-
. .
Read the words
below and give the past tense forms.
chop
connect
demand
dispute
scan
fence
heat
implore
insert
react
list
monitor
outline
reflect
rain
remember
place
plan
penetrate
pick
part
participate
praise
mitigate
promote
pronounce
resent
mark
lament
settle
seize
select
shape
judge
trim
qualify
undermine
resist
diminish
美语发音概述
--
< br>英语发音类别
基本分类及常识
语音分元音和辅音两大类，每一个语音必定属于这两者之一。
元音
元音是一种有声音，
发音时用舌头和
嘴唇使口腔定形，
声带振动。
同时气流从咽腔和口
腔不断流出，不受阻碍，也没有变狭窄，因而听不出摩擦。
辅音
（在正常言语中）除元音外所有的其它音都叫辅音。
一部分辅音发音时，气流不通过口
腔，如
[m]
；另一部分辅音发音时，气流在通过口腔时，受到这样或那样的阻碍，或在口腔
中的某个点受到摩擦。
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
元音分类
A
根据发音时舌头在口腔中抬起的部位不同，
< br>我们把单素元音分为前元音、
中元音和后元
音。
例如：
[1]
前元音，口型舒展
[u:]
后元音，口型收拢
前元音
舌前部向硬颚抬起时发出的元音叫前元音。
. .
.
.
.
前元音
(Front
Vowels)
主要有：
英式英语：
[i:] [i] [e] [1]
美式英语：
[i] [I] [A]
[1]
Practice these four
sounds in phrases.
eat the meat
make a wish
very well
a mad man
keep the seat
sit down
get ready
a jazz band
three trees
best friend
a black bag
Pe
ter’s secret
a small fish
ten men
a plastic bag
the Chinese
people a bit chilly
Teddy Bear
hand in hand
a piece of cheese
bit by bit
wet with sweat
a happy marriage
a friend in
need
fit as a
fiddle
best seller
on behalf
of our class
美语发音概述
< br>--
英语发音类别
中元音
舌中部向硬颚抬起时发出的元音叫中元音。
中元音
(Central
Vowels)
主要有：
英式英语：
[4:] [4] [8]
美式英语：没有
[4:]
，多为
[4
r]
；
[4]
与
[8]
相同。
Practice these three sounds in phrases.
the first term
a long term
some money
learn the words
among the workers
some honey
a firm girl
never forget
once in a month
a nervous nurse
a sheet of paper
a tough son
an early bird
a drop of water
a funny
couple
a dirty
shirt
the teachers of China
a sudden jump
the third world
the doctor’s
daughter
just for fun
an active
learner
at the counter
blood
for blood
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
后元音
发音时舌后部需要向软颚抬起的元音叫作后元音；
后元音
(Back
Vowels)
主要有：
英式英语：
[3] [3:] [u] [u:]
美式英语：
[2] [3] [U]
[u]
Practice these four
sounds in phrases.
. .
.
. .
pop music
law
and order
push
and pull
pop concert
daughter-in-law
youthful
by hook or by crook
whose tools
a
stopwatch
according to law
the butcher and the crook
a new suit
clocks and
watches
talk and walk
good looks
a
group of students
socks and
stocking
a small waterfall
good footwork
drop by drop
along
the corridor
book a room
the Blue Danube
common knowledge
a long story
took some sugar
a
water bottle
a quarter to four
too few too soon to be true
wooden plates
美语发
音概述
--
英语发音类别
元音分类
B
根据构成元音的音素的
不同，我们把元音分为
12
个单元音（
monophthongs
）和
8
个双
元
音（
diphthongs
）
。
Monophthongs: [i:] [i] [e] [1] [8] [2:]
[3] [3:] [u] [u:] [4:] [4]
Diphthongs:
[ei] [2i]
[3i] [4u] [2u] [i4] [e4] [u4]
In American English, we simply use five
of these diphthongs:
[ei]
[4u]
[2i]
[2u]
[3i]
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
元音分类
C
根据发音时嘴唇的形状：
According to
the shape of the lips
合口元音
Rounded
Vowels
：
[3:] [3]
[u:] [u]
敞口元音
Unrounded
Vowels
：
[i:] [i]
自然口型
Neutral
Vowels
：
[e] [1] [8] [4]
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
. .
.
. .
元音分类
D
根据元音的发音长度：
According to the length of the vowels
长元音
Long
Vowels
：
[i:] [4:] [2:] [3:]
[u:]
短元音
Short
Vowels
：
[i] [e] [1] [8] [4]
[3] [u]
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
辅音分类
A
根据声带振动情况：
按照声带振动情况给辅音分类，<
/p>
发音时声带完全敞开，
气流通过声带没有引起振动的辅
音称为清辅音，
发音时声带合拢，
气流通过声带并
引起振动的辅音称为浊辅音。
每一组对应
的清浊辅音在发音时发
音部位和发音方式都是完全相同的，只以声带振动与否来进行区别。
英语中有十组对应的清浊辅音，它们是：
清辅音
Voiceless Consonants
：
[p]
[t] [k] [t5] [f] [7] [s] [5] [ts] [tr] [t5]
浊辅音
Voiced
Consonants
：
[b] [d] [g] [d9] [v] [0]
[z] [9] [dz] [dr] [d9]
英语中有些音是没有相对应的清浊辅音的，它们是：
清辅音：
[h]
浊辅音：
[m] [n] [6]
[l] [r]
另外，人们习惯上把半元音也归为浊辅音用。
浊辅音：
[w] [j]
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
< br>
辅音分类
B
根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果：
根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果给辅音分类，
可将辅音分为爆破音、
摩擦音、
塞擦
音、鼻音和舌边音。另外，我们将半元
音也放在这一部分，方便练习掌握。
摩擦音：口腔通道较窄，气流通过时产生摩擦。
爆破音：气流在口腔中完全封闭，然后再突然释放，在释放时不产生任何阻碍和摩擦。
塞擦音：气流通过口腔时被闭住，释放时气流通道又不完全敞开。
鼻音：
发音时需要鼻腔共鸣。
舌边音：发音时气流从舌的两侧同过。
半元音：
[w] [j]
. .
.
. .
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
爆破音
爆破音
(
plosive)
：在相当时间，气流通道完全阻塞，气流（一般由于肺部的动作）
受压，然后突然放开阻塞，发出爆破的声音。
英语中的爆破音有六个，它们是
: [p] [b] [t]
[d] [k] [g]
嘴唇闭气：
[p] [b]
舌前端在上齿齿龈和硬腭前端闭气：
[t] [d]
舌后端抬高，软腭下垂进行闭气：
[k]
[g]
Read the dialogues,
paying attention to the pronunciation of plosives.
(1) A:
How do you do? I’m
Parker.
B: How do you do, Mr. Barker?
A: Parker.
B: Oh, Parker
with a P?
A:
Yes, with a P.
B:
Er…I’m Barker.
A: Barker? With
a B. Of course.
B: Yes, with a B.
A:
Won’t you
come in, Mr. Barker?
B: Thank you, Mr. Parker.
(2) A: I love you, Miss Brown.
B: But how can
I believe you, Mr. Black.
A:
I’ll jump over the
balcony, Miss Brown.
B: Jump over the balcony,
Mr. Black?
A:
It’ll prove my love, Miss
Brown.
B:
It’ll break your back,
Mr. Black
.
A: Then save me and take me
back!
(3) A:
What’s the date today?
B: December the
fifteenth. The day after tomorrow is little
Tom’s
birthday.
A: Right. What present should we give
him this time? By the
way, how old is he?
B:
He’s still thirteen today
and tomorrow. He’ll be fourteen the
day after
tomorrow. Let’s get him a remote controlled toy
truck.
A:
How time flies! He’s a big boy
now.
B:
And don’t forget Mary,
Tom’s twin sister. It’s her birthday,
too.
A:
OK. Let’s
invite a
ll their little friends to come
and celebrate.
(4) A: Was it a good
game?
. .
.
. .
B: It was a terrific game.
A: You had a good day for it.
B: A beautiful day.
A: Did
Chris score?
B: He scored twice.
A: And you?
B: Now where did
I put that bottle of milk?
A: Did you
score?
B: Ah, got it.
A:
Maybe the next game?
B:
Sure
thing. I’ll score one goal at least.
