西方法谚精选

法律绝不容忍违反真理的事情，但是有时也允许做出与真理相反的结论性假设。

< br>

Nothing is more just than what is necessary.

没有什么比紧急需要更正当了。

Necessity overcomes the law.

紧急需要高于法律。

What necessity forces, it justifies.

情势所迫，情有可原。

Necessity has no law.

在紧急需要的情况下，就不考虑法律。

Necessity makes that lawful which otherwise is unlawful.

紧急需要可以使本来非法的东西变为合法。

Necessity is under no law, for necessity makes that lawful which otherwise is unlawful.

紧急时之所以不受法律的制约，理由在于紧急使得在其他场合不合 法的行为变为合法。

Necessity is the law of time and of place.

紧急需要就是法律，但应依时间和地点而定。

Necessity defends or justified what it compels.

紧急需要可以用来为应急行为辩护。

Necessary good is not good beyond the bounds of necessity.

紧急需要的善一旦超出紧急需要的范围就不再是善。

What is introduced due to necessity is only allowed to be so in necessity.

紧急之时允许之事只限于紧急之时。

What can be excused or extenuated in criminal cases by necessity is not so in civil ones.

紧急需要在刑事案件中免除、减轻罪责，但在民事案件却不免除、减轻责任 。

（四）法律、惯例与衡平法

The people believe customs are laws.

民众认为惯例法律。

Custom is another law.

惯例是另外一种法律。

Common usage is common law.

共同的惯例就是普通法。

Common opinions have the force of customs.

法学家的共同意见具有习惯的力量，

The custom of the place is to be observed.

当地的风俗习惯应该得到遵守。

A reasonable custom is to be obeyed like law.

一个合理的惯例应该像法律一样获得服从。

A prescriptive and legitimate custom overcomes the law.

约定俗成和正当的惯例高于法律。

A custom should be certain; for an uncertain custom is considered null.

惯例应当是明确的，因为人们认为不明确的惯例就是无效的。

Custom is the best expounder of the laws.

惯例是法律最好的解释着。

Custom overcomes the unwritten law, if it be special; and interprets the written law, if the law be general.

如果惯例比较具体，惯例优于不成文法；如 果法律比较笼统，惯例就解释成文法。

A custom, though it be of great authority, should never prejudice manifest truth.

惯例及时具有极大权威性，也决不应有损于显而易见的真理。

An evil custom is to be abolished.

恶俗应该废除。

A custom introduced against reason ought rather to be called a

“

usurpation

< br>”

than a

“

cust om

”

.

违反理性的惯例，与其叫“ 惯例”不如叫“强词夺理”

。

Custom once disallowed cannot be again brought forward.

惯例一旦遭到否决就再也不能加以援引。

Custom leads the willing, law compels the unwilling.

惯例在于自觉遵守，而法律在于强制服从。

What is done contrary to the custom of our ancestors, neither pleases nor appears right.

有违我们祖先惯例的行为不会是正确。

A reason cannot be given for all the laws that have been established by our ancestors.

对于祖先传来之法律，无须悉数究明其理由。

Equity acts upon the person.

衡平法是对个别的人讲公平。

Equity is a specie of equality or equalization.

衡平法是平等或实现平等的一种形式。

Equity is a specie of equality or equalization.

衡平法帮助无知者，但不帮助粗心大意的人。

Equity does not make law, but assists law.

衡平法并不造法，但对法起辅助作用。

Equity never counteracts the law.

衡平法决不会与法律背道而驰。

Equity follows the law.

衡平法不喜欢过头的东西。

Equity is the life of a legal fiction.

衡平法是法律拟制的生命所在。

In a fiction of law, equity always subsists.

在法律拟制中，衡平始终存在。

Equity delegates equality.

衡平法代表公平。

Necessity creates equity.

紧急需要创造衡平法。

（五）法律冲突的处理规则

The agreement of private person cannot derogate from public right.

私人间的协议不得有损于公共的权利。

The express agreement of parties overcomes the law.

双方当事人明示的协议胜过法律。

Private law is subject to the protection of public law.

私法在公法的保护之下。

A public law or right cannot be altered by the agreement of private persons.

公法或公共权利不因私人间的协议而改变。

Private contracts cannot derogate from the public law.

私人协议不得未被功法。

Public rights are to be preferred to private ones.

两个权利相冲突时，存在时间更长的权利优先。

When the common law and statute law concur, the common law is to be preferred.

普通法与制定法向冲突时，普通法优先。

Later laws prevail over those which preceded them.

后法优于前法。

A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.

后法废止前法。

What the people have last enacted, let that be the established law.

让最后制定的法律发挥法律的效力。

Later laws abrogate prior contrary laws.

后法废止与之相抵触的前法。

Later laws repeal earlier laws inconsistent therewith.

后法废除与其相矛盾的前法。

Later general laws do not derogate from prior special ones,

特别法优于一般法。

General things do not derogate from special things.

一般不废除特殊；一般法不会损害特别法。

二、权利、权力与责任

（一）法律的权威

Regard for the public welfare is the highest law.

公共福利是最高的法律。

The safety of the state is the supreme law.

国家的安全乃最高的法律。

The voice of the people is the supreme law.

人民的声音是最高的法律。

Laws are enacted to guard the security of the people and the state,

法律的制定是为了市民的安宁与国家的安全。

No one is above the law.

