-
Chapter1
1.
民法
(civil
law)
和刑法（
criminal
law
）的划分
Civil
law:
an
form
of
private
law
，
used
by
individuals
to
assert
rights
against
other
individuals
Criminal
law:
an
aspect
of
public
law
to
regulate
crimes and to punish offenders
Issue
Civil
Criminal
Who brings
< br>Claimant/plaint
Prosecutor/cps/stat
the action
iff
原告
e
Burden
of
Claimant/plaint
Prosecutor/cps/sta
t
proof
iff
原告
e
Standard
Balance
of
Beyond
reasonable
of proof
probabilities
doubt
Decisions
Liable/not
Guilty or not
(judge)
Aims
Compensatory
Punitive/to punish
Remedies
damages
Imprisonment/fines
纠正
1.
Case law: made by judge/ statute
law
成文法
:
primary
legislation(made by the
Parliament)/secondary legislation( in
exercise of
law-making powers delegated
by Parliament).
[
注：
Necessity for delegated
legislation/secondary
legislation :more
convenient can hand over the
task of
specifying the law in detail to experts]
2.
在
case
law
中
:common
law
普通法
[created by judges
through the application of the
principle of
judicial precedent. common
law drew on
customs/equity
law
衡平法
:to resolve disputes
where
damages are not a suitable remedy
and to introduce
fairness into the
legal system.]
2.
不同法院管辖事件的类型
只受理民事案件
County
court
只受理刑事案件
Crown court
民刑通吃
Magistrate
’s
court
,
high
court,
court of appeal,
supreme court
只受理一审
County
court, magistrate’s
court
只受理上诉
Court of appeal , supreme court
一审上诉通吃
High court
, crown court
Chapter2
Chapter2
1.
Doctrine of
Precedence(
遵循先例制度的一般规则
):
some
decisions
made
by
a
court
are
binding
and
similar
subsequent legal
cases should be decided on the basis
of
the law established in earlier cases.
2.
可
以<
/p>
创
立
判
例
法
规
则
:
Supreme
Court/Court
of
Appeal/High
Co
urt;
不
可
以
创
立
:Crown,
Magistrates,
County Courts
cannot create precedent.
3.
Elements
of
judicial
decision(
影
响
法
庭
判
决
的
因
素
):ration
decidendi
判决理由
[the
reason
for
the
decision]/Obiter
dicta
附带说明
[statement made by
the
way, not
binding, but
merely of persuasive
authority]
4.
法
官<
/p>
又
可
以
因
为
那
些
理
由
拒
绝
先
例
(disregarding
judicial
precedent):
Overr
ule
取
代
[the
procedure
whereby a court
higher in the legal hierarchy sets
aside
a
legal
ruling
established
in
a
previous
case]/Reverse
推翻
[a
procedure whereby a court higher
in
the
hierarchy
reverses
the
decision
of
a
lower
court in the same
case]/Distinguishing
法官的自由裁
决
[a precedent is avoided by a
judge demonstrating
that the material
facts of two cases are not the same]
5.
Rules
of
Statutory
Inte
rpretation(
法的解释
):
①
the
literal approach :the
literal rule[means that words
in
the
Act
should
be
given
their
literal
and
grammatical meaning rather
than what the judge thinks
they mean./the golden rule :this rule
is applied in
circumstances
where
the
application of the literal
rule
is
likely
to
result
in
an
obviously
absurd
result.
②
the
purposive
approach
:the
judge
should
,where
necessary
,look
beyond
the
words
of
statute
to
find
out
the
reason/purpose
for
its
enactment, and that meaning should be
interpreted in
Any clause that attempts
to exempt , or limit, the
liability
of
one
party
for
breach
of
contract
or
Condi
tion
，
warranties and
innominate terms
核心，从
属和无名条款
：根据条款重要性
2.
免责条款
（三观
概念）
协商同意（
agreed by the
parties
）
the
light
of
the
purpose[Mischief
rule
:purposive
approach
的具体表现形式
/where
a statute
is
designed
to
remedy
a
weakness
in
the
law,
the
correct
interpretation is the one which
achieves it.]
6.
语言处理规则（法律没有追溯力
a statute
does not have
retrospective
effect
）
Chapter3
合同法（
IMP<
/p>
）
1.
合同的概念
a legally binding
agreement enforceable in
law
2.
从要约到承诺是否达成
agreement
[invitations to treat
要约邀请
--o
ffer
要约
--acceptance
承诺
----agreement]
3.
Termination
of
an
offer:express
rejection/counter
off
反
要
约
/lapse
of
time/revocation
of
an
off/death/if the off is suject to a
condition,it will
lapse on failure of
that condition
4.
Privity
of
Contract
合同相对性原则
:
the
common
law
doctrine that only those are party to
the contract-
--have rights
or liabilities under the contract/ have
the
right
to
enforce
the
contract,contracts
cannot
give rights or obligations to others
Chapter4
1.
分类标准
Express and
lmplied terms:
某个条款是否经过双方当事人
negligence
3 test: correctly
incorporated into the contract
形
< br>式正确
/worded clearly to exclude the
breach
措辞清晰
/reasonable per
statute
容合理
Chapter5
1.
type of breach
?