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
摩擦音
摩擦音
(fricative)
：气流
通道收窄，气流通过时发出可听擦音。
英语中摩擦音有十个，其中清浊相对的有八个：
[f] [v] [7] [0] [s] [z] [5] [9]
上齿接触下唇：
[f] [v]
上齿与舌面摩擦：
[7] [0]
上齿齿龈产生摩擦：
[s] [z]
声带摩擦：
[h]
硬腭摩擦：
[r] [5] [9]
Read the dialogues, while paying
attention to the pronunciation of fricatives.
(1) A: Frank flatters me, Fred.
B: Frank
flatters everybody.
A: He said I create a flame in his
heart.
B: A
flame in his heart?
A: A furious flame! He says I drive him
frantic!
B: You
drive me frantic, too, Fanny.
A: Oh, Fred! You old
flatterer.
B:
But don’t forget to fry the fish,
Fanny.
(2) A:
Seven days old! She’s a lovely
baby!
B:
She’s a beautiful
ba
by!
A:
And she’s a clever
baby.
B:
And her voice, her voice
is so… so clear!
A:
She’s got a
very clear voice, indeed.
B:
And she’s big
for a baby of her age!
(3)
A: Date of birth?
B: The third of March, nineteen thirty-
three.
A: The
third of March, nineteen thirty-three?
B:
I
think…
. .
.
. .
A: You think what?
B: I think it
was the third, but maybe it was the fourth.
A:
You think it was either the third or
the fourth? You’re not
sure of your own date of birth?
B:
No, I’m sorry.
A: Anyway,
the
position has been taken already. So it doesn’t
matter you’re
not sure of your date of birth.
(4) A:
Maybe you’ll let me
play in the mud, Mother?
B:
Don’t you
dare play there.
A:
Father
doesn’t mind if we play in the mud.
B:
Father doesn’t was
h the
dirty clothes, dear.
(5)
A:
I’ll sing you a song.
B:
Yes, sing a song. But don’t sing a sad
song.
A: Most of my songs are sad, sorry.
B:
Well, please sing one that’s not within
the definition of too
sad.
A:
OK, I’ll sing San
Francisco, t
hen.
(6) A:
A shirt, sir? Yes, sir. This one will
suit you. It’s in a very
fashionable shade.
B: Mm. I want something
simpler.
A:
A silver one, maybe? It’s got something
special on the
sleeve.
B:
Can’t you show me a
simple shirt in a simple sh
ade? Maybe
I should try the next
shop.
(7) A:
Who’s that
over there?
B:
Oh, that’s John. He’s the
Club Treasurer.
A:
What’s he doing
there?
B: Watching television.
A:
And does he
always sleep when the television’s on?
B: Usually he
does.
A: Ah.
B: And
occasionally he snores.
A: Rather noisily.
B: As even the man on the
moon must have noticed!
(
8) You
and
your
friend
are
looking
at
some
things
in
a
shop
window
but
you
can’t
see
very well.
A:
Is that a radio?
B: It looks like a radio.
A: Is that a pretty dress?
B: It looks
like a pretty dress.
A: Is that a rugby ball?
B: It looks like a rugby
ball.
. .
.
. .
A: Is that a record?
B: It looks like a record.
A: Is that a
record player?
B: It looks like a record player.
A: Is that a
refrigerator?
B: It looks like a refrigerator.
(9) A: How handsome Henry is!
B:
Henry is handsome, isn’t he?
A: And how
hardworking Henry is!
B: Henry does work hard.
A: And how honest Henry is!
B: Oh? Is Henry
honest?
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
塞擦音
塞擦音
(affricate)
：其形
成如爆破音，但发音器官放开阻塞较慢，因而在放开阻塞时
可以听得出相应的摩擦。
英语中塞擦音有六个，它们是：
[t5] [d9] [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr]
牙齿处闭气：
[ts] [dz]
硬腭前端摩擦：
[t5] [d9]
舌头在硬腭处闭气：
[tr]
[dr]
Read the dialogues, while paying
attention to the affricates.
(1)
A
：
We need some cheese.
B
：I’ve just bought
some cheese.
A
：
And we need some
chocolate.
B
：I’ve just
bought some chocolate.
A
：
And what about chicken
soup?
B
：I’ve just
bought some chicken soup.
A
：Good, but we still haven’t got enough
chairs.
B
：Don’t worry. I’ve just bought some
cheap chairs.
A
：That’s everything then. Oh no! China
plates.
(2)
A
：You can’t do that!
B
：Of course I can.
It’s my bridge.
A
：But you can’t chop it
down!
B
：It’s my bridge, and I’m chopping it
down.
A
：Don’t chop it down! How shall we
cross? We can’t manage
without it.
B
：Well,
you’ve got to learn how to jump really far! Jump!
Jump!
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
. .
.
. .
鼻音
鼻音
(n
asal)
：口腔通道完全阻塞，但软颚下垂，气流自由通过鼻腔发出的音。
英语中鼻音有三个
，
它
们是：
[m] [n] [6]
嘴唇处闭气：
[m]
舌前端在硬腭处闭气：
[n]
舌后部抬高，软腭下垂闭气：
[6]
Read the
dialogues, while paying attention to the nasals.
(1) A
：Don’t be alarmed if
Mum stamps.
B
：And don’t be alarmed if Mum
screams.
A
：It’s not what it seems.
B
：Don’t be alarmed.
You won’t really be ha
rmed.
(2) A
：
Norman
went. And he never returned.
B
：
He went? When?
A
：
Oh, about the end of June.
B
：
Did he
send the rent?
A
：Yes,
and I’ve found a new tenant, Nancy
Noble.
B
：I
hope there won’t be any problems.
A
：You don’t
kn
ow Nancy, do you?
B
：
Well, I once lent her some
cash and she never returned it.
(3) A
friend is helping you to do a crossword puzzle.
A
：I think it’s
“singing”.
B
：No, “singing” is
wrong.
A
：What about
”ringing”?
B
：No, “ringing” is
wrong.
A
：Well, can it be
“bringing”?
B
：No, “bringing” is
wrong.
A
：What about
“thinking”?
B
：No, “thinking” is
wrong.
A
：Well, is it
“hanging”?
B
：No, “hanging” is
wrong.
A
：What about
“drinking”?
B
：No, “drinking” is
wrong.
A
：
Oh, dear, is
anything going to be right?
美语发音概述
--
英语发音类别
舌边音
舌边音
(lateral)
：气流通道
中央阻塞，在阻塞处的两边或一边留下通道让气流自由通
过时发出的音。
. .
.
. .
英语中舌边音只有一个，就是：
[l]
Read the dialogue, while
paying attention to the lateral.
A
：If you look on the library
shelves, you’ll find
A History of the
Lakes
. The Lakes were
a large, rich, but unlucky family.
They had thirteen children. The first eleven were
killed in
mysterious fatal
accidents. And the twelfth, Lance... Poor
Lance was eaten by wolves.
B
：
And the
remaining child? The last of the Lakes?
A
：
I was lucky. I
inherited everything. Now sign the contract or I
may start calling you brother!
美语发音概述
--
< br>英语发音类别
半元音
半元音
(semi-vowel)<
/p>
：
即有声滑音。
发这个音时，
发音器官开始时轻微地发出一个本身
响度较弱的音，然后立即过渡到一个响
度相同或更加显著的音。
英语中半元音有两个，它们是：
[w] [j]
Read the dialogue, while
paying attention to the semi-vowels.
A
：
How much do we
have to give?
B
：We don’t
have to give.
A
：I’ll give whatever Mrs.
Whitney gave.
B
：
She gave five.
A
：Very well, I’ll give five
dollars, too.
B
：
She gave five
hundred dollars.
A
：
Oh, my! She
always gives too much.
Read the two
poems.
(1) We waddle away from the
water.
And now we will waddle back.
Then swish, swish, we are swimming
again.
Quack! Quack! Quack!
(2) When the orchard yield will be
gathered soon.
And the fields
beyond are yellow with corn,
The
dog in our yard awakes with a yawn,
And yaps and yelps at the yellow moon.
美式发音与英式发音的区别
. .
.
. .
标准英音和美音
标准美音：
RP
：
Received
Pronunciation GA
：
General
American
标准英音：
RP
：
Received Pronunciation
美式发音与英式发音的区别
元音区别
A
当字母
< br>r
出现在单词的元音字母组合中时，北美英语会出现独特的卷舌音。
/2r/ /4r/ /ir/ /Ar/ /ur/ /3r/
/2r/ car far /ir/ dear
near
/Ar/ air
/3r/ for more
door floor
/Ur/ sure tour poor
/jur/ fewer cure
/4r/ her
earn bird
/2ir/ fire liar buyer
/2ur/ hour flower tower power
/3ir/ employer destroyer
Read the following words, while paying
to the pronunciation of the /r/.