任何人不得凌驾于法律之上。

No power can prevail against law.

任何权力都不得凌驾于法律之上。

The solemnities of law are to be observed.

法律的严肃性应当得到尊重。

The law should not be laughed at.

法律不应是嘲笑的对象。

The law should not be judged.

法律不应受评判。

The law may be harsh, but that is the law.

峻法亦法。

Obedience is the essence of the law.

服从是法律的本质。

Law should bind the proposers of them.

法律对立法者亦有拘束力。

We may do what is allowed by law.

法律允许，方可行为。

No one can act unless the law so provides.

未得法律允许，不得行为。

He acts prudently who obeys the commands of the law.

服从法律命令的人都会谨慎行事。

Politics are to be adapted to the laws, and not the laws to politics.

政治应该适应法律而不应法律适应政治。

Private good yields to public good.

个人利益服从公共利益。

Public necessity is greater than private.

公共需要高于私人需要。

Private inconvenience is made up for by public benefit.

私人的不便成全了公共福利。

Where there is no authority of enforce, there is no authority to obey.

没有强制力就没有权威。

To know the laws is not to observe their mere words, but their force.

知法不单指要了解法律的文句，而且还指要维护其效力。

The torture or wresting of laws is the worst.

歪曲法律是最恶劣的行为、

Precedents that pass sub silentio are of little or no authority.

默默无闻的先例很少有权威性。

When laws imposed by the state fail, we must act by the law of nature.

当国家施加的法律不起作用时，我们必须根据自然法行事。

Where

there

is

no

direct

law,

the

opinion

of

the

judges

ought

to

be

taken,

or

reference

made

to

similar

cases.

如果找不到可以直接使用的法律，就应该听取法官的意见或参考相似的案例。

In default of the law, the maxim rules.

没有法律就依照法律格言。

（二）法律与权利

Rights never die.

权利永存。

What constitutes right, and what injury, it is the business of law to declare.

法之义务在于宣示何者构成权利，何者构成权利之侵犯。

No man can forfeit the right of another.

任何人都不得剥夺他人的权利。

Law is established for the benefit of man.

法是为人的利益而立的。

Scarcely any law can be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority it is useful.

法律之制定很难照顾到全体人民的利益，如果它能够顾及 到大多数的利益就算不错了。

Every one may renounce or relinquish a right introduced for his own benefit.

人人可放弃有利于自己的权利。

Ignorance of

one?s right does not prejudice the right.

对于自己权利的无知，无害于该权利。

He who uses his legal rights harms no one.

行使自己的合法权利不会损害他人。

The act of the law does no one an injury.

根据法律而为的行为不会对任何人造成损害。

Where there is a right, there is a remedy.

有权利必有救济。

When the law gives anything, it gives the means of obtaining it.

当法律给予人们什么，它也给予人们获得的途径。

T here is no wrong without a remedy.

没有救济就谈不上侵权。

Remedies for rights are ever favorably extended.

权利救济的途径越宽越好。

He who destroys the means destroys the end.

手段不存在，目的也完蛋。

The laws aid those who are vigilant, not those who sleep upon their rights.

法律帮助那些时刻警觉的人，而 不是那些躺在权利上睡大觉的人。

The law aid the vigilant, not the negligent.

法律并不帮助粗心大意的人，而帮助对自己利益警觉的人。

Time runs against the slothful and those who neglect their rights.

时间总是对那些懒汉和忽视自身权利者不利。

Right and fraud never dwell together.

权利和欺诈从来就不相容。

A right does not rise out a wrong.

不法行为是不会产生权利的。

Every right is either made by consent, or is constituted by necessity, or established by custom.

每一项权利或者基于同意而存在，或者由于紧急需要或惯例而产生。< /p>

No one can confirm a right before the right accrues to him.

任何人在获得某项权利之前都不得行使该权利。

He confirms a use who removes an abuse.

要行使权利就不得滥用。

No one ought to gain by another

?

s loss.

任何人都不应损人利己。

By the law of nature, it is not just that any one should be enriched by the detriment or injury of another.

依照自然法，任何人都不得以损害他人来达到利己的目的。

No one can take advantage of his own wrong.

任何人都不能从自己的错误行为中获益。

No one can improve his condition by his own misdeed.

任何人都不能通过自己的不端行为改善自己的状况。

One ought not to take advantage of his own wrong.

任何人都不能从自己的错误行为中获益。

Necessity gives a privilege as to private rights.

就私权而言，紧急需要就产生特权。

It is for the interest of the state that a man should not enjoy his own property improperly.

每个人都不应当滥用自己的财产权，这是国家利益所要求的。

Enjoy your own property in such a manner as not to injure that of anotherperson.

财产权应当以不损害他人的方式加以行使。

Under pretext of legality, what is illegal ought not to be admitted.

非法的东西不应该因为有合法的借口就可以获得许可。

（三）法律与自由

Everything is permitted, which is not forbidden by law.

法不禁止即自由。

No one is punished for his thoughts.

任何人都不能因为思想而受到惩罚。

No one is punished for merely thinking of a crime.

任何人都不能仅仅因为想犯罪就受到惩罚。

Evil deeds are distinguished from evil purposes.

邪恶的行为与邪恶的目的是不同的。

No men can be compelled to criminate himself.

任何人都不能被迫自证其罪

Not twice for same.

