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文学术语汇编
(
考研用
)1
Literature of the absurd:
(
荒诞派文学
) The term is applied
to a number
of works in drama and prose
fiction which have in common the sense that
the human condition is essentially
absurd, and that this condition can be
adequately
represented
only
in
works
of
literature
that
are
themselves
absurd. The
current movement emerged in France after the
Second World
War,
as
a
rebellion
against
essential
beliefs
and
values
of
traditional
culture and
traditional literature. They hold the belief that
a human being
is an
isolated
existent
who is cast into an alien
universe and the human
life
in
its
fruitless
search
for purpose
and
meaning
is
both
anguish
and
absurd.
Theater
of the absurd: (
荒诞派戏剧
)
belongs to literature of the absurd.
Two representatives of this school are
Eugene Ionesco, French author of
The
Bald
Soprano
(1949)
(
此作品中文译名
<
秃头歌女
>),
and
Samuel
Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for
Godot (1954) (
此作品是荒诞派戏剧
代表作
<
等待戈多
>).
They
project
the
irrationalism,
helplessness
and
absurdity
of
life
in
dramatic
forms
that
reject
realistic
settings,
logical
reasoning, or a
coherently evolving plot.
Black
comedy
or
black
humor:
(
黑色幽默
)
it
mostly
employed
to
describe baleful, na?
ve, or
inept characters in
a fantastic or
nightmarish
modern world playing out
their roles
in
what
Ionesco called a
“
tragic
farce
”
, in which
the events are often simultaneously comic,
horrifying,
and absurd. Joseph
Heller
’
s Catch-22 (
美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒
<
二十
二
条军规
>)
can
be
taken
as
an
example
of
the
employment
of
this
technique.
文学术语汇编
2
4.
Aestheticism
or
the
Aesthetic
Movement
（唯美主义）
:
it
began
to
prevail in Europe at the middle of the
19th century. The theory of
“
art for
art
’
s
sake
”
was first
put forward by some French artists. They declared
that art should serve no religious,
moral or social purpose. The two most
important
representatives
of
aestheticists
in
English
literature
are
Walt
Pater and Oscar Wilde.
5. Allegory
（寓言）
:
a tale in verse or prose in which characters,
actions,
or
settings
represent
abstract
ideas
or
moral
qualities,
such
as
John
Bunyan
’
s
The
Pilgrim
’
s
Progress.
An
allegory
is
a
story
with
two
meanings, a literal meaning and a
symbolic meaning.
6.
Fable
（
寓言）
: is a
short narrative, in prose or verse, that
exemplifies an
abstract moral thesis or
principle of human behavior. Most common is the
beast
fable,
in
which
animals
talk
and
act
like
the
human
types
they
represent. The fables in Western
cultures derive mainly from the stories
attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of
the sixth century B. C.
7.
Parable
（寓言）
: is a very short
narrative about human beings presented
so as to stress analogy with a general
lesson that the narrator is trying to
bring
home
to
his
audience.
For
example,
the
Bible
contains
lots
of
parables
employed
by
Jesus
Christ
to
make
his
flock
understand
his
preach.
(
注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要
搞混
)
8.
Alliteration
（头韵）
:
the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In
Old
English
alliterative
meter,
alliteration
is
the
principal
organizing
device of the
verse line, such as in Beowulf.
9. Consonance is the repetition of a
sequence of two or more consonants
but
with a change in the intervening vowel, such as
“live and love”.
10.
Assonance is the repetition of identical or
similar vowel, especially in
stressed
syllables,
in
a
sequence
of
nea
rby
words,
such
as
“child
of
silence”.
11. Allusion
（典故）
is a reference without
explicit
identification, to a
literary or historical person, place,
or event, or to another literary work or
passage.
Most
literary
allusions
are
intended
to
be
recognized
by
the
generally educated
readers of the aut
hor’s time,
b
ut some are aimed at a
special group.
12.
Ambiguity
（复义性）
: Since
William Empson
（燕卜荪）
published
Seven Types of Amb
iguity
（
《复义七型》
）
, the term has been widely used
in criticism to identify a deliberate
poetic device: the use of a single word
or expression to signify two or more
distinct references, or to express two
or more diverse attitudes or feeling.
文学术语汇编
3
13.
Antihero
（反英雄）
：
the
chief character
in a
modern
novel or play
whose character is
totally different from the traditional heroes.
Instead of
manifesting
largeness, dignity,
power,
or
heroism,
the
antihero
is
petty,
passive,
ineffectual
or
dishonest.
For
ex
ample,
the
heroine
of
Defoe’s
Moll Flanders is a
thief and a prostitute.
14. Antithesis<
/p>
（
对照）
：
(a
figure of speech) An antithesis is often expressed
in
a
balanced
sentence,
that
is,
a sentence
in
which
identical
or similar
syntactic
structure
is
used
to
express
contrasting
ideas.