(1) /2rs/
far
car
large
charge
smart
(2) /irs/
dear
clear
fear
cheer
here
(3) /Ar/
air
dare
pear
their
where
(4) /3r/
for
more
door
pour
before
(5) /Ur/ /jUr/
sure
poor
tour
cure
fewer
(6) /4r/
her
turn
learn
word
first
(7) /2ir/
fire
tired
higher
liar
buyer
(8) /2Ur/
hour
flour
shower
power
tower
(9) /3ir/
destroyer
employer
美式发音与英式发音的区别
元音区别
B
英语中的元音
/2:/
在用于
/f,7,s/
< br>或鼻音前时，
美语发为
/1/
，
但在字母组合
lm
前发音不
变仍为
/2/
。
英音
美音
(1)
half
/h2:f/
/h1f/
(2)
bath
/b2:7/
/b17/
(3)
pass
/p2:s/
/p1s/
(4)
ask
/2:sk/
/1sk/
(5)
calm
/k2:m/
/k2m/
(6)
palm
/p2:m/
/p2m/
. .
.
.
.
(7)
father
(8)
plaza
(9)
Chicago
/2r/
/
’
f2:04/
/’
pl2:z4/
/5i
’
k2:g4u/
/
’
f204r/
/’
pl2z4/
/5i
’
k2g4u/
Dialogue
At a Party
Margaret
：
Where’s your glass, Barbara?
Barbara
：
It’s on the bar.
Martin
：
Barbara, Margaret! Come into the
garden! Martha and Charles are
dancing
on the grass!
Margaret
：
In the garden? What a laugh!
Barbara
：
So they are!
Margaret
：
They are dancing under the stars!
Martin
：
And Arnold’s playing his
guitar.
Barbara
：
Doesn’t Martha look smart?
Margaret
：
Look at Charles! What a marvelous
dancer!
Barbara
：
Ah! Let’s take a photograph of Martha
and Charles.
Martin
：
We can’t. It’s too dark.
美式发音与英式发音的区别
元音区别
C
英语
/3:/
变为美语
/3/
或
/2/
。
英音
美音
(1) bought
/b3:t/
/b3t/
或
/b2t/
(2) talk
/t3:k/
/t3k/
或
/t2k/
(3) ball
/b3:l/
/b3l/
或
/b2l/
(4) caught
/k3:t/
/k3t/
或
/k2t/
(5) law
/l3:/
/l3/
或
/l2/
(5) saw
/s3:/
/s3/
或
/s2/
Read the following words,
paying attention to the pronunciation of /3/.
coffee
water
caught
law
bought
boss
tall
talk
lawyer
fought
walk
ball
cause
draw
daughter
August
saw
ought
flaw
paw
美式发音与英式发音的区别
. .
.
. .
元音区别
D
英语
/3/
变为美语
/2/
。
英音
美音
(1)
hot
/h3t/
/h2t/
(2)
cot
/k3t/
/k2t/
(3)
clock
/kl3k/
/kl2k/
(4)
shop
/53p/
/52p/
(5)
box
/b3x/
/b2x/
(6)
not
/n3t/
/n2t/
Read the
following words, while paying attention to the
different pronunciation
of /2/.
what
want
wash
watch
bottle
promise
shop
job
hot
top
college
pot
美式发音与英式发音的区别
元音区别
E
英语
/8/
、
/4/
在美语中不再区分
，读为
/4/
。
英音
美音
(1)
above
/4
’
b8v/
/4
’
b4v/
(2)
but
/b8t/
/b4t/
(3)
touch
/t8t5/
/t4t5/
(4)
love
/l8v/
/l4v/
(5)
blood
/bl8d/
/bl4d/
Now
practice the sound in words. Listen and repeat
each word twice.
(1)
up
/4p/
up
(2)
love
/l4v/
love
(3)
cut
/k4t/
cut
(4)
another
/4
’
n404r/
another
(5)
above
/4
’
b4v/
above
(6)
bus
/b4s/
bus
(7)
nut
/n4t/
nut
(8)
sun
/s4n/
sun
(9)
bun
/b4n/
bun
(10) cup
/k4p/
cup
美式发音与英式发音的区别
. .
.
. .
元音区别
F
与英语中的
/e/
< br>相比，美语中的
/A/
口型向两侧分得略大一点。
英音
美音
(1)
bed
/bed/
/bAd/
(2)
head
/hed/
/hAd/
Now practice
the sound in words.
(1)
egg
/Ag/
egg
(2)
guess
/gAs/
guess
(3)
neck
/nAk/
neck
(4)
red
/rAd/
red
(5)
let
/lAt/
let
美式发音与英式发音的区别
辅音区别
A
American T<
/p>
：字母
T
可出现在单词的词首、词中和词
尾三个部位。其中在词首与词尾时
的发音技巧与英式英语相同，例
tight
/t2it/
。而在词中时，英国人的读法和词
首、词尾一
致，美国人却有两种读法。
Flat[t]
由舌尖弹动发出的弹舌音
，
听起来像一个非常轻的
/d/
。
better
city
letter
little
bottle
better
noted
city
little
citizen
patio
putting
Read the words, while paying attention
to the pronunciation of /t/(=/d/).
city
forty
butter
water
dirty
matter
writer
better
Betty
/t/
/d/
Italian
Italy
attack
attic
atomic
atom
photography
photograph
美式发音与英式发音的区别
. .
.
. .
鼻腔爆破
鼻腔爆破
(Nasal
Plosiv
e)
：由舌前端在上齿根部闭气，软颚放低，发出鼻辅音
/n/
的瞬
间，气流突然从鼻腔冲出，形成鼻腔爆破。
button
cotton
√
thirteen
×
button
written
curtain
eaten
important
Latin
Now
practice the sound in words. Notice the phonetic
spelling. Listen and repeat
each word
twice.
(1)
mutton
/’
m4tn/
mutton
(2)
written
/’
ritin/
/’
ritn/
written
(3)
curtain
/’
k4:tin/
/’
k4rtn/
curtain
(4)
certain
/’
s4:tin/
/’
s4rtn/
certain
(5)
eaten
/’
itin/
/’
itn/
eaten
(6)
button
/’
b8t4n/
/’
b4tn/
button
美式发音与英式发音的区别
辅音区别
B
Clear L
Clear L
：舌尖抵在上齿根部，再自然落下，发出类似汉
语“了”的音。
light
let
lip
local
lake
lamp
Phrases and single
sentences
a
lovely girl
All is well.
Let her alone.
to tell a lie
ate at night
Did he leave?
little by little
to live
well
to talk loud
Is Della telling us a lie?
Laura left a
little after eleven.
All love letters belong to loose
Louise.
Would you like to look at the
lake where Larry Lotter was eaten for lunch?
Where shall we
meet for lunch?
A little boy just fell into the lake.
美式发音与英式发音的区别
Dark L
Dark L
：舌尖抵在上齿根部但不落下，气流从舌边涌出，
声带振动发
/4/
。
. .
.
. .
ball
talk
fail
feel
ill
wolf
Now practice the sound in words. Notice
the phonetic spelling. Listen and repeat
each word twice.
(1)
kill
/ kill/
kill
(2)
school
/skul/
school
(3)
soul
/s4Ul/
soul
(4)
pail
/p2il/
pail
(5)
boil
/b3il/
boil
(6)
tool
/tul/
tool
美式发音与英式发音的区别
单词中不同位置的
L
字母
L
出现在单词的词首、词中、词尾时的发音
: <
/p>
字母
L
单独或以双写形式出现在单词的词
中时，英国人只发一个
Clear
L
。而美国人则先
发一个
Dark
L
，再发一个
Clear
L
。如：
telephone
elephant
a million
(1) alive
(2)
alarm
(3) believe
(4) dollar
字母
L
单独或以辅音连缀的形式出现在单词的
词首时，发
Clear L
。如：
fly
play
blame
climb
。
字母
L
单独或以辅音连缀的形式出现在单词词尾时，
英美人都发
Dark
L
。
如：
feel
bell
felt
belt
。
Practice the sound /l
/ as in
“like” in several different positions. Listen and
repeat these words.