同样的事情不能作两次。

No one should be twice harassed for the same cause.

同一案件不受两次处理。

A person may not be punished differently than according to what the sentence enjoins.

除了判决所确定的惩罚外任何人都不应受其他的惩罚。

No guilt attaches to him who is compelled to obey.

任何罪行都不得归于被迫服从的人。

No one is prohibited from making use of several defenses.

不能禁止任何人使用多种防卫手段。

It is unjust that freedom should not have the free disposal of their owen property.

自由民不能自由处分自己的财产，这是不公平的。

Private inconvenience is made up for by public benefit, but private loss is compensated by public good.

个人的不便成全了公共利益，而个人损失则由公共利益进行 补偿。

All things are presumed to be lawfully done, until proved to be contrary.

一切事情在未证明不合法之前应推定为合法。

All things are presumes to be done in due form.

应该假定人们都会以适当的方式做一切事情。

All things are presumes to be done solemnly.

应该假定人们做一切事情都是严肃认真的。

In doubt, the milder course is to be followed.

遇可以情况，应从宽考虑。

When doubts arise, the most generous and benign presumptions are to be preferred.

如果出现疑问，就应该优先选择最宽容和仁慈的推定。

It is safer to err on the side of mercy.

因慈悲为怀而犯错比从严处理而犯错要可靠得多。

（四）义务和责任

The law holds no man responsible for the act of god.

法律不要求人们对意外事件负责。

The act of God does no injury; that is, no one is responsible for inevitable accidents.

意外事件不会造成任何伤害，也就是说，任何人不应该对不可抗拒的时间负责。

A fortuitous event is not to be foreseen and no one is bound to expect it.

意外事件是不可预见的，任何人对此都不承担预测的责任。

There is no obligation to do impossible things.

对于做不到的事，就不承担义务。

No one is bound to do impossible things.

任何人都不受不可能的事项的约束。

The law does not compel a man to do what is good but impossible.

即使是善良的事，如果不可能做到，法律也不会强求。

Extremely difficult things are regarded as impossibility.

极度困难即视为不可能。

The impossibility, if doing what is required by the law, excuses from the performance.

对法律上规定做而又不可能做到之事，免除履行的法律责任。

Impossibility excuses the law.

客观不能可以免除法律责任。

Where there is culpability, there punishment ought to be.

有罪必有罚。

He who spares the guilty, punishes the innocent.

放纵有罪者就等于惩罚无辜者。

He who spares the evil, punishes the benevolent.

放纵恶就是侵害善。

Let a man be punished when he commits the offence.

如果犯罪了就应该让他受惩罚。

No one can give who does not possess.

任何人都不可能将自己不拥有的东西给予他人。

He gives nothing who has nothing.

一无所有的人也无物可给。

No prescription runs against a person unable to act.

没有法律会为难无行为能力之人。

One cannot transfer to another a right which he has not.

任何人都不可能将自己没有的权力转让给他人。

The fault of another should not do injury to us.

责任应当自负。

A wrongdoer should be responsible for all the consequences of his wrong.

不法者对不法所产生的一切结果承担责任。

No man ought to be burdened in consequence of another

?

s act.

任何人都不应承担他人的行为后果。

No one is to be punished for the crime or wrong of another.

任何人都不应为他人的犯罪或过错行为而受到惩罚。

No one should be ignorant of law.

任何人都不应对法一无所知。

No one is presumed to be ignorant of law.

法律假定任何人都知晓法律。

To be able to know is the same as to know.

可以知法即等于知法。

Ignorance of fact excuses, ignorance of the law does not excuse.

对事实无知可以免责，对法律无知不可免责。

Damage suffered by consent is not a cause of action.

基于同意而受的损害不能成为诉讼的理由

That to which a man consents cannot be considered an injury.

对自愿者不构成伤害。

Consent removes or obviates a mistake.

同意可以排除错误。

One cannot complain of having been deceived when he knew the fact and gave his consent.

当明知事实真相还予以同意时就不能说自己受了欺骗。

Ignorance of those things which one is bound to know excuses not.

对有义务应知道之事，就不能以不知道来推卸责任。

Ignorance of fact excuses or is a ground of relief.

不知情者可以减免责任。

Ignorance of law excuses not.

不知法律者不能免除责任。

The law prefers to let off for one?s past wr

ongdoings.

法律有时宁愿放过一个人过去的罪行。

He who receives the advantage ought also to suffer the burden.

得到了好处就应承受负担。

He who receives the benefit, should also bear the disadvantage.

获利者亦应承担不利。

A madman is punished by his madness alone.

精神病人只受其精神病的惩罚。

He who is bound to obey is in no fault.

服从义务之人没有过错。

A person who does an act by command of a judge is not considered to act from a wrongful motive, because

it is his duty to obey.

一个人根据法官的命令而为的行为不应认为是出于错误的动机，因为服从法官的命令是他的义务。

The minister of the law is bound, in the execution of his office, not to fly nor to retreat.

司法部长不得逃避履行职责。

One who lawfully commands must be obeyed.

对依法发布命令之人应当服从。

Faith must be observed.

信用必须得到遵守。

Agreement of the parties must be observed.

当事人的协议必须得到信守。

The intention amounts to nothing unless some effect follows.

如果没有后果发生，行为意图就不算什么。

Every act is to be estimated by the intention of the doer.

