placed on the Potomac
River.
The deal was
passed
by Congress in
1790
.
Customs, Duties, and
Excise Taxes
One of
Hamilton's objectives was to keep a
national debt
, believing
that the more creditors to whom
the
government owed money, the more people there would
be with a personal stake in the success of
the government.
In this
objective, he expected
tariff revenues
to pay interest on the huge debt and
run the government.
The
first tariff law, which imposed a low tax of 8% on
the value of imports, was passed by
Congress in
1789
.
Its purpose was to create revenue and
to create a small protective wall
around small industries.
He
passed additional internal revenue and, in
1791
, convinced Congress to
pass an
excise tax
on a few domestic items, notably
whiskey.
Hamilton Battles
Jefferson for a Bank
Alexander Hamilton proposed a
Bank of the United States
that could print paper money and thus
provide a stable national currency.
The national bank would also be place
where the Treasury could
deposit
monies.
Thomas Jefferson strongly
opposed the Bank stating it was unconstitutional.
He felt that the states had
the right to manage their own money.
Most of the opposition came from the
south and most of the
support came from
the north.
Hamilton prevailed and the
1
st
Bank of the United
States was created in
1791
.
Its charter lasted for 20
years and was located in Philadelphia.
Mutinous Moonshiners in
Pennsylvania
The
Whiskey Rebellion
in
Pennsylvania in
1794
was
lead by distillers who strongly opposed the 1791
excise tax on whiskey.
The
rebellion was ended when President Washington sent
in federal
troops.
Although
the troops faced no opposition, a strong message
was sent by the government stating
that
it would enforce the law.
The Emergence of Political
Parties
Political parties
had not existed in America when George Washington
took office.
What was once
a personal feud between Thomas Jefferson and
Alexander Hamilton had developed into
a
full-blown and bitter political rivalry.
In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison
organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian
program but
confined it to Congress.
In due time, this organized opposition
grew and the
two-party
system
emerged.
The Impact of the French
Rebellion
When Washington's
first administration had ended in 1793, a
formation of two political groups had
ensued:
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
and
Hamilton
Federalists.
The
French Revolution
started in
1789
.
It began
peacefully but entered a violent phase when France
declared war on Austria in 1792.
Things started to get worse when King
Louis XVI was beheaded in
1793, the
church was attacked, and the head-rolling Reign of
Terror was begun.
At
first
, the Federalists supported the
revolution
but that view
suddenly changed when the attitude of
the revolution changed.
Washington's Neutrality
Proclamation
Jeffersonian
Democratic-Republicans wanted to get into the
French and British War
to
fight
for
France.
The Federalists were
opposed
.
Washington issued the
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
stating the country's neutrality from
the
Britain-France war.
He
was backed by Hamilton.
Embroilments with Britain
For years, the British had retained the
frontier posts on U.S. soil, all in defiance of
the peace treaty of
1783.
The London government did not want to
abandon the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes
region, and British agents openly sold
firearms to the
Miami
Confederacy
, an alliance of 8 Indian
nations who terrorized Americans.
The Jeffersonians felt that American
should again fight Britain in defense of America's
liberties.
The
Federalists
opposed this action because Hamilton's hopes for
economic development depended on trade
with Britain.
Jay's Treaty and Washington's
Farewell
In a last attempt
to avoid war, President Washington sent Chief
Justice John Jay to London in
1794
to
negotiate.
Opposed by
Democratic-Republicans, Jay hammered out a treaty,
Jay's Treaty
, in which
the British promised to evacuate the
chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay for damages
for the seizures of
American ships.
Britain stopped short of pledging
anything about future maritime seizures or about
supplying arms to Indians.
The treaty also called for the U.S. to
continue to pay the debts owed to
British merchants on pre-Revolutionary
War accounts.
Jay's Treaty caused
Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance, to
strike a deal with the U.S.
In
Pinckney's Treaty of 1795
with Spain, Spain granted the Americans free
navigation of the Mississippi
River and
the large disputed territory north of Florida.
In his Farewell Address to the nation,
Washington urged against permanent alliances.
He left office in
1797
.
John Adams Becomes President
John Adams beat Thomas Jefferson to
become to the
2
nd
President in 1797
.
Hamilton
became the leader of the
Federalist
Party
, known as the
Unofficial Fighting with
France
France was upset with
Jay's Treaty and it started capturing American
merchant ships.
President John
Adams sent John Marshall to France to
negotiate in
1797
.
Hoping the meet
Talleyrand
, the French
foreign minister, Adams's envoy was
secretly approached by 3 go-betweens, later
referred to as X, Y,
and Z (Mme de
Villette, Jean Conrad Hottinguer, and Lucien
Hauteral).
