(中国文化)英语复习

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Overview

1.

The

red

colour

of

the

National

Flag

of

the

PRC

symbolizes

revolution

and

the

yellow colour of the stars the golden brilliant rays radiating from the vast red land.

The design of four smaller stars surrounding a bigger one signifies the unity of the

Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC).

2.

China is a country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and

plains in the east. Mountainous land and very rough terrains make up about 67%

of Chinese territory, basins and plains about 33%.

3.

The

first

primitive

man

known

to

have existed

in

China

is Yuanmou

Man,

who

lived about 1.7 million years ago. Peking Man, who existed more than 600,000

years ago at Zhoukoudian, in the vicinity of modern Beijing, could walk upright,

make and use simple tools, and make use of fire.

4.

Equality, unity, and

common prosperity are the

basic principles

of the

Chinese

government in handling the relations between ethnic groups.

5.

PRC

————

People

’

s republic of China

————中华人民共和国

CPPCC

———

Chinese

People

’

s

Political

consultative

———中国人

民政治协商会 议

CPC

——

Communist Party of China

——中国共产党

NPC

——

National People

’

s Congress

——全国人民代表大会

《义勇军进行曲》

：

March of the Volunteers

京杭大运河：

the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou

炎黄子孙：

descendants of Yan and Huang

特别行政区：

special administrative region

一国两制：

one country

，

two systems

6.

Located in the east of the Asian continent, on the western shore of the Pacific

Ocean, the PRC has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, and is the

third

largest

country

in

the

world,

next

only

to

Russia

and

Canada.

China

is

a

country of varied topographical features with highlands in the west and plains in

the

east.

Mountainous

land

and

very

rough

terrains

make

up

about

67%

of

Chinese

territory,

basins and

plains

about

33%.Most

of

China

lies

in

the

north

temperate

zone,

characterized

by

a

warm

climate

and

distinctive

seasons,

a

climate well suited for habitation.

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Chapter1

1.

The philosophy in the

pre-Qin times was

marked by

the

emergence

of various

ancient

philosophy

views.

The

most

influential

schools

were

Confucianism,

Taoism,

Mohism and Legalism.

2.

Ancient Chinese philosophers share some common features such as their stress

on spiritual existence, practice, morality, harmony and intuition.

3.

Chinese ethics and morality focuses more on harmony, collectivism and spiritual

life.

4.

China, as a multi-religion country, has indigenous Taoist religion and religions of

foreign origin such as Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism, and Christianity.

5.

The White Horse Temple located in the east of Luoyang, Henan Province, was

the first officially built Buddhist temple in China in the Eastern Han dynasty.

6.

罢黜百家，独尊儒术：

banning all schools of thought except Confucianism

佛经：

Buddhist scriptures

三从四德：

three obediences and four virtues

八仙过海，

各显神通：

When the Eight Immortals cross the sea

，

each demonstrates

their devine power.

《古兰经》

：

the Koran

7.

China

is

a

multi- religion

country.

The

religions

that

are

believed

by

Chinese

people are mainly Taoism, Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity, among

which

Taoism

is

indigenous

to

China

while

the

others

are

of

foreign

origin.

Chinese citizens may freely choose

their religious beliefs and

make

clear their

religious affiliations.

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Chapter2

1.

On Faults of Qin

——

Jia Yi

——

Han dynasty

Song of Eternal Sorrow

——

Bai Juyi

——

Tang dynasty

The Scholarship

——

Wu Jingzi

——

Ming & Qing dynasties

The Goddess

——

Guo Moruo

——

modern period

Wives and Concubines

——

Su Tong

——

contemporary period

2.

诸子散文——

philosophical prose

文学评论——

literary criticism

婉约派——

soft and tuneful school

四大名著——

the Four Great Classical Novels

诺贝尔文学奖——

the Nobel Prize for Literature

3.

