-
Paul Gewirtz:
《
Privacy
and Speech
》
,in the Supreme
Court Review (2001),
p139
–
199
葛维宝：
《隐私与言论》
最高法院评论
Andrew
Beale
:
《
Essential
Constitutional
Law
》
(Second
Edition)
Wu
Han
University Press , p84 -85
安德鲁
.
比尔
《宪法论》
Jonathan
Rosenoer
:
《
Cyber Law
—
The Law of The
Internet
》
China
University of Politics Science and Law
Press
约纳森
.
罗萨诺
《网络法
-
关于因特
网的法律》
S .
Warren
&
L .
Brandeis
,
The
Right
of
Privacy
,
4
Harvard .
L .
Reriew .193 (1890 )
隐私权
哈佛大学评论
Dr. Thomas
Hart Graham
Sutton
《
Personal
Data
Protection
》
Law
Press
托马斯
.
哈特博士
；格雷汉
姆
.
萨顿
《个人数据保护》
法律出
版社
Literature
Review
Study on the
Development of modern privacy
We
often disclose ourselves to the world at large, or
at least we act as
if
indifferent
to
the
world's
eyes.
But
at
other
times,
most
of
us
try
to
control the disclosure of certain
matters about ourselves. Sometimes we
share
thoughts,
feelings,
information,
personality,
or
bodily
appearance
with no one at all . More commonly , we
share these things with a limited
number of other people . Privacy in
this sense
–
the ability to
control and
to
avoid
the
disclosure
of
certain
matters
about
oneself
–
is
a
widely
recognized value, an
important precondition for human flourishing.
Ⅰ
、
The Development
and Lawmaking of the Right to Privacy
As a type of legal right , the
incipiency of the Right to Privacy may be
tracked
back
to
the
19
th
Century .
In
1890
,
Samuel
Warren
and
Louis
Brandeis
firstly
used
the
concept
of
the
Right
to
Privacy .
The
United
State
thereafter
gradually
established
the
legal
position
of
the
Right
to
Privacy . In the middle 20
th
Century , the
“
United Declaration of Human
Right
”
“
,
the
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights
”
and the
other international human rights
documentaries acknowledged the status
of a basic human right of the right to
privacy .Thus ,the right to privacy
became
a
topic
that
specially
concerned
and
widely
argued
by
jurisconsults
all
over
the
world .
So,
the
Right
of
Privacy
is
not
a
new
concept . Since the right for privacy
was defined for the first time well
over 100 years ago , not much has
changed on a fundamental level .The
start
of
focus
on
and
discussion
of
the
right
to
privacyin
China
is
later
than other countries ,so there are
still many points , either in theory or in
practice , urgently need to be
clarified .
我们经常现身于大庭广众之中，
在此
类场合下，
我们通常不介意世人
的窥视；
但在其他时候，
我们中大多数人都会尽力不让某些私事过于
张
扬。有时我们会彻底掩盖自己的思想、感觉、信息、性格或体态，
更通常情况下，我们只
把这些与少数人分享。从这个意义上说，隐私
乃是控制和避免披露某些自身事务的能力，
这是一种广为承认是价
值，是人类繁荣的一个重要条件。
一、隐私权的发展与立法
隐私权作为
一项法律权利，它的发端可以追溯到十九世纪。
1890
年，<
/p>
塞缪尔·沃伦与路易斯·布兰代斯提出了隐私权的概念，从此，隐私
权美国逐步确立了自己的法律地位。
二十世纪中期
《世界人权
宣言》
、
《公民权利与政治权利公约》
等国际人权文件明确了隐私权是一项基
本人权。至此，隐私权成为世界各国法备受关注的
话题。所以说，隐
私权并不是一个新概念。
自从
100
多年前提出隐私权以来，
基本层面
的东西没有太大变化。
我国对隐私权的关注和研究起步较晚，
在法学
理论和司法实践中有许多问题有待澄清。
But
the
privacy
concept
is
more
abstract
and
its
content
is
quite
not
explicit,
so
even
we
adopt
American
privacy
concept,
the
law
has
not
present
the
clear
definition.
Except
that
some
statute
laws
define
the
particular information privacy, other
privacy mainly depends on common
law
that
provides
protection
and
judges
have
much
discretion
.
The
consciousness of privacy varies greatly
because of history and culture and
law
system. It is generally considered that privacy
refers to the facts and
secrets
concerned
with
the
privacy
life
of
individuals
,
and
it
can
not
affect on public
interests due to its nature of private law .
Privacy is a part
of right of personal
life ,but Chinese current General Rules of the
Civil
Law
has
not
explicit
provisions
on
privacy
in
the
regulation
related
to
rights
of
personal
life
.
