专业英语翻译第一章

,

现在有一个负

(-)

费用。另一种方式收取材料是磨橡胶棒带毛皮。

It

is

also

possible

to

charge

other

materials

because

some

materials

are

charged

when they are brought close to another charged object. If a charged rubber rod is

touched

against

another

material,

the

second

material

may

become

charged.

2

Remember

that materials are charged due to the movement of electrons and protons. Also,

remember that when an atom loses electrons ( - ), it becomes positive ( + ). These

facts are very important in the study of electronics.

也有可能收取其他材料

,

因为一些材料费用当他们带来了接近另一个带电物体。如果一个带电 橡胶棒是

感动与另一个材料

,

第二材料 可能成为带电。

2

记住材料被指控由于电子和质子的运动。同时

,

也要记住

,

当

一个原子失去电子

(-),

它成为积 极的

(+)

。这些事实是非常重要的在学习电子产品。

Charged

materials

affect

each

other

due

to

lines

of

force.

These

imaginary

lines

cannot be seen. However, they exert a force in all directions around a charged

material.

Their

force

is

similar

to

the

force

of

gravity

around

the

earth.

This

force

is called a gravitational field.

带电材料互相影响由于力线。这些假想的 线不能被看到。然而

,

他们施加一个力向四面八方围绕一个带< /p>

电材料。他们的力量是类似于重力围绕地球。这个力称为引力场。

Most people have observed the effect of static electricity. Whenever objects

become charged, it is due to static electricity. A common example of static

electricity

is

lightning.

Lightning

is

caused

by

a

difference

in

charge

(

+

and

-

)

between the earth's surface and the clouds during a storm. The arc produced by

lightning

is

the

movement

of

charges

between

the

earth

and

the

clouds.

Another

common

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effect

of

static

electricity

is

being

by

a

doorknob

after

Walking

across

a

carpeted

floor.

Static

electricity

also

causes

clothes

taken

from

a

dryer

to

cling

together and hair to stick to a comb.

大多数人已经观察到效 果的静电。每当对象成为带电

,

这是由于静电。一个常见的例子

,

静电是闪电。

闪电是由一个不同的电 荷

(+,-)

在地球表面和云在风暴。

电弧产生的闪电是运动和地球之间的指控的云。

另

一个常见的效 应的静电被

“

震惊

”

< br>,

一个门把手走在铺着地毯的地板。

静电也导致衣服是从 一个干燥机抱在一

起

,

头发坚持一个梳

Electrical charges are used to filter dust and soot in devices called

electrostatic filters. Electrostatic precipitators are used in power plants to

filter the exhaust gas that goes into the air. Static electricity is also used in

the manufacture of sandpaper and in the spray painting of automobiles. A device

called an electroscope is used to detect a negative or positive charge.

大 多数人已经观察到效果的静电。每当对象成为带电

,

这是由于静 电。一个常见的例子

,

静电是闪电。闪

电是由一个不同的电荷

(+,-)

在地球表面和电荷是用来过滤 灰尘和烟尘在设备称为静电过滤器。

静电除尘器

用于发电厂来过 滤废气

,

进入空气。

静电也用于制造砂 纸和喷漆的汽车。

了一种叫做验电器是用来检测一个

消极或积极 的电荷。

Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors

Conductors

导体、绝缘体和半导体

导体

A

material

through

which

current

flows

is

called

a

conductor.

A

conductor

passes

electric current very easily. Copper and aluminum wire are commonly used as

conductors.

Conductors

are

said

to

have

low

resistance

to

electrical

current

flow.

Conductors

usually

have

three

or

fewer

electrons

in

the

outer

orbit

of

their

atoms.

Remember that the electrons of an atom orbit around the nucleus. Many metals are

electrical conductors. Each metal has a different ability to conduct electric

current. Materials with only one outer orbit or valence electron (gold, silver,

copper) are the best conductors. For example, silver is a better conductor than

copper, but it is too expensive to use in large amounts. Aluminum does not conduct

electrical current as well as copper, but it is commonly used, since it is cheaper

and lighter than other conductors. Copper is used more than any other conductor.

一个材料电流流经它叫做导体。一个导体通过电流很容易。铜和铝丝通常用作导体。导体是低电阻 对

电流流动。

通常有三个或更少的导体中电子的原子外层轨道。

记住

,

一个原子的电子绕原子核。许多 金属电

导体。

每种金属都有不同的能力进行电流。

材料只有一个外轨道或价电子

(

金

< br>,

银

,

铜

)

是最好的导体。

例如

,

,

但它是常用的

,

因为它是更便宜

和更轻的比其他导体。铜是使用比其他任何导体。

Insulators

绝缘体

There

are

some

materials

that

do

not

allow

electric

current

to

flow

easily.