每个行为都应该结合行为者的意图进行评价。

He who flies from trial confesses his guilt.

逃避审判就等于承认自己的罪行。

The guilty fears the law, while the innocent fears the fate.

有罪者害怕法律，无辜者害怕命运。

（五）法律与权力

Power ought to follow justice, not go before it.

权力应依正义行使，而不得高于正义。

Power should follow justice, not precede it.

权力应当服从正义，而不是高于正义。

The king is under no man, ye he is under God and the law, for the law makes the king.

国王不在任何人之下，但却在上帝和法律之下，因为有了法律才有了国王。

The king cannot confer a favour on one subject to the injury and damage of others.

国王不能通过损害其他臣民而使另一个臣民收益。

No power can prevail against law.

任何权力都不得位于法律之上。

Laws and equity are the bonds of the state.

法律与衡平约束国家权力。

In the greatest power there is the least freedom.

权力越大，就越没有自由。

Supreme power can dissolve, but cannot bind itself.

最高权力可以解散，但是不可能约束自己。

Every jurisdiction has its bounds.

每一种管辖权都有其界限。

In the presence of the superior power, the inferior power ceases.

在上级出面时，下级就不再行使其权力。

The power derived cannot be greater than that from which it is derived.

派生之权力，不能比原权力大。

The right of the grantor being extinguished, the right granted is extinguished.

授权者自身的权利被取消时，其所授予的权利也被取消。

The power is vain which never comes into action.

从未行使之权利，视为无效。

A power is strictly interpreted.

对权力应从严解释。

三、

法官与司法

（一）法官及其职责

The judge is the speaking law.

法官是会说活的法律。

Whatever is subject to the authority of a judge, is not subject to novelty.

法官面前没有新鲜事。

A judge does not divide annuities nor debts.

法官不分享年金，也不分担债务。

The judge does not concern himself about trifles.

法官不理会琐细之事。

The judge does not aid for trifles.

法官不给琐细之事提供帮助。

The judge should be liable to no seducement.

法官不应受诱惑。

A judge ought always to regard equity.

法官应当始终维护公平。

The offices of magistrates ought not to be sold.

法官的职位不得买卖。

Judicial offices ought not to be granted before they are vacant.

法官职位在出现空缺之前不得授予。

The

honesty

and

integrity

of

a

judge

cannot

be

questioned,

but

his

decision

may

be

impugned

for

error

either of law or of fact.

法官诚实和正直的品格不容怀疑，但他的裁决却可因法律或事实的错误而受 到指责。

He who may condemn may acquit.

可以给他人定罪的人也可以宣布他无罪。

The judge is condemned when a guilty person escapes punishment.

若让有罪的人逍遥法外，办案的法官就应当受到谴责。

It is the province of a judge to declare the law, not to give it.

法官的职责是宣布法律而不是创立法律。

It is the duty of justices to administer justice to every one pleading before them.

对每一个前来诉讼的人主持公道是法官的职责。

It is the part of a good judge to enlarge his remedial jurisdiction.

扩大司法救助是每一个好法官的职责。

It is the duty of a judge to extend this jurisdiction.

扩大司法管辖权是法官的职责。

It is the duty of a good judge to make precedents which amplify justice.

创造可以弘扬正义的判例是每一个好法官的职责。

It is the duty of a good judge to issue judgments without delay.

及时做出判决是每一个好法官的职责。

It is the duty of a good judge to prevent litigations, so that suit may not grow out of a suit, and it concerns

the welfare of a state that an end be put to litigation.

A good judge decides according to justice and right, and prefers equity to strict law.

一个好的法官根据正义和公平判案，他宁愿选择衡平法而不是严法。

A good judge should do nothing from his own judgment, or from the dictates of his private wishes; but he

should pronounce according to law and justice.

一个好的法官不应该 仅凭自己的主观判断或个人愿望断案，而应该根据法律和正义宣布法律。

That system of law is the best which confides as little as possible to the discretion of a judge; that judge the

best who trust as little as possible to his own judgment. < /p>

最善之法，就是给予法官自由裁量权最少之法；最好之法官，就是最少依靠自己主观判断之 法官。

That law is the best which leaves the least discretion to the judge; and this is an advantage which results

from certainty.

留给法官自由裁量余地越少 的法律越好，这样就可以带来法律确定性的好处。

No one ought to depart out of the court of chancery without a remedy.

任何人都不应在大法官法庭中未得到救济就空手而归。

The ignorance of the judge is the misfortune of the innocent.

法官的无知是无辜者的不幸。

Let smiths perform the work of smiths.

行家的工作更可靠。

If you judge, understand.

如果你要进行审判，就要了解案情、懂得法律、理解人情世故。

Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened, heed only one side and you will benighted.

兼听则明，偏听则暗。

Te judge ought to decide according to the allegation and the proof.

法官应该根据指控和证据断案。

It is better to seek the source than to follw the streamlets.

办案要追根求源，而不应舍本求末。

Cease to reign, if you don

?

t wish to adjudicate.

不愿断案就别把着案子不放。

An innovation always produces various results.

革新通常会带来各种各样的结果。

Every innovation occasions more harm by its novelty, than benefit by its utility.

革新带来的弊端往往胜过好处。

Often it is the new road, not the old one, which deceives the traveller.