/l/ in
initial position
(1) look
(4) lunch
(7) laugh
(10) loud
(2) labor
(5) legal
(8) lecture (11)
lover
(3)
license
(6) lawyer
(9)
leader
(12) literature
/l/
in medial position
(1) alive
(4) alarm
(7) believe (10) dollar
(2) college
(5)
family
(8) polite
(11)
toilet
(3)
realize
(6) island
(9)
popular (12) intelligent
/l/ in final
position
(1)
all
(4) pool
(7) small
(10) well
(2) heel
(5) dial
(8) female
(11) April
(3) annual
(6) install
(9) control (12)
schedule
美式发音与英式发音的区别
. .
.
. .
辅音区别
C
/hw/
的读法：辅音连缀
wh, <
/p>
英国人读
/w/
，美国人读
/h/
。但在字母
o
前，都
读
/h/
。
Initial:
英音
美音
(1)
what
/w3t/
/hw2t/
(2)
where
/wer/
/hwAr/
(3)
which
/wit5/
/hwit5/
(4)
who
/hu:/
/hu/
Medial:
somewhere
bobwhite
meanwhile
overwhelm
wholewheat
中国学生的语音难点
Th
字母组合
和
“th” 字母组合相应的一组清浊辅音是
/7/
与
/0/
，
它们的共同特点
是把舌尖含在上
下齿之间。而汉语中几乎没有这样的发音方式，因此在发音习惯上给中国
学生带来了难度。
Now
practice
these
sounds
in
words.
Notice
the
phonetic
spelling.
Listen
and
repeat
each word twice .
(1)
thumb
/74m/
thumb
(2)
author
/'374r/
author
(3)
path
/p17/
path
(4)
math
/m17/
math
(5)
another
/4'n404r/
another
(6)
smooth
/smu0/
smooth
(7)
bathe
/be0/
bathe
(8)
clothe
/kl4U0/
clothe
中国学生的语音难点
W
、
V
的区别
汉语中，
尤其是北方话中，
/w/
与
/v/
经常混
在一起，
中国人很少注意这两个音的区别问
题
< br>(
注：标准普通话中，
/v/
是
错误发音
)
。而英语中，这两个音是截然分开的。一个是半元<
/p>
音，
发音时首先双唇收圆，
然后可以随后
面元音的不同而过渡到不同的口形；
一个是摩擦音，
发音时上齿
接触下唇，
气流通过时产生摩擦，
无论同什么样的元音组合，<
/p>
首先都能听到明显
的摩擦。
这两个音中国学生一般都会发，<
/p>
从技巧上并没有难度。
注意它们在口形和发音方式上的
区别，并记住单词里发这两个音的字母分别为
w
和
v
，在朗读时留意一下即可。
. .
.
.
.
⑴
west
⑵
wet
⑶
wary
vest
vet
very
Now
practice
the
sound
in
words.
Note
the
phonetic
spelling.
Listen
and
repeat
each
word twice.
(1)
wife
/w2if/
wife
(2)
wait
/wet/
wait
(3)
week
/wik/
week
(4)
when
/wAn/
when
(5)
vest
/vAst/
vest
(6)
vine
/v2in/
vine
(7)
view
/vju/
view
(8)
van
/v1n/
van
Practice the
contrast
：
/w
/ as
in “walk” with /
v
/ as in
“voice”.
Listen and repeat
each word pair.
(1)
west
vest
(5)
we
“v”
(2)
wine
vine
(6)
wet
vet
(3)
worse
verse
(7)
wheel
veal
(4)
wail
veil
(8)
while
vile
中国学生的语音难点
字母
r<
/p>
在词首时的正确发音
发在词首的字母<
/p>
r
也是中国人发音的一大难点。
主要也是
因为发音习惯的不同。
中国人
在很多情况下把它发为类似汉语的
“日”。而在英语中字母
r
是不会这样发音的。
rose
road
river
Robert Rally rolled a round roll around
the round road.
Now
practice the sound in words. Notice the phonetic
spelling. Listen and repeat
each word
twice.
(1)
red
/rAd/
red
(2)
write
/wr2it/
write
(3)
arrive
/4'r2iv/
arrive
(4)
borrow
/'b3r4U/
borrow
(5)
car
/k2r/
car
(6)
far
/f2r/
far
中国学生的语音难点
. .
.
. .
[2U]
的发音困难
/2U/
音发起来挺难的，很多学生会把这个音同元音
/2/
相混，或者用汉语语音中的
ao
取代。
sound
round
ounce
how
Now practice the sound in words. Notice
the phonetic spelling. Listen and repeat
each word twice.
(1)
out
/2Ut/
out
(2)
pound
/p2Und/
pound
(3)
doubt
/d2Ut/
doubt
(4)
pond
/p2nd/
pond
(5)
dot
/d2t/
dot
(6)
far
/f2r/
far
(7)
how
/h2U/
how
(8)
brown
/braUn/
brown
Contrast
/2u/ and /2/.
Students
do
not
usually
have
a
problem
pronouncing
the
sound
/2U
/
as
in
“now”.
However, they may confuse it with /2/
as
in “not”.
Practice these contrasting words.
Listen and repeat each word pair.
/2U/
/2/
/2U/
/2/
(1)
ow
ah
(6)
spout
spot
(2)
pound
pond
(7)
down
Don
(3)
town
Tom
(8)
found
fond
(4)
doubt
dot
(9)
browns
bronze
(5)
shout
shot
(10)
scouts
Scots
中国学生的语音难点
[h]
的发音困难
同汉语拼音的
h
相比较，
/h/
是清辅音。
有的同学经常会把
/h/
音发成类似汉语“
喝”的
音。
how
half
head
Now practice the sound in words. Notice
the phonetic spelling. Listen and repeat
each word twice.
(1)
whom
/hum/
whom
(2)
home
/h4um/
home
(3)
hole
/h4ul/
hole
(4)
have
/h1v/
have
(5)
inhale
/in'hel/
inhale
(6)
rehearse
/ri'h4rs/
rehearse
. .
.
. .
Practice the
Contrast
：
Words with initial
/h
/as in “house” and words without
/h/. Some students leave out the sound
/h/ when it appears at the beginning of a
word.
Listen and
repeat each word pair.
without
with
without
with
/h/
/h/
/h/
/h/
(1)
art
heart
(5)
I
high
(2)
eat
heat
(6)
arm
harm
(3)
air
hair
(7)
it
hit
(4)
ate
hate
(8)
owl
howl
中国学生的语音难点
[6]
的发音困难
/6/
的
问题：英语中鼻音
/6/
不会出现在单词词首，而像我国、等地
的方言中，
/6/
是可
以在词首发音的
。同时在中国学生发
/6/
音时，经常使用汉语拼音中的
eng
。
king
sing
/n/
与
/
6/
的区别
Now practice the sound in words. Notice
the phonetic spelling. Listen and repeat
each word twice.
(1)
ink
/ink/
ink
(2)
thank
/716k/
thank
(3)
single
/'si6gl/
single
(4)
singer
/'si64r/
singer
(5)
sing
/si6/
sing
(6)
king
/ki6/
king
Practice
the
contrast
：
/6
/
as
in
“king”
/
n
/
as
in
“no”,
and
/
6k
/
as
in
“bank”.
Listen and repeat each group of words.
/n/
/6k/
/6/
(1)
ban
bank
bang
(2)
sin
sink
sing
(3)
Min
mink
Ming
(4)
tan
tank
tang
(5)
win
wink
wing
(6)
ran
rank
rang
中国学生的语音难点
. .
.
. .
[l]
和
[n]
的混淆问题
< br>
[l]
< br>是舌边音，气流从口腔而不是鼻腔流过。相反，发
[n]
音时，气流走的是鼻腔。另外
这两个音发音时舌头虽然都抵上颚，但
[l]
接触很快，很轻，而
[n]
要紧抵住不放。
/n/
night
nice
/l/
light
Practice
the sound in words. Notice the phonetic spelling.
Listen and repeat each
word twice.
(1)
no
/n4u/
no
(2)
not
/n2t/
not
(3)
dinner
/din4r/
dinner
(4)
funny
/f4ni/
funny
(5)
brain
/bren/
brain
(6)
low
/l4u/
low
(7)
lot
/l2t/
lot
(8)
dealer
/dil4r/
dealer
(9)
fully
/fUli/
fully
(10)
blame
/blem/
lame
中国学生的语音难点
K.K.
音标是国际通行的用来标识美语发音的符号，常用于
朗文及牛津字典，因此识记
K.K.