The

book

of

Songs,

the

first

anthology

of

poetry

in

China,includes

305

poems

from

the

early

Western

Zhou

dynasty

to

the

middle

of

the

Spring

and

Autumn

period, In the light of their rhythms, the works can be divided into three sections:

feng, ya and song. The poems in The Book of Songs are mainly written in four

character lines. In terms of its writing technique, it can be classified into fu, bi, and

xing.

As

the

starting

point

of

Chinese

literature,

The

Book

of

Songs

has

great

influence on the literary works of later generations.

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Chapter3

1.

Calligraphy

retains

the

beauty

of

nature

and

illuminates

the

spiritual

beauty

of

human

beings.

Chinese

calligraphy

stresses

the

overall

layout

and

harmony

between words and lines.

2.

Traditional Chinese painting refers to ink-wash painting. It can be traced to the

Tang

dynasty

and

flourished

from

the

Yuan

dynasty

onwards.

It

holds

an

important place in the history of traditional landscape painting.

3.

Chinese opera in considered one of the three ancient forms of drama in the world,

with the other two being Greek tragedy and comedy and Indian Sanskrit opera. Of

these three, only Chinese opera still remains alive.

4.

Erhu, sometimes known in the West as the

“

Chinese violin

”

, is a twostring bowed

musical

instrument

and

is

used

as

a

solo

instrument

as

well

as

for

small

ensembles

and

large

orchestras.

The

most

popular

erhu

piece

is

Two

Springs

Reflect the Moon.

5.

楷书：

regular script

相声：

crosstalk

文房四宝：

Four Treasures of the Study

皮影戏：

shadow plays

弦乐器：

plucked instruments

6.

Beijing Opera, which has a history of more than 200years, enjoys the greatest

reputation among China

’

s traditional operas. In Beijing Opera, performers wear

different

types

of

make-up

according

to

the

characters

they

perform.

Singing,

recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting are the four major artistic means and the

four

basic

skills

of

Beijing

Opera.

Each

action

of

a

Beijing

Opera

performer

is

highly symbolic. Gestures, footwork, and other body movements can express the

actions such as opening a door, going upstairs, rowing a boat, riding a horse, etc.

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Chapter4

1.

Before 1905, there were two kinds of schools in China: private schools,

run

by

scholars

teaching

students

at

home,

and

official

institutions,

which were open to children of nobles.

2.

In

Chinese

basic

education,

the

curriculum

is

designed

to

make

students

well-round

in

moral,

intellectual,

physical

and

aesthetical

developments,

based

upon

cognitive

learning

and

the

developmental

needs of children at different ages.

3.

Secondary vocational school is an alternative to senior middle school.

Its objective is to prepare students for the lines of production, services,

technical services, management, etc.

4.

The history of higher education in China can be traced back to the Han

dynasty

over

2000

years

ago.

It

established

taixue

as

the

highest

educational

institute

to

cultivate

senior

scholars

to

help

administer

national affairs. Since the Sui dynasty, the institute for higher education

was called guozijian, which was also the highest administrative bureau

for national affairs.

5.

四书五经：

Four Books and Five Classics

科举制度：

imperial civil examination system

九年义务教育：

Nine-Year compulsory Education

职业教育：

vocational education

孔子学院：

Confucius Institute

6.

The

imperial

civil

examination

system

was

an

examination

system

through

which

talented

people

were

recognized

and

selected

as

government

officials

in

China

’

s

feudal

society.

The

practice

began

in

the Sui dynasty and lasted about 1300 years until the end of the Qing

dynasty.

It

had

profound

impact

on

the

post-Sui-Tang

China

’

s

social

structure,

political

system,

educational

system,

and

humanistic

ideologies.

?

Chapter5

1.

The

four

great

inventions

in

ancient

China

have

become

important

symbols

of

China

’

s important role in human civilization. They are the compass, gunpowder,

paper-making and printing.

2.

TCM

is

very

different

from

Western

medicine

in

its

means

of

diagnosis

and