Repudiatory
breach
根本性违约：
refusal to
perform
拒绝履行
/failure to
perform an
entire obligation
不履行某项
/incapacitation
无力履行
/breach
of
condition
违反核心条款
/breach of an
innominate
term
违反无名条款
?
Anticipatory
breach
预期违约：未到合同履行时间，
当事人提前说明无法履行；收到预期违约通知可立即
追究违约责任，也可等到履行合同
时间追究责任
Lawful excuses for
non-
performance
开脱责任：
performance
is
impossible
因不可预
见的事情发生不可履行
/
尝试履行被拒
绝
/
the
other
party
make
it
impossible
for
him
to
performance/contract
is
discharged
through
frustration
情势变更
/the
party
have
been
agreement
permitted
non-
performance
2.
Remedies
:
when
a
breach
occurs,
the
court
has
to
decide what the
appropriate remedy should be.
Common
law
Damage
赔偿金
,
action for
the
price,
quantum
meruit
Equitable law
衡平法
Specific performance
实际
履
行，
injunction
禁令，
rescission
of
the
probability of injury
seriousness of the
risk
造成伤害的严重性
and
practicability
成本可行性
practice
证明是行业误差围
l factors to consider
contract
撤销合同
3.
Liquidated
damage
违约金：
a genuine pre-
estimate of
the loss
在订立合同前已经
商定了，
有利于解纠纷，
如果违
约金过
高（远大于
loss
）判为惩罚性，则不可执行
4.
specific
performance
：
the court
directs a party to
complete their
contractual obligations
以下几种情况法官不会让合同继续履行：
courts
cannot
supervise
法
官无力监督履行
/personal
service/minors
involved
Chapter6
Tort
侵权法
A
wrongful act against an individual which gives
rise to
a civil claim.
1.
过失侵权的
4
个证明环节（概念
标准
容）
Negligence:It arises when one person
suffers damage or
injury
though
the
negligent
act(or
omission
to
act)of
another person.
①
Duty of care
注意义务
(
三步走原则
)
able
foreseeability
合理预见原则
ity
关联性原则
ss and fairness of imposing a duty of
care
公
平合理地强加注意义务
②
A breach of that
duty
违反注意义务
l
rule:The
test for establishing breach
of duty
is
an
objective
one:a
breach
of
duty
occurs
if
the
defendant:
”
...fails
to do something which a reasonable
man...would do.
”
d persons/professionals
benefit
③
The
breach of duty caused harm to the claimant
< br>违反义
务是导致损失的原因
but for test
break in the chain of c
ausation
切断因果关系链的
要素
a.A natural event
of a
third party
原侵权人不承担责任
of the
claimant
④
The loss ware not
too remote
主的赔偿合理
Reasonable
foresight
只赔偿者可以合理预见的部分
2.
抗辩事由
①
Contributory negligence
共同过失
（一般只是减少赔偿额，
个别情况全部
免除）
②
Volenti non fit
injuria
同意不生（彻底免除）
Chapter7
劳动法
1.
身份判别
①
Control test :The amount of
control that one person
had over the
other
②
Integration
test
不会外包给他人的，不可或缺的
③
Multiple test/Economic
reality test
a.
The
regularity
and
method
of
payment
报酬支付频
率，支付方式
b. The ownership of tools and
equipment
是否提供工具
5) Health and safety
c. The
regularity of hours of
work
工作时间
6)Working time:17week,not exceed 48
hours for each 7
d. The ability to
delegate all the work/to provide
4)
Every
woman
has
a
right
to
maternity
leave
and
some are entitled to
maternity pay
3)Trade union officials
工会组织罢工可以参加，还要给
工资
substitute
是否代理
2.
义务
①
Common Law Duties
-Employers
’
common law duties
1)Duty of mutual
trust and confidence
2)To provide work
for workers
3)To pay wages/remuneration
4)To indemnify employee against
expenses and losses
5)To provide for
the care and safety of the employee
6)No duty to provide reference when
employees leave
-Employees
’
common law duties
1) To obey reasonable
and lawful orders
2)
To
act
faithfully/duty of
faithful
service/duty
to account for all money and property
3)
To
exercise
reasonable
skill
and
care
in
any
activity
in
their
role
as
an
employee/reasonable
competence to do his job
4)
Personal service
亲自完成交付的责任
②
Statutory Duties
1)Pay and
equality
不能低于国家平均
2) Time off work
days
除非员工书面同意多工作
7) Flexible working
Chapter8
1.
解雇通知时间的计算
1m-2Y:
not less than 1 week
2y-12y:1 week for
each year
≥12y: not less than 12
week
劳动者离职要提前一周通知，
合同期满不续则每工作一年折
合一个月工资
2.
自动正当
参加非法集合罢工
unofficial
industrial
action/
对国家
安全有威胁
自动不正当
怀孕
pregnancy/
员工参加工会活动
/
收购并购时的解雇
dismissal on
transfer of an undertaking/
工作存在安全
问题
/
最低工作标准
/
作息时间
/
员工在周天拒绝工作
3.
用人单位解雇不当
Chapter9
代理法
1.
代理关系建立方式
Express
agreement between the agent and
principal
达