音标对大家学习美语很有帮
助，
K.K.
音标主要在元音音素字体以及部分卷舌音的标法上
同
Daniel
Jones
的音标有些不同。
元音
[i] [I] [A] [1] [8] [2r] [2] [3] [U
][u] [B] [4] [e] [2I] [3I] [o] [2U]
[Ir] [Ar] [Ur]
辅音
[p] [b] [t]
[d] [k] [g] [t5] [d9] [f] [v] [7] [0] [s] [z] [5]
[9] [h] [m]
[n] [6] [l]
[r] [j] [w] [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr]
. .
.
.
.
IPA
（三种基本相同）
Webster symbols
p
p
b
b
t
t
d
d
k
k
g
g
t5
ch
d9
j
f
f
v
v
7
th
0
th
s
s
z
z
5
sh
9
zh
h
h
m
m
n
n
. .
.
. .
6
l
r
j
w
ts
dz
tr
dr
6
l
r
y
w
ts
dz
tr
dr
元音
元音概述
美语中常见的元音音素及其分类情况
美语卷舌元音
元音
[2]
car
[A]
[Ar]
hair
[3]
[3r]
door
[I ]
[Ir]
here
[U]
[Ur]
pour
[4]
[4r]
bird
加
[r]
[2r]
元音字母
元音字母是构成音节的核心字母，常见于音节中的元音字母为
A
、
E
、
I
、
O
、
U
五个元音
字母。而字母
Y
既可以做元音字母用又可以做辅音字母用。
(1)
A
/e/
tape
(4)
O
/o/
no
(2)
E
/i/
be
(5)
U
/U/
few
(3)
I /2I/
my
(6)
Y
/2I/
style
Listen and repeat.
(1) on top
(2) at the back
(3) under the
bus
(4) good
cookies
(5)
One, two, buckle my shoe.
. .
.
. .
(6)
How now, Brown cow?
(7) Way up high in the sky.
(8) They sailed away for a year and a
day.
(9) in the middle
(10)
along the wall
(11)
ahead of Ed
(12)
thirty birds
(13)
Hello, Joe, what did
you know?
(14)
Jump for joy,
a baby boy!
(15)
A cup of
tea for you and me
．
元音
元音发音长度的影响因素
影响元音发音长度的因素很多也很
复杂，这里就两个较明显的因素进行介绍：
元音的发音长度受音节末辅音的影响，
浊辅音
（相对于清辅音）
使它前面的元音发音长
一些。
比较两类音节末辅音前面的元音的发音长度
did
bit
bed
bet
good
foot
bud
but
had
hat
rod
not
broad
brought
元音的发音长度还受重音的影响，
重读音节（相对于非重读音节）中的元音发音长些。
体会重音对元音发音长度的影响
see
sea
see the sea
Listen to these words and phrases, then
repeat.
(1)
see
sea
see the
sea
(2)
buy
tie
buy a tie
(3)
enjoy
toy
enjoy
the toy
(4)
pay
way
pay your
way
(5)
hold
gold
hold
the gold
(6)
lose
shoes
lose
your shoes
Listen to and
repeat the groups of words.
Ben
bend
bent
car
card
cart
Bill
build
built
star
large
March
. .
.
. .
元音
元音
[I]
发音方法
发
[I]
音时，
嘴唇微，
较
[i]
稍大一些，
同时向两侧分开，舌尖轻抵下齿背
,
舌前部
向上
抬起，比
[i]
稍低。
这个元音往往被很多中国同学发成汉语“一”
及其近似音，如单词
it
被读成
eat
。
个别同学由于听力上区分不出
[I]
和
[e]
会把单词
bit
发
[bet]
还有一些听力极差的同学把
[I]
听成
[A]
或
[4]
。
以上问题都是听力不过关所造成的。解决办法是应该首先从听力入手，
熟悉
[I]
的正确
发音，然后通过使用
正确的口形、舌位把音准确地发出来。
bit
did
six
still
Words
词首：
is, it, inch, ill, ink,
initial, issue, illicit, impact, incident
词中：
bit, gift, wish, disk,
fish, kick, sink, zip, ship, which
词尾：
与词尾的
[I]
音相对应的字母或字母组合有
“
y
”、“
ie
”、“
ee
”等，如
city,
coffee
。
< br>词尾的
[I]
经常被某些美国人发成
[i]
，在本练习中，我们
读作
[I]
，如
ability, any, casualty, monthly, weekly, taxi,
cookie, coffee, suddenly,
happy, surely, slightly
。
Phrases
hit it
listen to the radio
live a
sad life
go to
the kitchen
go fishing
climb
the hill
index
finger
fifty mirrors
give up
smoking
think
about the matter
元音
元音
[i]
发音方法
发
[i]
音时，嘴唇微微开并向两侧分
开，舌尖轻抵下齿背，舌前部向上弓起贴近口腔顶
部。
这个口型
同微笑的口型十分接近，
这就是为什么摄影师拍照时总要说“
c
heese
”的原因
了。
这个音非常容易同汉语里的“一”相混，
注意其发音时是直接以元音起始的，
而不是半
元音
[j]
。
. .
.
. .
有些同学发音时舌头用力太大，使舌前部贴到口腔顶部，以至
无法将音发出。
嘴唇向两侧分开很重要，上下开幅度不宜过大。
cheese
eat
bee
Words
词首：
eat, each, evening, ego,
equal, east, easy, even, eager,
ease
词中：
seat, deed, beat, lead,
meat, geese, feel, please,
receive, relieve
词尾：
free, key, plea, tea,
trustee, see, decree, degree, he,
she
Phrases
believe it or not
complete a task
come
immediately
a
small creature
receive a message
call a police
deep into the sea
agree with
somebody
an ideal wife
an evening party
元音
比较
[I
]
和
[i]
在美语中，
这两个音不是以长短元音来区分的。
而是以发音时嘴唇和舌尖的紧程度来进<
/p>
行区分的。前者更放松些。
在听力中如
何区分这两个元音，也是个难题。需要做一些有针对性的对比辨音练习。
区分这两个音是非常重要的，
因为口语表达中的自信感，
很大程度来自于对音的准确把
握。
sheep
ship
leave
live
fill
feel
hit
heat
Words
词首：
ignore, industry,
impact, immigrate, inhale, interact,
impossible, individual, indoor,
indulge, even, emend,
eaves, ecosystem, either, Egypt,
eastern, eve, evil,
evolution
词中：
bit, wish, disk, fish, kick, sink, zip, ship,
which, people,
between,
beach, grief, release, mean, feet, wreathe,
wheel, needle
词尾：
body, healthy, sickly,
twenty, rainy, sunny, cloudy,
slippery, icy, chemistry, we, be, knee,
agree, oversea,
. .
.
. .
three, ski, flee, party, tree
Phrases
a fish on a
ship
a silly pig
feel weak
think highly of
anything else
a rich
businessman
heal the heel
fix the date
a neat room
元音
元音
[A]
发音方法
发
[A]
音时，嘴唇向两侧微分，上下齿之间大约可容纳一个小指头尖的距离。舌尖轻抵<
/p>
下齿背，舌前部微微弓起。
这个音以及
[1]
和
[
ai]
两个音，同汉语“哎”十分容易混淆。很多同学在听这几个音时
< br>上也分不清它们之间的差异。仔细体会发音的方法，认真做一做听力分辨练习。
发音时嘴型的大小要严格控制，舌尖不要过于用力前顶。
bet
bat
bite
bet
pet
bed
egg
Words
词首：
else, end, excess, empty,
anybody, entrance, energy,
emphasis, edit, envy
词中：
says, bread, friend,
their, get, medical, many, directly,
general, president
词尾：在英语中这个发音不出现在词尾。
Phrases
send a present
get up at seven
check your
watch
well done
left hand
make a bet
tell a story
win in the election
a wet
road
元音
比较<
/p>
[I]
和
[A]
有人认为
[I]
的发音介于
[A]<
/p>
与
[i]
之间。但笔者认为，中国学生在
发音时很难将这三个
音联系起来，所以发音时不要去想后面两个音之间有何关联，也不要
琢磨
[I]
是如何在两个
音之间发出来
的。每个音都有其发音要领，仔细体会，注意分辨。
这两个音
在音质上还是很有区别的，
对大多数中国学生来讲，
并不困难。
笔者教学过程
中曾遇到过分不清这两个音的学生，
但主要是自己发音上没有掌握要领，
听力上并没有什么
. .