For
example,
“
Marriage has many pains,
but celibacy
（独身生活）
has no
pleasures.
”
by
Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.
15.
Archaism
（拟古）
：
the
literary use of words and expressions that have
become
obsolete
in
the
common
speech
of
an
era.
For
example,
the
translators of the King
James V
ersion of Bible gave weight and
dignity to
their prose by employing
archaism.
16.
Atmosphere
（
氛围）
:
the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.
Atmosphere
is often
developed, at least
in part, through
descriptions of
setting. Such
descriptions help to create an emotional climate
to establish
the
reader
’
s expectations and
attitudes.
文学术语汇编
4
17.
Ballad
（民谣）
：
it is
a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story.
It
originated and was communicated
orally
among
illiterate or
only partly
literate people. It exists
in many variant forms. The most common stanza
form, called ballad stanza is a
quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress
lines;
usually
only
the
second
and
fourth
lines
rhyme.
Although
many
traditional ballads
probably originated in the late Middle Age, they
were
not collected and printed until
the eighteenth century.
18.
Climax
：
as
a
rhetorical
device
it
means
an
ascending
sequence
of
importance. As a literary term,
it can also refer to the point of
greatest
intensity,
interest,
or
suspense
in
a
story
’
s
turning
point.
The
action
leading to the climax and the
simultaneous increase of tension in the plot
are known as the rising action. All
action after the climax is referred to as
the
falling
action,
or
resolution.
The
term
crisis
is
sometimes
used
interchangeably with climax.
19.
Anticlimax
（突降）
：
it
denotes a writer
’
s
deliberate drop from the
serious and
elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to
achieve a comic
or satiric effect. It
is a rhetorical device in English.
20.
Beat Generation
（垮掉一代）
：
it refers to a loose-knit group of poets
and
novelists,
writing
in
the
second
half
of
the
1950s
and
early
1960s,
who
shared
a
set
of social
attitudes
–
antiestablishment,
antipolitical,
anti-
intellectual,
opposed
to
the
prevailing
cultural,
literary,
and
moral
values,
and
in
favor
of
unfettered
self-realization
and
self-expression.
Representatives of the group include
Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and
William Burroughs. And most famous
literary creations produced by this
group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long
poem Howl
and Jack Kerouac’s
On the Road.
文学术语汇编
5
21.
Biography
（传记）
：
a
detailed account of a
person
’
s life written by
another person, such as Samuel
Johnson
’
s Lives of the
English Poets and
James
Boswell
’
s Life of Samuel
Johnson.
22. Autobiography<
/p>
（
自传）
：
a
person
’
s account of his or
her own life, such
as Benjamin
Franklin
’
s autobiography.
24.
A
parody
（模仿）
imitates
the
serious
manner
and
characteristic
features
of
a
particular
literary
work,
or
the
distinctive
style
of
a
particular
author,
or
the
typical
stylistic
and other
features
of
a serious
literary
genre,
and
deflates
the
original
by
applying
the
imitation
to
a
lowly or comically inappropriate
subject.
第
23
个应该是
blank verse
但系统总说含
有不允许的关键字，所以一
直发不上来，很郁闷，
我把目前编好
的一起发到公开邮箱去，大家到
那里下载。
文学术语汇编
6
25. Celtic Revival also known as the
Irish Literary Renaissance
（爱尔兰
< br>文艺复兴）
identifies
the
remarkably
creative
period
in
Irish
literature
from about 1880
to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The
aim of
Y
eats
and
other
early
leaders
of
the
movement
was
to
create
a
distinctively national literature by
going back to Irish history, legend, and
folklore,
as
well
as
to
native
literary
models. The
major
writers
of
this
movement include
William Butler Y
eats, Lady Gregory,
John Millington
Synge and Sean O’Casey
and so on.
26.
Characters
（人物）
are
the
persons
represented
in
a
dramatic
or
narrative work, who are interpreted by
the reader as being endowed with
particular moral, intellectual, and
emotional qualities by inferences from
the dialogues, actions and motivations.
E. M.
Forster divides characters
into
two
types:
flat
character,
which
is
presented
without
much
individualizing
detail;
and
round
character,
which
is
complex
in
temperament and motivation and is
represented with subtle particularity.
27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval
romance)
（骑士传奇或中世纪传
奇）
is a
type of narrative that developed in twelfth-
century France, spread
to
the
literatures
of
other
countries.
Its standard plot
is
that
of
a
quest
undertaken by a single knight in order
to gain a lad
y’s favor; frequently
its central
interest is
courtly
love, together with tournaments
fought and
dragons
and
monsters slain.
It
stresses
the
chivalric
ideals
of
courage,
loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an
opponent, and elaborate manners.
28.
Comedy:
（喜剧）
in general, a
literary work that ends happily with a
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