使旅行者误入歧途的往往是新路而不是老路。

The oldway is the safe way.

老路是安全的路。

（二）法庭与审判

The court knows the laws.

法庭是谙熟法律的。

Jurisdiction is power introduced for the public good, on account of the necessity of dispensing justice.

司法审判权是为了公共利益和实现正义的需要。

Whatever is done on court is presumed to be nightly done.

在法庭上的所作所为都被推定是正当的。

An act of the court shall prejudice no man.

法庭的所作所为不应歧视任何人。

The practice of the court is the law of the court.

法庭的惯例就是法庭的法律。

In all affairs, and principally in those which concern the administration of justice, the rules of equity ought

to be followed.

在所有的事务中，尤其是涉及司法的事务中，衡平法的规则应该得 到遵守。

Justice knows not father or mother; justice looks at truth alone.

审判的公平不认父母而只认真理。

The hurrying of justice is the stepmother of misfortune.

审判过于仓促就如同私生子有了后妈。

That which is to be resolved once for all, should be long deliberated upon.

对于终局决定的做出，应该经过深思熟虑。

Judgments frequently become matured by deliberation, never by hurried process.

经过审慎考虑的判决常会变得比较成熟，而匆匆而就的判决则绝无可能。

Concerning the death of a man, no delay is long.

关乎人命之审判，延误无关紧要、

Want of finality in law is reprehensible.

法无终局，应受责难。

That justice which justly prevents a crime, is better than that which severely punishes it.

能够恰当地预防犯罪的司法要优于只知严厉惩罚犯罪的司法。

Iniquity is nearly equal to severity.

严酷与不衡平极为接近。

The court has nothing to do with what is not before it.

对于没有呈现在法庭面前的东西，法庭就不能有所作为。

A multitude of ignorant practitioners destroys a court.

大量无知的法律从业者会毁掉一个法庭。

Officers may not examine the judicial acts of the court.

行政官员没有权利审查法庭的司法行为。

A judgement is the saying of law.

判决是法律的格言。

An award is the judgement of a good man according to justice.

判决是由善良之人根据正义所做的裁判。

A judgement should have real effect.

判决应当具有实效。

The latter decisions are stronger in law.

一个后来的判决在法律上更强有力。

Faith or credit is to be given to the last decisions.

最后的判决最有效力。

Follow past precedents and do not disturb what has been settled.

要遵循先例，不要改变过去的判决。

Judgments are, as it were, the dicta or sayings of the law, and are received as truth.

判决就像法律的格言或谚语，应该作为真理而接受。

A verdict is, as it were, the saying of the truth, in the same manner that a judgment is the saying of the law.

陪审团的裁决就是事实真相的权威表 达，同样，法官的判决就是法律的格言。

Judgment creates rights, and the interpretation of the law has the forces of law.

判决创设权利，法之解释亦有法之效力。

A judgment is always taken for truth.

判决经常被当作真理来接受。

A thing adjudged must be taken for truth.

法院判决确定之事应该被当作真理来接受。

A judgment ought not to be illusory, it ought to have its consequence.

判决不应该是虚幻的，而应该是能产生实际后果的。

It is not enough that sentence should be given unless it is put in execution.

除非判决能够得到执行，否则就不应下判决。

A new judgment does not make a new law, but declares the old.

一个新的判决并不创造新的法律而只是选不了旧的法律。

He who comes into equity must comes with clean hands.

到衡平法院来起诉者自己必须是清白之身。

The law does not require that to be verified which is apparent to the court.

对法庭认为显而易见的事实，法律并不要求加以证明。

In a trial, credence is given only to those who are sworn.

在审判时，只能信任那些经过发誓的人。

He who makes oath is to be believed in judgment.

发过誓的人受法庭的信任。

In courts or judicial proceedings, infancy is aided or favored.

在法院或法律诉讼中，未成年人应该得到司法帮助或优待。

（三）司法原则

It is wrong for a man to be a judge in his own cause.

在自己的案件中充当法官是非法的。

No man can be judge in his own cause.

任何人都不能充当自己案件的法官。

A person ought not to be judge in his own cause, because he can not act as judge and party.

任何人不得在自己案件中担任法官，因为他不能同时既是当事人又是法官 。

A judge cannot be a witness in his own cause.

法官不得在自己的案件中充当证人。

No one ought to be a witness in his own cause.

任何人不得在自己的案件中充当证人。

A judge cannot punish a wrong done to himself.

法官不得处罚损害自己的非法行为。

The judge does not demand more than the plaintiff demands.

法官不能出比原告更多的要求。

To a judge who exceeds his office or jurisdiction no obedience is due.

对超越自己职权和管辖权的法官就不应遵从。

An act of a judge which does not relate to his office is of no force.

与其职位无关的法官行为就没有法律效力。

Judgment is to be given according to the laws, not according to precedents.

判决应当根据法律而不应按照判例做出。

The judge in his decision ought to follow the rule when the exception is not made apparent.

如果没有明显的例外，法官的判决应该遵从一般法律规则。

Concerning similars the judgment is the same.

对类似的情况所作的判决也应该相同。

Similar cases should be treated similarly.

类似的案件类似处理。

In similar cases the remedy should be similar.

在相似的案件中，救济手段也应该相似。

A beneficial law affords a remedy in a similar case.

好的法律对类似的案件会提供类似的救济。

Nothing in law is more tolerable than to apply the law differently to the same cases.