.
.
.
困难。
元
音
[I]
在发音时嘴唇向两侧分开的幅度较
[A]
略大，
而后者嘴唇上下开的幅度要稍大于
前者，同时后者舌尖前顶的力度稍小、舌前部不如抬
[I]
得高。
Words
词首：
ignorance, illogical,
illusion, illustrate, imagination,
immature, imperfect, inaccurate,
inadequate, inbred,
else,
ever, edge, end, elsewhere, anything, eggplant,
enterprise, engineer,
excess
词中：
serious, wish,
myth, hear, rhythm, carriage, homage,
political, therapist, prohibition,
head, bread, pet, dead,
westward, penny, clever, nest, tenth,
cheque.
词尾：
tidy, colloquy,
commodity, warmly, lavatory, forty, poorly,
scummy, utility, vacancy
在英语中
[A]
这个发音不出现在词尾。
Phrases
met an old friend
civil servant
forget the
examination
a
bad program
at a distance
the western district
the Privy Council
save money
hit the men on
the head
元音
元音
[e]
发音方法
发
[e]
音时，嘴唇向两侧微分，舌尖轻抵下齿背，舌前部微微弓起，然后嘴唇继续向两<
/p>
侧分开一些，舌前部相应抬高一些。
发音时不要把嘴巴得太大，应尽力向两侧舒展。
注意其发音的饱满度，在单词、短语及句子中不要把它发得太轻。
在我们熟悉的
Jones
音标中，这个音素的标
识是
[ei]
。
英音：
[e]
→
[i]
→
[ei]
美音：
[A]
→
[I]
→
[e]
name
table
Words
词首：
able, ache, aid, aim,
apron, alien, eighty, agent, Asia,
aviation
词中：
main, straight, vein, indicate, gauge, regulation,
reign,
. .
.
. .
potato, administrator, raise
词尾：
pay, stay, weigh,
bouquet, array, tray, midday, hay, lay,
pray
Phrases
raise a question
engage in haste
waste paper
the Labor Day
get my pay
a lazy waiter
pale gray
take away
make coffee
元音
比较
[A
]
和
[e]
这两个音在发音的饱满度
上相差甚远，
一般不容易被混在一起。
但在美国个别地区的方<
/p>
言中，
元音
[e]
听起来象
[A]
音的拉长音，因此，
如果在听力实战中遇到这种情况时，
大家一
定要留意。
bet
bate
let
late
Words
词首：
acorn, ail, ailment,
age, ate, eight, alienation, eighteen,
aching, eighthlens, lemon,
menu, petrol, remedy,
second, suspense, tremor, vegetation,
whenever
词中：
baker, lane,
name, nation, sage, sake, prevail, shaky,
tailor, trace, peasant,
head, pretence, record,
telegraph, impress, lessen,
professional, sex, wrestle
词尾：
prey, away, weigh, bray,
mainstay, gay, spray, Malay,
hideaway, parlay
在英语中，
[e]
这个发音不出现在词尾。
Phrases
wrestle
with a temptation
guess
the
meaning
eleven games
dead creature
never late
hate the fellow
came to an
end
a bright prospect
protect one’s righ
t
元音
元音
[1]
发音方法
. .
.
. .
发
[1]
音时，嘴巴得较大，嘴唇尽量向两侧分开，舌尖轻抵下齿背，
舌身放平。
这个音汉语中没有，因
此中国学生发这个音时容易用“哎”的音来代替这个音。
注意
发音时嘴巴向两侧分开的幅度很大，
舌身要尽量放平，
虽然发音
吃力，
但不要图省
力，而发不饱满。
注意元素
[1]
与元音
[A]
及双元音
[ei]
的区
别。
bad
had
have
pat
Words
词首：
am, action, aunt, as,
ash, at, airplane, absolute,
ambulance, apple
词中：
salary, bear, factory,
clash, management, facile,
contract, began, catch, rank
词尾：在英语中这个发音不出现在词尾。
Phrases
a popular band
a
positive attitude
a good appetite
a bad habit
military strategy
high rank
become angry
a fat cat
sign a contract
辅音
辅音
[f]
和
[v]
发音方法
发
[f]
音时，
下唇贴住上齿，
气流从上
齿和下唇之间以及牙缝中间强行通过，
软颚抬起，
声门敞开，声
带不振动。
发
[v]
音时，主音同
[f]
音相同，只不过声带要振动。
常见问题主要集中在
[v]
音上，注意发音时不要将这个音同半元音
[w]
混在一起。
Listen and repeat.
Initial
：
food, fetch, fan, ferry, few, feet,
fat, form, farm, firm, voice,
vain, vocation, victory, very, vest, vary, volley,
vote, vow
Medial
：
afford,
afraid, prefer, laughter, soften, reform, reflect,
refine,
refer, infer,
driver, review, eleven, novel, avoid, invoice,
invest, involve, invite
Final
：
beef, enough, knife, loaf, hoof, safe,
life, tough, laugh,
above, live, love, have, wave,leave,
five
元音
. .
.
. .
比较
[1]
和
[A]
对于中国学生来说，
这两个
音在汉语中的近似音都是“哎”，
因此可能造成区分上的困
难。
实际上这两个音在音质上差别极大，
发音时口形也相去甚远。<
/p>
仔细做一做听力分辨练习，
注意发音时口形的区别。
[A] bed
[1] bet
have
ask
Words
词首：
elephant, elevator,
every, enemy, engineer, eminent,
elementary,enterprise, eloquent, end,
edge, elegant,
access,
accident, academic, acquisition, actor,
actually, addle, adult,
advent, adversary
词中：
pressure, respect, seven, bet, tell, then,
election, fetch,
head,
test, cache, habit, slant, nasty, mat, chat,
latch,
detached, collapse,
passion
词尾：
在英语中，
[1]
和
[A]
这两个发音不出现在词尾。
Phrases
the digestive system
technical skills
natural selection
self
defense
meddle
with something heaven sent
a casual glance
postgraduate education
carry out a project
元音
元音
[4]
发音方法
发
[4]
音时，下巴及嘴唇放松并打开
，上下唇之间大约相距一个半小指尖的距离。舌尖
轻触下齿，舌身放松。
美语中，
元音
[8]
的口形和音位同
[4]
一致，
在很多单词的发音中两个音无法区分；
因此，
我们认为这两个音在北美英语中被同化为一个。
发音过程中，下巴及嘴唇要尽量放松，不要开过大
，
更不要
向两侧分开，以致于发出类
似汉语“呃”的声音。
but
Words
词首：
annoy, arrive, alive, attach, assume,
amaze, abroad,
alleviate,
approve, appreciation
词中：
was, general,
democrat, physician, telephone,
. .
.
. .
communication,
balloon, pictures, potato, correct
词尾：
camera, data, banana, China, cinema,
dogma, sofa,
Russia, drama,
zebra
Phrases
wonderful weather
the day after tomorrow
go to the theatre
moments ago
modern facilities
Beijing Opera
productive
capacity an admirable singer
imaginative power
元音
元音
[2]
发音方法
发
[2]
音时，嘴巴放松并大，舌身低
平后缩，不要接触下齿。
这个音发音没有多大难度，记住嘴巴要大，舌身要放平即可。
Words
词首：
odd, arm, oxygen,
opposite, olive, arbitrary, occident,
optical, obsolete, honest
词中：
bottle, economy, mob,
modern, foreign, policy, problem,
logic, college, possible
词尾：
英语中这个发音不出现在词尾，但
ma, pa,
hurrah! Ah!
这几个美国通俗口语和
Patois,
shah
两个外来语除外。
Phrases
drop in
on somebody
Doctor of Philosophy
a matter of doctrine
fox and
geese
God’s gift
cost a bomb
a lost child
a lot of
ten
o’clock
元音
元音
[3]
发音方法
发
[3]
音时，下颌骨打开，嘴唇略呈圆形，舌身压低后缩，舌后部微微抬起。
. .
.
. .