The French spokesmen
demanded a bribe of $$250,000 just to
talk to Talleyrand.
Angered by the
intolerable terms, Marshall
and the
envoy returned to the U.S.
Infuriated
with the
XYZ Affair
, America
began preparations for war:
the Navy
Department was
created; the three-ship
navy was expanded; the United States Marine Corps
was reestablished.
Adams Puts Patriotism Above
Party
Because France did not
want another enemy, it said that if the Americans
sent another negotiator
minister, then
he would be received with proper respect.
Napoleon Bonaparte was the dictator of
France.
Eager to free his hands of a
potential enemy, the dictator of France, Napoleon
Bonaparte, signed the
Convention of
1800
with American representative John
Jay.
It annulled the peace treaty
between
France and America and called
for France to pay the damage claims of American
shippers.
The Federalist
Witch Hunt
In order to
decrease the number of pro-Jeffersonians, the
Federalist Congress passed a series of
oppressive laws aimed at
These
Alien
Laws
raised the residence
requirements for aliens who desired to become
citizens from 5
years to 14 years.
They also stated that the President
could deport or jail foreigners in times of peace
or hostilities.
The
Sedition Act
stated that
anyone who impeded the policies of the government
or falsely defamed its
officials would
be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment.
The Virginia (Madison) and
Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions
Jefferson's Kentucky resolution and
Madison's Virginia resolution concluded that the
states had the
right to refuse laws
created by the government.
Virtually
no other state followed the two states'
resolutions.
Federalists versus Democratic-
Republicans
Hamilton
Federalists supported a strong central government;
they believed that the government should
support private enterprise, not
interfere with it; and they supported the British.
Jeffersonian anti-Federalists demanded
a weak central government and supported states'
rights.
Chapter 11
The Triumphs and Travails of the
Jeffersonian Republic
1800-1812
Federalist and Republican
Mudslingers
Thomas Jefferson
became the victim of one of America's first
whispering
campaigns
.
The
Federalists accused him of having an
affair with one of his slaves.
The Jeffersonian
Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams to win
the
election of 1800
by a
majority of 73 to 65 electoral
votes.
Jeffersonian
Restraint
Jefferson quickly
pardoned the prisoners of the Sedition Acts.
The
Naturalization Law of
1802
reduced the requirement of 14
years of residence to the previous 5 years.
Jefferson also did away with the excise
tax.
Albert Gallatin- Secretary
of Treasury to Jefferson; believed that a national
debt wasn't a blessing; he
reduced the
national debt with a strict economy.
The
Judiciary
Act of 1801
- passed by the expiring
Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal
judgeships
and other judicial offices.
The new
Republican-
Democratic Congress
quickly
repealed
the act and
kicked out the 16 newly seated judges.
One
Federalist
judge
, Chief Justice John Marshall, was
not
removed.
He served
under presidents including Jefferson and others
for 34 years.
He shaped the
American legal tradition more than any
other person.
James Madison was the new
Secretary of State
.
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
-
James Madison, the new secretary of state, had cut
judge Marbury's
salary; Marbury sued
James Madison for his pay. The court ruled that
Marbury had the right to his pay
but,
the court did not have the authority to force
Madison to give Marbury his pay. Most importantly,
this decision showed that the Supreme
Court had the final authority in determining the
meaning of the
Constitution.
Samuel Chase
-
supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-
Republican Congress tried to remove in
retaliation of the John Marshall's
decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to
a lack of votes
in the Senate.
Jefferson, a Reluctant
Warrior
Jefferson preferred
to make the military smaller.
Jefferson
was forced to bend his thoughts of not using
military force when the leader of
Tripoli
informally declared
war on the United States.
Jefferson
sent the new navy to Tripoli and after 4 years
of fighting
,
a
deal was reached.
The U.S. paid
Tripoli $$60,000 for the release of captured
Americans.
The Louisiana
Godsend
Napoleon Bonaparte
convinced the king of Spain to
give
Louisiana land area to France in 1800.
Not wanting to fight Napoleon and
France in western America, Jefferson sent James
Monroe to join
Robert Livingston in
Paris in
1803
to buy as much
land as he could for $$10 million.
Napoleon decided to sell all of
Louisiana and
abandon his dream of a
New World Empire
for 2
reasons:
He failed in his efforts to re-conquer
the island of Santo Domingo, for which
Louisiana was to serve as a source of
foodstuffs.
Because Britain controlled
the seas, Napoleon didn't want Britain to take
over
Louisiana.
So he
wanted the money from the Americans.