法律中没有什么事情比同类案件适用不同的法律更难以容忍的了。

Of disimilars the rule is dissimilar.

对不同的情况，也应适用不同的法律规则。

When doubts arise, the most generous and benign presumptions are to be preferred.

在有疑问的地方，应该对此作最宽容和最仁慈的推定。

Whenever there is a doubt between liberty and slavery, the decision must be in favor of liberty.

无论何时对选择自由还是奴役表示怀疑，判决都必须偏向自由。

Where the law governing a particular matter is silent on a question at issue, the provision of another law

governing another matter may be applied where the underlying principle or reason is the same.

法律对某一事 项没有规定，

如果所含的原则或理由相同，

那么就可以适用规定 不同事项的另一法律。

（四）法律解释

The words of a statute must not be departed from.

法律文字不容违反。

The meaning of words is the spirit of the law.

法律文字的意思就是法律的精神所在。

The best interpreter of a statute is the statute itself.

对法律最好的解释者是法律本身。

In

the

absence

of

ambiguity,

no

exposition

shall

be

made

which

is

opposed

to

the express

words

of

the

instruments.

如果没有歧义，任何解释都不应该 与法律文件中意思明确的词语相反。

It is a bad exposition which corrupts the text.

离开法律文本的解释是危险的解释。

When the words and the mind agree, there is no place for interpretation.

当文字与精神一致时，就不需要解释。

The law is in favor rather of a good than of a bad construction.

法律倾向于从善解释。

The practice of the judges is the interpreter of laws.

法官的审判实践就是在解释法律。

What is reasonable time, the law does not define; it is left to the discretion of the judges.

法律不规定什么是合理的时间，它留给法官作自由判断。

The interpretation of law obtains the force of law.

法律的解释可以获得法律效力。

The voice of legislators is a living voice, to impose laws on things and not on words.

立法者的声音是活生生的声音，它将法律适用于事物却不拘泥于文字。

< br>

It belongs to him to interpret who enacts.

法律解释权属于法律制定之人。

The best mode of interpreting laws is to make them accord.

最好的法律解释模式是使法律相互和谐一致。

To interpret and reconcile laws so that they harmonize is the best mode of construction.

解释和协调法律使之变得和谐一致是解释的最好方式。

Statutes made for the public good ought to be liberally construed.

对于为了公共利益而制定的法律应该进行自由解释。

Usage is the best interpreter of things.

习惯法是事物的最好解释者。

Custom is the best interpretor of laws.

惯例是法律的最好阐释者。

The more favorable construction is to be placed on general or doubtful expressions.

应该优先对笼统的或有疑惑的表述做出解释。

A contemporaneous exposition is the best and more powerful in the law.

同时代的解释是法律中国最好也是最有利的解释。

A power is strictly interpreted.

对权力应从严解释。

Statutes derogating from the common law are to be interpreted in a narrow sense.

有违普通法之成文法，应严格解释。

Laws which derogate from the common law ought to be strictly construed.

对有违普通法的法律应该严格进行解释。

A law should be interpreted with a view to upholding rather than destroying it.

法律解释不应吹毛求疵或莫名其妙。

In doubtful cases the more favorable constructions are always to be preferred.

在疑案中的解释应能服众。

In

ambiguous

things,

such

a

construction

is

to

be

made,

that

what

is

inconvenient

and

absurd

is

to

be

avoided.

在模糊的情况下，做出的解释应当避免不协调和荒谬。

Laws are to be liberally construed, in order that their intent may be preserved.

为了保持法律的愿意，法律解释应当不拘泥于字面含义。

When the doing of anything is forbidden, then the doing of it either directly or indirectly is forbidden.

凡法所禁止之行为，不论直接或间接地做均在禁止之列。

Unusual clauses always induce suspicion.

不同寻常的条款常常要发生疑问。

An absolute sentence or proposition needs not an expositor.

文字意义完全简明清楚就无须解释。

Where the words are not ambiguous, then intention of the word is not allowed to be questioned.

在用语中不存在模糊性时，不得允许探索用语的意图。

Such things as have a clear interpretation ought to be changed but little.

明确之解释，应尽可能少地加以变更。

The clear provisions shall not be vitiated because of those obscure.

不应当由于某种不确定的规定而否定明确的规定。

It is guessing, not interpretation, which altogether departs from the letter.

完全脱离用语者，是猜测而非解释。

Language is always to be understood according to its subject-matter and the condition of the persons.

人们总是根据语言所涉论题和人们所处的环境来理解语言。

Every interpretation either declares, extends, or restrains.

法律之解释，不外阐明、引申及限缩而已。

The

best

and

surest

mode

of

construing

an

instrument

is

to

read

it

in

the

sense

which

would

have

been

applied when it was drawn up.

对法律文件最好也是最可靠的解释方式是根据立法意图进行解释。

Words ought to be made subservient to the intent, not contrary to it.

对文字的解释应该服从于其意图而非相反。

In the agreements of

the contracting parties, the rule is to regard the intention rather than the words.

对契约双方协议的解释应该看重契约意图而非文字。

General words are to be understood generally, or in a general sense.

对概括的词语只能作概括或广义的理解。

General words are to be generally understood.

概括的词汇应按概括的意义来理解。

A general expression implies nothing certain.