Article
120
write
that:
If
a
citizen
’
s
right
of
personal
name, portrait , reputation or honour is infringed
upon , he shall
have the right to
demand that the infringement be stopped , his
reputation
be rehabilitated , the ill
effects be eliminated and an apology be made he
may
also
demand
compensation
for
losses
.But
we
have
issued
corresponding
judicial
interpretation
in
cases
referred
to
the
right
of
reputation
and
compensation
for
mental
damage
in
legal
practice .
In
Opinions
of
the
Supreme
People
’
s
Court
on
implementing
the
General
Principles of Civil
Law of the People
’
s Republic
of China , Article 140
write that : The
act of propagating other
’
s
privacy in writing or orally or
uglifying other
’
s
human dignity openly by fabricating facts and
impairing
other
’
s
reputation in the form of disparage and calumny
with considerable
influence
shall
be
deemed
as
the
acts
of
infringing
a
citizen
’
s
right
of
reputation .
但隐私的概念较为抽象，
内涵并不十分明确，
即便是在采用了隐私概
念的
美国，
在法律上也没有对隐私给出明确的定义，
除一些成文法对
特定的隐私信息给予界定外，
其他隐私主要依靠普通法来保护，
法官
具有很大的裁量权。国际上，对隐私的认识，更是由于历史
文化、法
律制度的不同，千差万别。一般认为，隐私是与个人的私人生活有关
的事实和秘密，是私法的范畴，不会对公共利益造成影响。隐私权是
人身权
的一方面，
但中国现行民法通则中关于人身权的规定中并未有
明
确的隐私权规定。第一百二十条写道：公民的姓名权、肖像权、名
誉权、
荣誉权受到侵害的，
有权要求停止侵害，
恢复名誉，<
/p>
消除影响，
赔礼道歉，并可以要求赔偿损失。法律实践中，在涉及
名誉权及有关
精神损失赔偿的案件中，
我国出台过相应的司法解
释。
在最高人民法
院关于贯彻执行《中华人民共和国民法通则》
若干问题的意见中，第
一百四十条写道：以书面、
口头等形式宣
扬他人的隐私，或者捏造事
实，公然丑化他人人格，以及用侮辱、诽谤等方式损害他人名
誉，造
成一定影响的，应当认定为侵害公民名誉权的行为。
In
21th
Century
,
with
the
rapid
development
of
information
and
communication
technology
,
openness
,
mutuality
,
numerousness
and
virtualality
of
internet
make
our
life
easy
and
convenient
,
at
the
same
time it
also challenges personal privacy protection .
在
21
世纪，随着信
息
通讯技术的快速发展，网络的开放性、交互性、海量性和虚拟性在
带给人们方便快捷的同
时，也给个人隐私的保护带来了挑战。
What is a
new in the age that we call
“
information
society
”
is that there
are apparently so much more ways of
collecting , storing and distributing
personal data these days . we leave
traces of our online surfing that can be
more clearly read than steps in fresh
snow . Dr. Thomas Hart said that : It
maybe
to
our
benefit
(
when
the
on
line
vendors
learn
about
our
preferences and can improve the offers
they make to us) or to our harm
( when
malevolent software traces our usage patterns and
passwords and
sends the information
“
home
”
to those who abuse them) .
在我们称之
为
“信息社会”
的时代面临的新问题是，
显然如今有如此之多的收集、
存储和发布个人信息的方式。
我们在网上冲浪时留下的踪迹可以被清
晰的读取，比新鲜白雪上的脚印还要清晰。托马斯
.
哈
特博士认为，
它可能对我们有利
（当在线卖家知道我们的的爱好
并改进提供给我们
的服务时）
，也可能对我们有害（当恶意软件
跟踪我们的使用模式和
密码并发送“隐私”信息给恶意者）
。<
/p>
1
People
worry
that
personal
information
privacy
can
not
be
effectively
protected , and they also uncertain
about all kinds of internet service . All
these worries and uncertainties will
greatly influencethe development of
information . Although there is no this
kind of inquistion data in China ,
the
inquisition data abroad confirmed above-mentioned
worry .According
an investigation
abroad , 90% persons worry that personal privacy
srolen
by others , so 25% of them give
up network shopping .
Today , in China
there are over 700,000,000 the telecommunication
users
and
more
than
100,000,000
internet
users .
More
and
more
personal
privacy are
abnormally got during the saving and delivering
process , so
the
information
network
has
become
an
important
outlet
that
personal
privacy leaks .