He also hoped the new
land
for America would help to thwart the ambitions of
the British king in the New
World.
Robert Livingston- along with James
Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land
area; signed a
treaty on
April 30, 1803
ceding
Louisiana
to the United
States for
$$15 million
.
The Americans had
signed 3
treaties and gotten much land to the west of the
Mississippi.
820,000 square
miles
at 3
cents/acre.
Jefferson sent his personal secretary,
Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark to explore the
northern part
of the
Louisiana Purchase
.
The Aaron Burr Conspiracies
Aaron Burr- Jefferson's first-term vice
president; after being dropped from Jefferson's
cabinet, he
joined a group of extremist
Federalists who
plotted the secession
of New England and New York
;
Alexander Hamilton uncovered the plot.
Burr challenged Hamilton to a
duel
and Hamilton
accepted.
Hamilton refused
to shoot and he was shot and killed
by
Burr.
General James Wilkinson- the
corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory;
made an allegiance
with
Burr
to separate the western part of
the United States from the East and expand their
new
confederacy with
invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and
Florida;
betrayed Burr when he
learned that Jefferson knew of the
plot; Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason
by Chief Justice
John Marshall and he
fled to Europe.
America: A
Nutcrackered Neutral
Jefferson was
reelected in
1804
, capturing 162 electoral votes,
while his Federalist opponent (Charles
Pinckney) only received 14 votes.
England was the power of the seas, and
France had the power of land.
England
issued a series of
Orders in Council
in
1806
.
They
closed the European ports under French
control to foreign shipping.
The
French
ordered the
seizure of all
merchant ships
that entered
British ports.
The Hated Embargo
In
1807
,
Jefferson passed the
Embargo
Act
.
It banned the
exportation of any goods to any
countries.
With the act,
Jefferson planned to force France and England, who
both depended on
American trade, to
respect America and its citizens, who had been
killed and captured by both
countries.
The embargo significantly hurt the
profits of U.S. merchants and was consequently
hated
by Americans.
The act
was repealed in
1809
and a
substitute act was enacted: The
Non-
Intercourse Act
.
It opened
up trade to every country except France
and Britain.
The
embargo
failed because
Jefferson overestimated
the dependence of the 2 countries on America's
trade.
Britain and France
were not as reliant on America as Jefferson had
hoped.
Britain was able to
trade with the Latin American republics
and France had enough land in Europe to support
itself.
Madison's
Gamble
James Madison became
president on
March 4, 1809
.
Congress issued
Macon's Bill
No. 2.
It reopened American trade with
the entire world.
Napoleon
convinced James Madison to give Britain
3 months to lift its Orders in Council.
Madison did, but
Britain
chose not to lift its Orders in Council, and
Madison had to reenact the United States's trade
embargo, but this time just against
Britain.
Macon's Bill No.
2 led to the
War of 1812
.
Tecumseh and
the Prophet
Twelfth
Congress
- met in 1811; the
eliminate the Indian threats to
pioneers.
Tecumseh- Shawnee, along with
his brother, unified many Indian tribes in a last
ditch battle with the
settlers; allied
with the British.
Tenskwatawa-
ditch battle with the settlers; allied
with the British.
William Henry
Harrison- governor of the Indiana territory;
defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of
Tippecanoe.
Mr.
Madison's War
On
June 1, 1812
, Madison asked
Congress to declare war on the British and it
agreed.
The
Democratic-
Republicans
who supported the war
(
war
hawks
American rights to the
world.
They wanted to invade Canada,
the Indians' stronghold, because the
Indians were being armed by the British
to attack the settlers.
The
Federalists were opposed
because they supported Britain.
Chapter 12
The Second War
for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism
1812-1824
On to
Canada over Land and Lakes
The Americans tried to invade Canada
from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain.
All were beaten
back by the
Canadians.
The Americans then attacked
by sea and were more successful.
Oliver Hazard Perry- captured a British
fleet in Lake Erie.
General Harrison's army overtook the
British at Detroit and Fort Malden in the Battle
of the
Thames in
October
1813
.
Thomas Macdonough-
naval officer who forced the invading British army
near
Plattsburgh
to retreat
on
September 11,
1814
; he saved the upper New York from
conquest.
Washington
Burned and New Orleans Defended
Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans.
Francis Scott Key- American prisoner
aboard a British ship who watched the British
fleet bombard Fort
McHenry; wrote the
Star Spangled
Banner
.
Washington
burned in
1814
.
The Treaty of Ghent
Tsar Alexander I of Russia called the
Americans and British to come to peace because he
didn't want
his British ally to lose
strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take
over Europe.