概括的表达没有说明任何确定的东西。

General words may be aptly restrained according to the matter or person to which they relate.

概括性的词语可以根据与他们相关的事或人进行适当的限制。

A general clause does not refer to things expressed.

概括性条款不涉及业已明示之内容。

A general clause does not extend to those things which are previously provided for specialitity.

概括性的条款不能适用于那些在先已经有过特殊规定的事情。

When the substance is extinguished, the incident ceased.

本质问题已经解决，枝节问题也就不再存在了。

Terms of art should be explained from art.

艺术的语言应从艺术角度来理解。

Verisimilitude is not proof.

貌似事实，不足为据。

That which is expressed makes that which is implied to cease.

业已明示的使默示的无效。

What is expressed renders what is implied silent.

业已明示的使默示的失去效力。

Every statute must be so construed and harmonized with other statutes as to form uniform system of law.

为了保持法制的统一，对每个法律的解释都应与其他的 法律相协调。

A passage is best interpreted by reference to what precedes and what follows it.

对一个段落最好的解释是根据上下文所进行的解释。

A word is to be understood in the context in which it is used.

对文字应该根据其使用的语境进行理解。

It is improper to pass an opinion on any part of a sentence without examining the whole.

若未审查整个句子，那么对句子中任何部分的意见都不可信。

The meaning of a doubtful word may be ascertained by reference to the meaning of words associated with

it.

一个有疑问的词语 的意思最好通过与它相关的词语的意思来确定。

The expression of what is tacitly implied is inoperative.

只是暗指却没有明说的表达不起作用。

False spelling or false grammar do not vitiate a grant.

拼写错误和语法错误并不影响七月底成立。

An error in the name is nothing when there is certainty as to the person.

若能够确定本人，名字的错误就无关紧要。

Surplusage does not vitiate that which in other respects is good and valid.

冗语赘言无害。

Mere false description does not vitiate if there be sufficient certainty as to the object.

如果描述的客体具有足够的确定性，那么单纯的描述错误就不会构成损害。

The expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.

明示其一即排斥其他。

The mention of one person is the exclusion of another.

提及一人即排斥其他人。

The express mention of one thing implies the exclusion of another.

明确提及一件事就意味着排除另一件事。

The designation of one is the exclusion of the other and that which is expressed prevails over that which is

implied.

指定了一个，就排除了其他；明示的优于默示的。

Relative words refer to the antecedent, unless by such construction the meaning of the sentence would be

impaired.

关系词就是意指先行词，除非如果采用这种解释，句子的含义会受到损害。

He who considers merely the letter of an instrument goes but skin-deep into its meaning.

如果只是考虑了法律文件的字面意思，那么对此就只是获得了肤浅的理解。

A thing is named from its principal part.

物以其主要部分命名。

Ames are mutable, but things immutable.

名称是可以改变的，但是事物时不可改变的。

Names are the symbols of things.

名称是事物的符号。

Wills ought to have the broadest interpretation.

对遗嘱应作广义解释。

To write is to act.

写下文字即在行为。

四、

法律程序

（一）正当程序

A suit is a civil warfare; for as the plaintiffs are armed with actions, and as it were, girded with swords, so

the defendants are fortified with pleas, and are defended, as it were, by shields. < /p>

诉讼系一场和平战争，原告有诉权武装，犹如持刀剑进攻；被告有抗辩护身，犹如持盾牌防 御。

A

jurisdiction

act

by

a

judge

without

jurisdiction

is

void;

but

a

ministerial

act,

from

whomsoever

proceeding, may be ratified.

没有司法管辖权的法官所作的司法行为是无效的，但一项行政行为，不论由谁做出，都是可以事后

追认的。

Whichever of two parties has the division, the other has the choice.

双方当事人之间，如果有权做出分配，则另一方有权优先挑选。

He who seeks equity must do equity.

要求公平者必须公平待人。

He who comes into equity must come with clean hands.

到衡平法院来起诉者必须自己清白。

Every action proceeds into its own course.

每一诉讼都按其自身的程序进行。

Legal form is essential form.

法律的形式是至关重要的形式。

When form is not observed, a nullity of the act is inferred.

如果没有遵循法律形式，就可能导致行为无效。

When form is not observed, a failure of action ensues.

不遵守诉讼程序者，必遭败诉。

Hasty justice is stepmother of misfortune.

仓促审判是人为的不幸。

It is the duty of a good judge to issue judgments without delay.

及时做出判决是每一个好法官的职责。

No man ought to be his own judge, or administer justice in cases where his relations are concerned.

任何人不得自己审判自己或与自身有利害关系的案件。

A person ought not to be judge in his own cause, because he can not act as judge and party.

任何人不得在自己的案件中担任法官，因为他不能既是当事人又是法官。

It is wrong for a man to be a judge in his own cause.

在自己的案件中担任法官是错误的。

No man can be judge in his own cause.

任何人都不能充当自己案件的法官。

A judge cannot punish a wrong done to himself.

法官不得处理损害自己的不当行为。

A judge cannot be a witness in his own cause.

法官不得在自己的案件中作证人。

No one ought to be a witness in his own cause.

任何人都不得在自己的案件中充当证人。

The judge does not demand more than the plaintiff demands.

法官不能提出比原告更多的要求。

An issue requires terms of contradiction. (To constitute an issue there must be an affirmative on one side

and a negative on the other.)