The

electrons of insulation materials are difficult to release. In some insulators,

their

valence

shells

are

filled

with

eight

electrons.

The

valence

shells

of

others

are

over

half-filled

with

electrons.

The

atoms

of

insulation

materials

are

said

to

be

stable.

Insulators

have

high

resistance

to

the

movement

of

electric

current.

Some

examples of insulators are plastic and rubber.

有一些材料

,

不允许 电流流动很容易。电子绝缘材料难以释放。在某些绝缘体

,

他们 的价壳层充满了八

个电子。别人的价壳层是装在与电子。原子的绝缘材料是稳定的。绝缘 体有高阻流动的电流。一些例子是

塑料和橡胶的绝缘体。

Semiconductors

导体

Materials called semiconductors have become very important in electronics.

Semiconductor

materials

are

neither

conductors

nor

insulators.

Their

classification

also depends on the number of electrons their atoms have in their valence shells.

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Semiconductors have 4 electrons in their valence shells. Remember that conductors

have

outer

orbits

less

than

half-filled

and

insulators

ordinarily

have

outer

orbits

more than half-filled. Some common types of semiconductor materials are silicon,

germanium, and selenium.

材料称 为半导体已经成为非常重要的电子产品。半导体材料是导体还是绝缘体也。他们的分类也取决于数

量的电子原子的价壳层。半导体有

4

电子在他们的价壳 层。记住

,

导体的外轨道不到客栈和绝缘体通常有外

Current, Voltage Resistance

电流，电压，电阻

We

depend

on

electricity

to

do

many

things

that

are

sometimes

taken

for

granted.

There

are

three

basic

electrical

terms

which

must

be

understood,

current,

voltage,

and resistance.

我们依靠电力来做许多事情

,

有时是理所当然 。有三种基本的电气条件

,

必须理解

,

电流、电压、电阻。

Current

电流

Static

electricity

is

caused

by

stationary

charges.

However,

electrical

current

is the motion of electrical charges

from

one point to another. Electric

current is

produced when electrons ( - ) are removed from their atoms. Some electrons in the

outer

orbits

of

the

atoms

or

certain

elements

are

easy

to

remove.

A

force

or

pressure

applied

to

a

material

causes

electrons

to

be

removed.

The

movement

of

electrons

from

one atom to another is called electric current flow.

静电是由固定费用。

然而

,

电流是电荷的运动从一个点到另一个。

时产 生的电流是电子

(-)

被从他们的原子。

一些电子在原子的外层轨道或某些元素很容易去除。一种力量或压力应用到材料促使电子被删除。这场运

动的电子从一个原子到另一个叫做电流流动。

1.

Current Flow

1

．电流

The

usefulness

of

electricity

is

due

to

its

electric

current

flow.

Current

flow

is the movement of electrical charges along a conductor. Static electricity, or

electricity at rest, has some practical uses due to electrical charges. Electric

current flow allows us to use electrical energy to do many types of work.

电的用处是由于它的电流流动。电流是电荷的运动沿着导体。静电

,

或电力在休息

,

有一些实际使用由

于电荷。电流流允许我们使用电能做很多类型的工作。

The movement of valence shell electrons of conductors produces electrical

current.

The

outer

electrons

of

the

atoms

of

a

conductor

are

called

free

electrons.

Energy released by these electrons as they move allows work to be done. 3 As more

electrons move along a conductor, more energy is released. This is called an

increased electric current flow.

运动的价电子层电子导体电流的产生。外层电子的原子一个导 体被称为自由电子。能量释放这些电子移动

时允许工作要做。

3

随着越来越多的电子沿着导体

,

更多的 能量被释放。这就是所谓的增加电流流动。

To understand how current flow takes place, it is necessary to know about the

atoms of conductors. Conductors, such as copper, have atoms that are loosely held

together. Copper is said to have atoms connected together by metallic bonding. A

copper

atom

has

one

valence

shell

electron,

which

is

loosely

held

to

the

atom.

These

atoms

are

so

close

together

that

their

valence

shells

overlap

each

other.

Electrons

can easily move from one atom to another. In any conductor the outer electrons

continually move in a random manner from atom to atom.

了解当前流发生

,< /p>

有必要了解原子的导体。

导体

,

如铜

,

有原子

,

松散结合在一起。

据说

,

铜原子通过金属键连

接在一起。一个铜原子有一个价电子层电子

,

这是松散的原子举行。这些原子是如此接近

,