The
Treaty of
Ghent
, signed on
December 24, 1814
in Ghent,
Belgium, was an armistice.
John Quincy
Adams and
Henry Clay went to Ghent for
the signing.
Both sides stopped
fighting and conquered territory was
restored.
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford
Convention
Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island
met in
1814
in Hartford,
Connecticut for a secret
meeting to
discuss their disgust of the war and to redress
their grievances.
The
Hartford
Convention's
final report
demanded:
Financial assistance from
Washington to compensate for lost trade from
embargos.
Constitutional amendments
requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo
could
be imposed, new states admitted,
or war declared.
The abolition of
slavery.
That a President could only
serve 1 term.
The abolition of the 3/5
clause.
The prohibition of the election
of 2 successive Presidents from the same state.
The Hartford resolutions marked the
death of the Federalist
party
.
The party nominated
their last
presidential candidate in
1816.
The Second War for
American Independence
The
War of 1812
showed other
nations around the world that America would defend
its beliefs.
The
most
impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was
heightened
nationalism.
The army and navy were expanded and the
Bank of the United States was revived by Congress
in
1816.
Congress instituted the
1
st
protective
tariff
, the
Tariff of
1816
,
primarily
for
protection
.
British
companies
were trying to make American factories
die off by selling their British goods for much
less
than the American factories.
The tariff placed a
20-25%
tax
on the value of dutiable imports.
Over
time, the tax price
continued to rise, creating problems of no
competition between companies.
Due to
nationalism, Henry Clay developed a plan for a
profitable home market.
It was called
the
American System
.
It had
3 main
parts
:
A
strong banking system
, to
provide easy and abundant credit.
A
protective
tariff
, behind which eastern
manufacturing would flourish.
A
network of roads and canals
.
President
Madison
vetoed the bill to
give
states aid for
infrastructure,
deeming it
unconstitutional.
The
Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were strongly
opposed to building
federally-funded
roads
because they felt that
such outlets would further drain away population
and
create competing states beyond the
mountains.
The
So-Called Era of Good Feelings
The Federalists ran a candidate for the
presidential for the last time in
1816
.
James
Monroe won the
election.
The
time during the administrations of President
Monroe was known as the
Era of Good
Feelings
because the 2
political parties were getting along.
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard
Times
The
Panic
of 1819
was the first financial panic
since President Washington took office.
The main
cause was the
over-speculation
in frontier
lands.
The Bank of the
United States became a financial devil to western
farmers because it foreclosed many
farms.
Growing
Pains of the West
Between
1791 and 1819
,
9
states from the West had
joined the United States.
People moved
out west
because of cheap land.
The
Land Act of
1820
authorized a buyer to purchase 80
virgin acres at a minimum of $$1.25 an
acre.
The West also
demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.
Slavery and the Sectional
Balance
The House of
Representatives slowed the plans of the
Missourians of becoming a state by passing
the
Tallmadge
Amendment
.
It called for no
more slaves to be brought into Missouri and called
for the
gradual emancipation of
children born to slave parents already there.
The amendment was later
defeated by the slave states in
Congress.
The Uneasy
Missouri Compromise
Henry
Clay
introduced the compromise that
decided whether or not Missouri would be admitted
as a
slave state.
Congress
decided to admit
Missouri
as
a
slave state
in
1820.
But,
Maine
, which was
apart of Massachusetts, was to be
admitted as a separate,
free
state
.
Therefore, there
were 12 slave
states and 12 free
states.
The
Missouri
Compromise
by Congress forbade slavery
in the remaining territories in the Louisiana
Territory north of the line of
36°
30', except for Missouri.
James Monroe was elected again as
President
in
1820
.
John Marshall and Judicial
Nationalism
McCulloch
vs.
Maryland
(1819)
involved an attempt
by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of
the Bank of the United States by
imposing a tax on the Bank's notes.
John Marshall declared the U.S.
Bank constitutional by invoking the
Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers.
He strengthened federal
authority and slapped at state
infringements when he
denied the right
of Maryland to tax the Bank
.
Cohens
vs.
Virginia
(1821)
involved the Cohens appealing to the
Supreme Court for being found
guilty of
illegally selling lottery tickets by the state of
Virginia.
Virginia won
and
the conviction was
withheld.
Gibbons
vs.
Ogden
(1824)
grew
out of an attempt by the state of New York to
grant to a private
concern a monopoly
of waterborne commerce between New York and New
Jersey.
(Meaning that no
other company could use the waterway.)
New York lost.
Judicial Dikes Against
Democratic Excesses
Fletcher
vs.