诉讼应当互相争辩（争讼必然存在 肯定方和否定方）

。

H who decides anything, a party being unheard, though he should decide right, does wrong.

决定者若只听 取一面之词，即使他会正确裁判，也仍然是错误的。

Justice ought to be unbought, because there is nothing more hateful than venal justice; full, for justice ought

not to be defective; and quick, for delay is a kind of denial.

裁判不应受金钱收买，因为金钱买到的裁判最可恨；裁判必须全面，因 为裁判不可有缺陷；裁判必

须迅速，因为延迟裁判等于拒绝裁判。

No man should not be twice vexed for one and the same cause.

任何人不得因同一案件而受两次处理。

No one is prohibited from making use of several defenses.

不能禁止任何人使用多种的辩护手段，

No one is restrained from using several defences.

对任何人都得不得限定抗辩事由。

Similar case be treated similarly.

同样的情况应同样处理。

A plaintiff ought not to be allowed what is not permitted to a defendant.

对被告禁止的，同样适用于原告。

No one is bound to litigate himself.

任何人皆无起诉自己的义务。

No one can be compelled to criminate himself.

任何人都不得被迫自证其罪。

No one ought to accuse himself unless before God.

除了在上帝面前，任何人都不应自我归罪。

No one is bound to accuse himself.

任何人都没有义务控告自己。

None can be forced to incriminate himself.

任何人都不必自我归罪。

No one is bound to testify his own baseness.

任何人都没有义务证明他自己的卑劣行为。

No one is bound to expose himself to misfortune and dangers.

任何人都没有义务揭发自己从而使自己陷入不幸或危险的境地。

No one is bound to arm his adversary.

任何人都没有义务武装他的对手。

He ought not to be heard who advances a proposition contrary to the rules of law.

一个人不应该因为提出违反法律规则的观点就受到惩罚。

No one is bound to inform about a thing he knows not, but he who gives information is bound to know

what he says.

任何人都没有义务告知他人他自己都不知道的事情，但是告诉过他人的人一定知道他自己说了些什

么。

In doubtful cases the more favorable constructions are always to be preferred.

疑案中的解释应能服众。

When opinions are equal, a defendant is acquitted.

当控辩双方理由持平时，应宣告被告人无罪。

Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened, heed only one side and you will benighted.

兼听则明，偏信则暗。

The opportunity of proof is not to be narrowed.

举证机会不得予以限制。

（二）诉讼规则

The order of things is confounded if everyone keeps not his jurisprudiction.

如果人人皆不遵守管辖时，事情就会乱套。

It is the duty of a judge to extend this jurisdiction.

法官应扩大审判权的管辖范围，不得拒绝受理案件。

The plaintiff follows the forum of the property in suit, or the forum of the defendant

?

s residence.

原告应向争议财产所在地或被告住所地的法院提起诉讼。

The custom of the place where action is brought is to be observed.

起诉地的习惯，应予遵守。

Every one ought to be subject to the law where he offends.

每个违法犯罪的人，都应受犯罪行为地法律的管辖。

Every jurisdiction has its bounds.

每一项管辖，都应该有边界。

No prescription runs against a person unable to bring an action.

诉讼期限对无权起诉者没有意义。

In courts or judicial proceedings, infancy is aided or favored.

在庭审或司法过程中，未成年人应得到援助或优待。

Immovable things are governed by law of the place where they are fixed.

不动产适用所在地法。

The plaintiff must follow the forum of the thing in dispute.

原告应该在标的物所在地法院起诉。

Sunday is not a day in law.

法律不计星期日。

A writ is so called because it briefly states, in few words, the matter in dispute, and the object of the party

seeking relief.

诉状之所以叫诉状，因为它简要地载明了争点和原告的诉求。

The custom of place where the action is brought is to be observed.

关于诉讼所在地的惯例应当得到遵守。

A judicial writ ought to follow its original and an accessory its principal.

司法文件应当依据原件，附件应当依据主件。

A judicial writ fails not through defect of form.

司法文件不因格式方面的缺陷而失效。

A false description does not vitiate a document.

虚伪描述不影响文件效力。

He ought not to be heard who advances a proposition contrary to the rules of law.

一个人不应该因为提出与法律相反的观点而受到起诉。

Litigant loves lawyers who locate loopholes.

诉讼当事人喜欢会钻法律条文空子的律师。

Judges do not answer questions of fact, juries do not answer questions of law.

法官不负责事实部分；陪审团不负责法律部分。

It

is

the

office

of

the

judge

to

instruct

the

jury

of

points

of

law,

it

is

the

office

of

the

jury

to

decide

on

matters of fact.

< br>向陪审团指示法律是法官的职责，决定实施问题是陪审团的职责。

Juries are the judges of facts.

陪审团是事实的裁判者。

Not what is said, but what is done, is to be regarded.

应注意行为而非言辞。

Times runs against the slothful and those who neglect their rights.

时间对那些懒散者和怠于行使权力者不利。

When the parties have equal rights, the condition of the possessor is the better.

在当事人拥有同等权利的场合，占有人处于更有利的地位。

Better is the condition of the defendant than that of the plaintiff.

在诉讼中，被告的处境比原告有利。

Possession is nine points of law.

现实占有，诉讼败一胜九。

A personal action dies with the person. (This must be understood of an action for a tort only).