这个音
在英式英语中发为
[3:]
。
美语中的
发音同英语绝不相同。
美语中这个音发起来有
些像
[a]
。
英式英语中的<
/p>
[3:]
，
发音时口形小而圆，
美语中这个音发音时口形很大，
只是嘴唇略呈
圆
形。
law talk
Words
词首：
awl,
audition, austerity, offset, autocratic,
auxiliary,
Austria, automatic, alternative, autobiography
词中：
Boston, brawl, broth,
caught, lawn, naughty, hawk,
daub, sausage, cause
词尾：
claw, thaw, seesaw, Utah,
squaw, craw, gnaw, jaw,
paw, guffaw
Phrases
authorized version
augment one’s income
because of
ought to
the dawn of civilization
an
important meeting
keep the ball rolling
law
court
not care
a straw
raw material
元音
比较
[2]
和
[3]
在美语的一些方言中，这两个音并没有区别。但对于
大部分以
GA
为标准的讲美语的人
来讲
，还是有区分的。注意听辨练习。
[2]
单音
[3]
复合音
cot
/k3t/
caught
/k3t/
Words
词首：
automobile, autonomous,
awkward, although,
alternative, autocratic, auditor, auditorium,
altar,
august, optical,
occupation, honorable, ostrich,
oxen, Oxford, octane, oxygen, olive,
ostentation
词中：
brawl,
broth, broadcast, loss, yawn, gnaw, volleyball,
lawless, hawk, sociology,
mockery, poverty, population,
methodology, biology, jockey, respond,
improvisation,
toddler
. .
.
.
.
词尾：
在
英语中
[2]
这个发音不出现在词尾。
claw, thaw, saw, guffaw,
chaw, Shaw, Utah, taw, haw,
caw
Phrases
support from the boss
saw an opera
a hot
topic
according to the doctor
lock the door
on
the bench
the
cost of
modern literature
shortage of resource
元音
元音
[2I]
发音方法
发
[2I]
音时，先是嘴巴放松并大，舌身放平，舌尖轻抵下齿，然后嘴巴合拢，双唇向两
侧分开，舌前部抬起一些。
不要与汉语“哎”混淆，
这个音发音时口形很好掌握。先大，
再合拢，嘴形变化十分明
显。
[2]
→
[I]
→
[2I]
my
fly
I
Words
词首：
eyes, aisle, item,
island, identity, isolate, ideal, iceberg,
ivy, identification
词中：
dive, height, light,
tire, kind, find, retire, satire, tribe,
primary, sunrise
词尾：
buy, occupy, identify,
thigh, why, rely, sigh, deny,
beautify, testify
Phrases
white wine
at
the sight of
lions and tigers
an eye for eye
the biting wind
silent
treatment
smoke
a pipe
fight tooth and nail
keep it in the mind
元音
. .
.
. .
元音
[U]
发音方法
发
[U]
音时，嘴形小而圆，舌身整体后缩，舌后部向软颚抬起。
很多中国学生把这个音发成较短的“呜”，这是极不正确的。
仔细体会这个音的特点，
再发一下汉语“呜”，找出区别来。
有些同学能够听出这个音与汉语近似音的不同之处，但往往把它发成一个极轻的
“噢”，实际上也不能发成“噢”这个音。
汉
语中的“呜”在发音时嘴形虽小而圆，
但较为紧。
而且舌尖并没
有离开下齿，
即使离
开，后缩的程度也不大。而“噢”这个音嘴
巴得较大，舌身也没有后缩。
look
book
good
took
Words
词中：
(
在英语里
，
这个音只出现于词中
)
good, book,
woman, understood, neighborhood, look, should,
hood, could, full
Phrases
look around
cook
food
by crook
some good sugar
shook hands
understood the woman
a wooden hook
butcher’s foot
small bush
元音
元音
[u]
发音方法
发
[u]
音时，嘴形较
[U]
更小更圆，舌身整体后缩，舌后部尽量向软颚抬起。
这个音很多中国学生把它发成较长的“呜”，
实际上不正确。
因为它的发音过程是以
[U]<
/p>
起始，然后嘴形收得更小更圆，舌后部相应抬高。
[U]
→
[w]
→
[u]
two do
zoo
Words
词首：
ooze, oodles, oops
词中：
beauty, moon, newspaper,
school, truth, cool, loose,
noon, soon, whom
词尾：
view, pursue, bamboo,
crew, undo, queue, avenue,
hue, hew, brew
Phrases
buy this kind of boot
tell the truth
use a ruler
. .
.
.
.
a
rude fellow
at
noon
moved to
tears
a swimming pool
sooner
or later
on duty
in the
moonlight
not worth a hoot
picking fruit
元音
比较
[U]
和
[u]
英式英语中以长短元音的概念来区分这两个元音，
美语中则以发音时口形的松紧程度来
区分。前面的元音口形相对较松，后面的相对紧些。
[U]
点，口型不变
[u]
过程，口型缩小
look
Luke foot
food
字母组合
oo
在字母
k
和
d
前发
[U]
，在其他辅
音字母前发
[u]
。
foot
和
food
是特例。
而
blood
和
flood
发
[8]
。
Words
词首：
oodles, oof, ooh, oomph,
oops, ooze, oozy, ouzo
词中：
([
U]
只位于词中）
would, stood,
bullet, brook, bush, foot,
put, wool, pudding, jury, lunar, youth,
cruise, prelude,
whose,
revolution, nuclear, boom, boot, plume
词尾：
Hindu, Jew, tattoo, woo,
hew, statute, through, two, who,
you
Phrases
two
books
could do
shooting star place the hood in the
room
a lunar year
play football
dead wood
once in a blue moon
let something loose
元音
元音
[o]
发音方法
发
[o]
音时，先是下颌骨打开，嘴唇略呈圆形，舌身放低后缩，舌后部微微抬起，然后<
/p>
嘴唇收圆收小，舌后部继续向软颚抬高一些。
英式：
[4]
→
[u]
→
[4u]
. .
.
. .
中国人尤其是北方人很容易将
[o]
和与之发音类似的汉语“欧”搞混。“欧”发音时嘴
形小而圆，舌前端放低，舌身弓起。发出的声音同英式英语和美语都不一样。
还有的同学知道在英式英语中，
这个音是双元音，
由音素
[4]
和音素
[u]
构成，
而发音时
没有掌握这两个
音素的发音技巧，
因此发音时往往发出类似汉语“呃”和“呜”混在一起的
怪声。
美语中，
这个音发
起来更像一个单素音。
开始时口形较大，
然后随着发音过程的变
化迅
速缩小、收圆。舌身向后缩并抬起。
no
go
cold
Words
词首：
over, open, only,
obedience, omit, omen, omission,
ovation, opium, ownership
词中：
coat, alone, phone, folk,
motive, ghost, frozen, moan,
approach, stove
词尾：
though, know, plateau,
so, sow, below, video, undergo,
row, mellow
Phrases
grow fast
throw away
open the window
a national hero
sewing
machine
give somebody
a yellow comb
a
very old boat
the Atlantic Ocean
give sb. a cold
shoulder
元音
元音
[2U]
发音方法
发
[2U]
音时，先是嘴巴放松并大，
嘴唇向两侧分开舌身放平，
舌尖轻抵下齿，
然后嘴巴
收圆合拢，舌尖离开下齿，舌身后缩，舌后部向软颚抬起。
这个音单独发时，
并没有什么难度。
只是在单词中容易被中国学生发为类似汉语“嗷”
的音。
在与鼻音
[n]
组
合时，
绝大部分中国学生会省掉后面的音素
[U]
，
表现在口形上则是只见
到嘴巴大而见不到嘴唇收圆
的过程，以致于鼻音
[n]
也因嘴巴大而变成
< br>[6]
，最后把
[2Un]
发<
/p>
成
[26]
。
美国人在发这个音时，
并不是像英国人那样从
< br>[2]
过渡到
[u]
实际上美国
人在该因素起始
是的口形与舌位更接近于这
[1]
个音。请大家发音时注意，并比较一下
[1u]
与<
/p>
[2U]
的不同。
注意口形的变化，尤其是与鼻音组合时口形的变化。
now
how
hour
loud
out
. .
.
.