Peck
(1810)
Georgia legislature
granted 35 million acres to private speculators;
the next
legislature cancelled the
bribery-induced transaction.
John
Marshall let the state give the acres to the
private speculators calling it a
contract and constitutional. The decision
protected property rights
against
popular pressures.
Dartmouth College
vs.
Woodward
(1819)
Dartmouth College was given a charter by King
George III
but New Hampshire wanted to
take it away.
John Marshall ruled in
favor of the college.
Daniel Webster-
Sharing Oregon and
Acquiring Florida
John Quincy Adams-
Secretary of State to James Monroe.
The
Treaty of 1818
permitted the
Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with
the Canadians
and provided for a
10-year joint occupation of the Oregon Country
without a surrender of the rights or
claims of either America or Britain.
With the many revolutions taking place
in South America, Spain was forced to take many of
its troops
out of
Florida
.
General
Andrew Jackson went into Florida saying he would
punish the Indians and
recapture the runaways who were hiding
away in Spanish Florida
.
He
did this, but captured
St.
Marks and Pensacola
, the 2
most important Spanish posts in the area.
The
Florida
Purchase Treaty of 1819
, Spain ceded
Florida, as well as Spanish claims to Oregon in
exchange for America's abandonment of
claims to Texas.
The Menace of Monarchy in
America
After Napoleon's
fall from power in 1815, the Europeans wanted to
completely
eliminate
democracy
.
George Canning-
British foreign secretary; asked the American
minister in London if the United States
would band together with the British in
a
joint declaration
renouncing any interest in acquiring
Latin
American territory, and
specifically warning the European dictators to
keep their harsh hands off the
Latin
American republics.
Monroe
and His Doctrine
Secretary
Adams thought the British feared that the
Americans would one day seize Spanish territory in
the Americas; jeopardizing Britain's
possessions in the Caribbean.
Monroe
Doctrine (1823)
- President Monroe, in
his annual address to Congress, stated a stern
warning
to the European powers.
Its two basic features were
non-colonization
and
nonintervention
.
Monroe stated that the era of
colonization in the Americas was over.
Monroe also warned against foreign
intervention.
He warned Britain to
stay out of the
Western Hemisphere, and
stated that the United States would not intervene
in foreign wars.
Monroe's
Doctrine Appraised
The
Europeans powers were offended
by the Monroe Doctrine; in a big part
because of America's
soft military
strength.
President Monroe was more
concerned with the
security of America
when he issued the Monroe
Doctrine.
He had basically
warned the Old World power to stay away.
The
Doctrine thrived off
nationalism
.
Chapter 13
The Rise of a Mass Democracy
1824-1840
The
There were 4 main
election of 1824
:
Andrew Jackson, John Quincy
Adams, William Crawford, and Henry
Clay.
No candidate won the majority of
the electoral votes
, so, according to
the Constitution, the House of
Representatives had to choose the
winner.
Henry Clay,
the
Speaker of the House
, was thus
eliminated although he did have much
say in who became president.
Clay
convinced the House to
elect John
Quincy Adams as president.
Adams
agreed to make Clay the
Secretary of
State
for getting
him into
office.
Much of the public felt that a
corrupt
bargain
Jackson had received
the popular vote.
A Yankee Misfit in the White
House
John Quincy Adams was
a
strong nationalist
and he
supported the building of national roads and
canals.
He also supported
education.
Going
Before the election of
1824, two parties had formed:
National
Republicans
and
Democratic-
Republicans
.
Adams and Clay
were the figures of the
National Republicans
and
Jackson
was with the
Democratic-Republicans
.
Andrew Jackson beat Adams to win the
election of 1828.
The
majority of his support came from the
South, while Adams's support came from
the North.
Jackson was the first president from
the West and 2
nd
without a
college education.
The
Spoils System
When the
Democrats rose to power in the White House, they
replaced most of the people in offices
with their own people (the common man).
These people were illiterate and
incompetent.
This system
of
rewarding political supporters with jobs in the
government was known as the
spoils
system
.
The
Tricky
In 1824, Congress
increased the general tariff significantly.
The
Tariff of 1828
- called the
Yankee
Tariff
It was
hated by Southerners because it was an extremely
high tariff and they felt it
discriminated against them.
The South was having economic struggles
and the tariff was a scapegoat.
In
1822
, Denmark Vesey led a
slave rebellion
in
Charleston, South Carolina.
The
South Carolina Exposition
,
made by John C. Calhoun, was published in
1828
.
It was a
pamphlet
that denounced the Tariff of
1828 as unjust and unconstitutional.
Nullies
In an attempt to meet the South's
demands, Congress passed the
Tariff of
1832
, a slightly lower tariff
compared to the Tariff of 1828.