因为担心个人隐私信息得不
到有效地保护，
人们对使用基于互联网的
各种服务心存顾虑，<
/p>
严重影响到信息化的发展。
国内虽然没有这方面
< br>的调查数据，
但国外的调查数据证实了上述担心。
根据国
外的一项调
查，
90%
的人担心个人隐
私在网上被他人盗用，
25%
的人因此而放弃
< br>了网上购物。
今天，在中国的电信用户已经超过
7
亿，互联网用户也已突破
2
亿，
1
Dr. Thomas Hart
; Graham Sutton
《
Personal
Data
Protection
》
Law Press
个人隐私在网络存储和传输过程中被非正
常获取的情况逐渐增多，
信
息网络已成为个人隐私泄露的重要渠
道。
There is saying in
American law circle that there is no privacy ,
there is
no dignity . And American law
also clearly confirms privacy right from
two aspects : common law (mainly cases
) and statute law . Our civil law
stipulates that personal dignity is
protected by law . As an important part
of
personal
dignity
protection
,
personal
privacy
protection
has
already
been
on
the
lawmaking
agenda .
We
should
strengthing
Law
making
syudy
on
personal
privacy
protection
,
and
pushing
forward
personal
privacy protection lawmaking .
美国法学界有“没有隐私就没有尊严”
的说法，并从普通法
(
主要是判例
)
和成文法两个方面明确
了个人的隐
私权利。我国民法规定“公民的人格尊严受法律保护”
，作为保护人
格尊严的一个重要方面，个人隐私的保护已经提到了立法的议事日
程。我们应该加强个人隐私保护的立法研究，推进个人隐私立法。
Ⅱ、
The
urgency
of
strengthening
lawmaking
study
on
personal
protection
Right
consciousness of citizens has increased and the
voice of speeding
personal
privacy
protection
lawmaking
is
growing
stronger
.Recently
years ,
Representatives of National People Congress and
commissioners
of Chinese People
Political Consultative Confess have expressed
several
relating advices , reflects
people
’
s voice and show that
the increasing of
right consciousness
of citizens and strict requirement on personal
privacy
protection . In Internet period
, personal privacy is so easy be leaked or
stolen . With the development of market
economy , the personal privacy
information
is
more
economically
valuable
,
so
more
and
more
commercial bodies adopt various means
to abtain other
’
s
information and
regardless
make
use
of
other
’
s
information
,
which
greatly
influence
other
’
s quiet
life .Advanced countries have discuss about the
problem of
privacy
protection
for
over
one
hundred
years
and
have
done
some
lawmaking
work.
But
with
the
Rapid
development
of
information
technology , and driven by the
incentive of commercial interest , it often
happens such phenomena as seriously
infringe upon personal privacy , for
example , inappropriate personal data
collection ,the second development
and
use
of
personal
information
,
and
the
trade
of
personal
data .
And
there are many cases
submitted to procedure and network companies that
are
tied
by
lawsits
.These
cases
happen
so
often
that
it
has
become
people
’
s
concern .
So
it
can
not
solve
the
problem
if
we
only
rely
on
lawmaking.
When
we
make
the
privacy
law
,we
shall
consider
the
following factors to come
true the
targets
of
regulating the
activities
of
government , organization , companies
and individuals . The factors are :
1
.combination
with
industrial
self-discipline
organizations
(
including
government
and
organization
);
2.
combination
with
individual
seil-protection 3 .combination with
technological protection .
Ⅲ、
Legislation on privacy
protection
A
.
At
present
,
China
is
lack
of
special
legislation
on
privacy
protection,
which
constraints
our
establishment
of
civil
law
to
grow
perfect.
The law should provide for the definition of
privacy , the range of
privacy
information
,
and
how
citizens
should
protect
their
privacy.
Among others , the primary issue is to
define what privacy is , such as the
definition of privacy in aspects of
personal marital status , family status ,
consumption
situation
,
consumption
preference,
and
the
rate
paying
status ,paying situation of social
insurance , work experiences and income
information according to public records
; the time limit of not publicity
and
dissemination of individual bad records such as
criminal , civil and
administrative
penalties .
We
should
acknowledge
the principle
that the
publicity , collection and use of
personal privacy information should be
provided
by
data
subjects
must
be
upheld
,
and
data
subjects
should
explain
the
range
and
purpose
of
the
information
to
prevent
from
unauthorized abuse .
二、加强个人隐私保护立法研究的紧迫性
公民的权利意识增强，
加快个人隐私保护立法的呼声越来越高。
最近
几年，
全国人大代表和全国政协委员多次提出相关的提
案和建议，
涉
及代表和委员几百名，
代
表了人民群众的呼声，
说明公民的权利意识
在增强，对保护个人
隐私的要求越来越高。在互联网时代，随着市场
经济的发展，个人隐私信息的价值越来越
大，越来越多的商业机构，
采取各种方式获取他人信息，
并无所
顾忌的使用这些信息，
给他人的