It fell short of the South's demands.
The state legislature of South Carolina
called for the
Columbia
Convention
.
The
delegates of the
convention called for
the
tariff to be void within South
Carolina
.
The convention
threatened to take
South Carolina out
of the Union if the government attempted to
collect the customs duties by force.
Henry Clay introduced the
Tariff of 1833.
It called
for the
gradual reduction
of
the Tariff of 1832
by about
10% over 8 years
.
By 1842, the rates would be back at the
level of 1816.
The
compromise Tariff of 1833
ended the dispute over the Tariff of 1832 between
the South and the
White House.
The compromise was supported by South
Carolina but not much by the other states of
the South.
The
Trail of Tears
Jackson's
Democrats were committed to western expansion, but
such expansion meant confrontation
with
the Indians who inhabited the land east of the
Mississippi.
The
Society for
Propagating the Gospel Among Indians
was founded in
1787
in order to
Christianize
Indians.
The
five civilized
tribes
were the
Cherokees,
Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws,
and
Seminoles
.
President Jackson wanted to move the
Indians so the white men could expand.
In
1830
, Congress passed the
Indian Removal Act
.
It moved more than 100,000 Indians
living east
of the Mississippi to
reservations west of the Mississippi.
The five
Black
Hawk, who led Sauk and Fox braves from Illinois
and Wisconsin, resisted the eviction.
The
Seminoles in Florida
retreated to the Everglades, fighting
for several years until they retreated
deeper into the Everglades.
The Bank War
President Andrew Jackson despised the
Bank of the United States because he felt it was
very
monopolistic
.
The Bank of the United States was a
private institution, accountable not to the
people, but to its elite
circle of
investors.
The bank
minted
gold and silver coins
.
Nicholas Biddle, the president of the
Bank of the United States, held an
immense and possibly unconstitutional amount of
power over the
nation's financial
affairs.
The
Bank War
erupted in
1832
when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented
Congress with a bill
to renew the
Bank's charter.
Clay pushed to renew
the charter in 1832 to make it
an issue for the
election
of that
year.
He felt that if Jackson signed
off
on it, then Jackson
would
alienate the people
of
the West
who hated the Bank.
If Jackson
vetoed
it, then he would
alienate the wealthy
class of
the East
who
supported the Bank.
Clay did not
account for the fact that the wealthy class was
now a
minority.
Jackson
vetoed the bill calling the Bank unconstitutional.
The veto showed that
Jackson felt that the Executive Branch had more
power than the Judicial Branch
in determining the Constitutionality of
the Bank of the United States.
A third party
entered the election in the election of 1832:
The Anti-Masonic party
.
The party
opposed the
Masonic Order, which was perceived by some as
people of privilege and
monopoly.
Although Jackson was against
monopolies, he was a Mason himself; therefore the
Anti-Masons were an
anti-
Jackson party
.
It gained
support from evangelical Protestant groups.
The Jacksonians were opposed to
all
government meddling in
social and economic life.
Andrew
Jackson was reelected in the
election
of 1832
.
Burying Biddle's Bank
The Bank of the United States's charter
expired in
1836
.
Jackson wanted to make sure that the
Bank
would be exterminated.
In
1833
, 3 years before the
Bank's charter ran out, Jackson decided to remove
federal deposits from its
vaults.
Jackson proposed depositing no more
funds in the bank
and he
gradually shrunk existing
deposits
by using
the funds to pay for day-to-day expenditures of
the government.
The death of the Bank
of the United States left a financial vacuum in
the American economy.
Surplus
federal funds were placed in several
dozen state banks that were political supportive
of Jackson.
Smaller, wildcat banks in
the west had begun to issue their own currency.
But this
wildcat
was
extremely unreliable because its value was based
upon the value of the bank it was issued
from.
In
1836
,
currency
had
become so
unreliable
that
Jackson told the
Treasury to issue
a Specie Circular
- a decree
that required all public lands to be purchased
with metallic money.
This
drastic step contributed greatly to the
financial panic of 1837
.
The Birth of the
Whigs
The Whigs were
conservatives who supported government programs,
reforms, and public
schools.
They called for
internal
improvements
like canals, railroads,
and telegraph lines.
The Whigs claimed
to be defenders of the common man and declared the
Democrats the party of
corruption.
The Election of
1836
Martin Van Buren was
Andrew Jackson's choice as his successor in the
election of 1836.
General
William Henry Harrison was one of the
Whig's many presidential nominees.
The
Whigs did not win
because they did not
unite behind just one candidate.
Depression Doldrums and the Independent
Treasury
The
basic cause
of the
panic of 1837
was the
rampant speculation prompted by a get-rich
scheme.
Gamblers in western
lands were doing a
The
speculative craze spread to canals,
roads, railroads, and slaves.
Jacksonian finance also helped to
cause the panic.
In
1836
, the failure of two
British banks caused the British investors to call
in foreign
loans.
These
loans were the beginnings of the panic.
The panic of 1837 caused
many banks to collapse, commodity prices to drop,
sales of public to fall, and
the loss
of jobs.
Van Buren proposed the
Divorce
Bill.
Not passed by Congress, it called for
the dividing of the
government and
banking altogether.
The
Independent Treasury Bill
was passed in
1840
.
An
independent treasury would be established
and government funds would be locked in
vaults.
Gone
to Texas
Mexico
won its independence
from Spain in
1823
.
Mexico
gave a huge chunk of land to Stephen
Austin who would bring families into
Texas.
The Texans had many differences
with the Mexicans.
Mexicans were
against slavery, while the
Texans
supported it.
Santa Anna-
president of Mexico who, in 1835, wiped out all
local rights and started to raise army to
suppress the upstart Texans.
The Lone Star
Rebellion
Texas declared its
independence in
1836
.
Sam Houston- commander in chief for
Texas.
General Houston forced Santa
Anna to sign a
treaty in
1836
after Houston had captured Santa
Anna in
the
Battle of San
Jacinto
.
The Texans wanted
to become a state in the United States but the
northerners did not want them to
because of the issue of slavery.
Admitting Texas would mean one more
slave state.
Log Cabins
and Hard Cider of 1840
William Henry Harrison defeated Van
Buren to win the
election of
1840
for the Whigs.
The
Whig's
campaign included pictures of
log cabins and cider.
Politics for the People
There were
2 major changes
in politics
after the Era of Good
Feelings:
1.
Politicians who were too clean, too
well dressed, too grammatical, and too
intellectual
were not liked.
Aristocracy was not liked by the American people.
The
common man
was moving to the center of the
national political stage.
The Two-Party System
2.
There
was a formation of a
two-party
system
.
The two parties
consisted of the
Democrats and
the
Whigs
(the
National Republican Party had died out).
Jacksonian
Democrats
glorified the
liberty of the individual.
They
supported states' rights and
federal
restraint in social and economic affairs.
The
Whigs
supported the natural
harmony of society and the value of
community.
They favored a renewed
national bank,
protective tariffs,
internal improvements, public schools, and moral
reforms, such as the
prohibition of
liquor and the abolition of slavery.
Chapter 14
Forging the
National Economy
1790-1860
The Westward Movement
The life as a
pioneer
was very grim.
Pioneers were stricken with disease and
loneliness.
Shaping the
Western Landscape
Fur
trapping
was a large industry in the
Rocky Mountain area.
Each summer, fur
trappers would
trade
beaver
pelts
for
manufactured goods
from the East.
George
Caitlin- painter and student of Native American
life who was among the first Americans to
advocate the preservation of nature;
proposed the idea of a
national
park
.
The March
of Millions
By the
mid-1800s
, the population
was
doubling every 25 years
.
By
1860
, there
were
33
states and
the U.S. was the
4
th
most populous country in
the western world.
The new population
and larger cities brought about disease and
decreased living
standards.
In the 1840s and 1850s,
more European immigrants came to the Americas
because Europe seemed to
be
running out of room.
The Emerald Isle Moves West
In the
1840s
, the
Black
Forties
,
Irish
came to America because of the massive rot that
came
upon the
potato
crops, inducing a famine.
Most of the Irish were Roman-Catholic.
They were
politically
powerful because they bonded together as one large
voting body.
The Irish did not possess
many goods.
They came to
America and were hated by native workers of
factories.
The Irish hated
the blacks with whom they rioted.
They also hated the British.
The German Forty-
Eighters
Between
1830 and 1860
, many
Germans
came to America
because of crop failures and other
hardships.
Unlike the Irish,
the Germans possessed a modest amount of material
goods.
The Germans were
more educated than the Americans and were opposed
to slavery.
Flare-ups of
Antiforeignism
The massive
immigration of the Europeans to America inflamed
the
prejudices
of American
nativists
.
The
Roman Catholics
created an entirely separate Catholic
educational system to avoid the
American Protestant
educational system.
Many
people died in riots and attacks between the two
religions.
The March of
Mechanization
In
1750
, steam was used as a
major way to take the place of human labor.
With it came the
Industrial
Revolution
in
England
.
It took
a while for America to embrace the
machine
because virgin soil in America
was cheap and
peasants preferred to
grow crops as opposed to working in factories.
Because of this, labor was scarce
and hard to find until the immigrants
came to America in the 1840s.
There
was also not a lot of money
for
investment in America and consumers were scarce.
The large British factories also had a
monopoly on the textile industry.
Whitney Ends the Fiber
Famine
Samuel Slater-
for the textile machinery; put into
operation the first spinning cotton thread in
1791.
Eli Whitney- built the first
cotton gin
in
1793
.
The
cotton gin
was much more
effective at separating the cotton seed from the
cotton fiber
than using slaves.
It affected not only America, but the
rest of the world.
Because of the
cotton gin, the South's production of
cotton greatly increased and the demand for cotton
revived the demand for slavery.
New England
was favored as
the
industrial center
because it had poor soil for farming;
it had a dense
population for labor;
shipping brought in capital; and seaports made the
import of raw materials and the
export
of the finished products easy.
Marvels in Manufacturing
The
War of 1812
prompted a
boom of American factories
and the use of American products as
opposed to British imports.
The surplus in
American manufacturing dropped
following the
Treaty of
Ghent in 1815
.
The
British manufacturers sold their
products to Americans at very low prices.
Congress passed the
Tariff
of 1816
in order to protect
the American manufacturers.
In 1798, Eli Whitney came up with the
idea of machines making each part of the musket so
that every
part of the musket would be
the same.
The principle of
interchangeable parts
caught
on by
1850
and
it
became the basis for
mass-
production
.
Elias
Howe
-
invented the
sewing machine
in
1846
.
The
sewing machine
gave a boost to northern
industrialization.
It became the
foundation of
the ready-made clothing
industry.
Laws of
- first
passed in New York in
1848
;
meant that businessmen could
create
corporations without applying for individual
charters from the legislature.
Samuel
F. B. Morse- invented the
telegraph
.
Workers and
Impersonal relationships replaced the
personal relationships that were once held between
workers.
Factory workers
were
forbidden by law to form labor
unions to raise wages
.
In
the
1820s
, many
children
were used as
laborers
in factories.
With Jacksonian democracy came the
rights of the
laboring man to vote.
President Van Buren established the
ten-hour work day
in
1840
.
Commonwealth vs. Hunt
-
Supreme Court ruling said that labor unions were
not illegal conspiracies,
provided that
their methods were honorable and peaceful.
Women and the
Economy
Farm
women and girls
had an
important place in the pre-industrial economy,
spinning yarn, weaving
cloth, and
making candles, soap, butter, and cheese.
Women were forbidden to
form unions
and they had few
opportunities to share dissatisfactions over
their harsh working conditions.
Catharine Beecher- urged women to enter
the teaching profession.
The vast
majority of working women were single.
During the
Industrial
Revolution
,
families
were small,
affectionate, and child-centered, which
provided a special place for women.
Western Farmers Reap a
Revolution in the Fields
The
trans-Allegheny region became the nation's
breadbasket
.
Liquor
and
hogs
became the early western farmer's
staple market items
.
John Deere- produced a
steel
plow
in
1837
which broke through the thick soil of the West.
Highways and
Steamboats
Lancaster
Turnpike
- hard-surfaced highway that
ran from Philadelphia to Lancaster; drivers had to
pay a toll to use it.
In
1811
, the federal government
began to construct the
National
Road
, or
Cumberland
Road
.
It
went
from Cumberland, in western Maryland, to Illinois.
Its construction was halted during the
War
of 1812, but the road was completed
in
1852
.
Robert
Fulton- installed a steam engine and created the
first
steamboat
.
The steamboat played a vital role in
the opening of the West and South.
It
played a vital role
in binding the West
and South.
Governor DeWitt Clinton- governor of
New York who lead the building of the
Erie Canal
that
connected the Great Lakes with the
Hudson River in
1825
; the
canal lowered shipping prices and
decreased passenger transit time.
The Iron Horse
The most significant contribution to
the development of such an economy was the
railroad
.
The
first
one appeared in 1828.
Railroads were at first opposed because
of safety flaws and they took away money from the
Erie Canal
investors.
Cables
(Telegraphs)
, Clippers, and
Pony Riders
In the 1840s and
1850s, Yankee navel yards began to produce new
crafts called
clipper ships
.
These
ships sacrificed cargo
room for speed and were able to transport small
amounts of goods in short
amounts of
time.
These ships faded away after
steam boats were made better and able to carry
more
goods and, hence, become more
profitable.
The
Pony
Express
was established in
1860
to carry mail from St.
Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento,
California.
The mail
service collapsed after 18 months due to lack of
profit.
The Transport Web
Binds the Union
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