.
sound
pound
round
ground
Words
词首：
ounce, outgoing,
ourselves, outlandish, outrage, outlet,
output, outset, outward,
outskirts, outdoors
词中：
found, round, power,
down, downward, brown, town,
drown, count, ground
词尾：
allow, endow, how, now,
plow, eyebrow, somehow,
sow, bow, Moscow
Phrases
fall on the ground
show me around
a cloudy night
an old
tower
get out now
under the counter
gun
power
how many hours
countable noun
元音
元音
[3I]
发音方法
发
[3I]
音时，先是下颌开，嘴唇略呈圆形，舌身压低后缩，舌后部微微抬起，然后嘴巴
合拢，双唇向两侧分开，舌身放松前探，舌尖轻触下齿背，舌前部微微抬起。
中国学生在发英式英语的
[3]
，经常用同汉语拼音“嗷”发音近似的音来取代。更有把
[I]
发成“衣”的同学将两个音合在一起，发出类似“嗷衣”的怪音。注意嘴巴不
要大，收
圆收小，即可发出正确的
[3]
来
，
再加上
[I]
< br>音的正确变化
，
就不难将
[3I
]
发准。
Words
词首：
oil, oily,
oyster, oilskin, oilcan, ointment, oiled,
oilcloth,
oil pan, oil
painting
词中：
loyal, broil, foible,
voyage, boil, moist, join, void, foist,
toilet
词尾：
alloy, boy, coy, destroy,
employ, soy, enjoy, deploy,
ploy, toy
Phrases
don’t point
boiled water
moisture
capacity
a toy
plane
noisy market
spoil the
taste
annoying
weather
loud voice
a silver
coin
元音
. .
.
. .
比较
[2U]
、
[
2I]
和
[3I]
发
[2U]
音时，先是嘴巴放松并大，嘴唇向两侧分开舌身放平，
舌尖轻抵下齿，
< br>然后嘴巴
收圆合拢，舌尖离开下齿，舌身后缩，舌后部向软颚抬起。
发
[2I]
音时，先是嘴
巴放松并大，舌身放平，舌尖轻抵下齿，然后嘴巴合拢，双唇向两
侧分开，舌前部抬起一
些。
发
[3I]
音时，先是下颌开，嘴唇略呈圆形，舌身压低后缩，舌后部微微抬起，然后嘴巴
合拢
，双唇向两侧分开，舌身放松前探，舌尖轻触下齿背，舌前部微微抬起。
Words
词首：
oust, out, outback,
outbalance, outcast, outgrow,
outright, outside, I, outweigh,
outstretched , eyebrow,
ID
card, iron, Irish, Ireland, eyewitness, ideology,
idle,
isolation , oil-
bearing, oilcake, oilcan, oilcloth, oilfield,
oil fired, oilman, oilrig,
oily, oink
词中：
cow, dowdy, boundary,
mouse, crowd, now, tower,
blouse, astound, endowment, private,
shine, surprise,
rice,
choir, guide, five, hide, fine, hire, avoid,
poison,
hoist, anthropoid,
Royce, voice, soil, loin, turquoise,
groin
词尾：
dye, pie, sly, try, my,
sky, high, crucify, sanctify,
exemplify,alloy, decoy, convoy,
destroy, envoy,
Troy, Roy,
joy, ahoy, cloy, boy, coybrow, chow,
endow, Frau, plough, prow, Dow, thou,
eyebrow,
kowtow
Phrases
by ourselves
royal family
make an announcemen have a
sigh of relief
on
the sidelines
get home at nine
a pointed
comment
have an idea
down the road
元音
元音
[4r]
发音方法
发音时，先做出元音
[4]
的口形，<
/p>
然后下巴微微前探，
下唇前伸，舌身向后收缩并抬起，
边缘卷起，中部微微凹陷。
. .
.
. .
北美英语中的卷舌音同汉语儿化音
并不一样，
汉语儿化音在发音时下巴收，
舌尖向上向
后高高卷起。而美语中的卷舌音在发音时，下巴微微前探，可看到下唇明显前伸。
< br>舌身向后
收缩并抬起，边缘卷起，中部微微凹陷。
bird
Words
词首：
earn, early, earth, irk,
irksome, urge, urban, earthquake,
erg, urgent
词中：
shirt, worst, worm,
further, murder, world, birth, purpose,
servant, return
词尾：
her, stir, blur, sir,
spur, were, prefer, defer, incur, refer
Phrases
terms of
payment
a versatile person
on familiar terms
with
the first skirt in the world
serve the master
on
earth
urgent
patient
academic circles burning with
fever
元音
[r]
前元音
美式英语中的卷舌音同汉语儿化音并不一样，
汉语儿化音在发音时下巴收，
舌尖向上向
后高高卷起。而美语中的卷舌音在发音时，下巴微微前探，可看
到下唇明显前伸。
舌身向后
收缩并抬起，边缘卷起，中部微微凹
陷。
[a]+[r]
→
[ar]
car
[A] +[r]
→
[Ar]
hair
[I] +[r]
→
[Ir]
near
[U] +[r]
→
[Ur]
tour
[4] +[r]
→
[4r]
bird
[3] +[r]
→
[3r]
door
floor
core
sore
your
or
[aIr]
fire
[aUr]
hour
[3Ir]
destroyer
Words
词首：
arm, are, army, ark,
artisan, orbit, orchid, ordain,
organic, organize, air, airmail,
airline, aircraft,
earmark, earpiece, earphone, earring,
our, ourselves
词中：
farm,
partition, dark, cart, harbor, lord, sword,
porter,
. .
.
. .
border, storm, serious, fierce,
curious, various,
careful,
scarce jewel, fuel, fury, jury
词尾：
bar, far, more, door,
appear, dear, fair, pear, pure, tour
Phrases
take care of
poor condition
cruel
behavior
during the course of
sooner
or later
be born in
open the door
mop the floor
a smart clerk
辅音
辅音概述
摩擦声带
[h] how
pen pal
two toes
by bus
dark day
fall fast
say something
very valuable
zig zag
my milk
know nothing
right road
yes you
can come
go get
thin thighs
then they
young king
one way
cheap cheese
just John
she shows
Asian treasure
lie low
how high
辅音
辅音
[p]
和
[b]
发音方法
发
[p]
音时，双唇闭合，软颚抬起，完全阻塞气流通道，空气从肺部压出，双唇开，气<
/p>
流突然冲出口腔，发出爆破音，声带不振动。
< br>发
[b]
音时，主音同
[p]<
/p>
相同，只不过送气的力量较弱，声带振动。
爆破音：在一个较短时间，气流通道完全阻塞，气流（一般由
于肺部的动作）受压，然
后突然放开阻塞，发出爆破的声音。
. .
.
.
.
爆破音问题较少，主要是注意清辅音
[p][t][k]
发音时声带不要振动
，
更不要发出汉语
拼音的
p
、
b
、
t
、
d
、
k
和
g
。
[p]
paper
people
[b]
Bob
Listen and repeat.
Initial:
pig, pack, pair, park, pie, pause,
peace, pork, put, pick, big,
back, bare, bark, buy, bus, beg, bark, bid, bag
Medial:
appear,
compose, compare, sleeper, spring, whisper, spend,
beeper, supper, hopper,
obey, robber, labor, member,
timber, jobber, ribbon, verbose, verbal, vibrate
Final:
sharp, rope, tape, cap, sip, step, lip,
harp, heap, cab, tribe,
job, lab, mob, rob, herb, robe, tube, bribe
Listen and
repeat. Notice the sound [p] and [b] in the words.
[p]
(1)
I’m playing guitar.
(2) Shall we play together?
(3) I can play the piano.
(4) There is a lamp on the desk.
(5) Peter is picking plums and apples.
(6) Pat and Paul met each other in a
park.
(7) Ping-pong is a popular sport
and is played in many places.
(8) Peter
is eating a pie.
(9) Peter is pouring
some water into the pot.
(10)
Peter is playing his harp.
[b]
(1) Bring me
the basket.
(2) Jack was born in
America.
(3)
We go to bed at
9 o’clock.
(4) Did you see
the mob there?
(5) The robber broke
into the bank, but was caught by the
police.
(6) The blackbird
brought back a beautiful big worm for his
babies.
. .
.
. .
(7) I see a doorbell on the
door.
(8) The taxicab is coming.
(9) Bob bought a new bike yesterday.
(10)
Bob is camping beside a
lake.
辅音
辅音
[t]
和
[d]
发音方法
发
[t]
音时，嘴巴开，软颚抬起，舌尖抵住上齿龈，气流通道完全阻塞，空气从肺部压<
/p>
出，舌尖离开齿龈，气流突然从口腔冲出，从而形成爆破音，声带不振动。
发
[d]
音时，主音同
[t]
相同，只不过送气的力量较弱，声带振动。
< br>
Listen and repeat.
Initial
：
tailor,
turn,
tune,
tone,
tide,
tea,
top,
tap,
tell,
tire,
day,
delight,
dignity, double,
dinner, deep, dip, debt, date, doubt
Medial:
internal,
repetition,
factory,
settle,
motive,
grateful,
hepatic,
hinterland,
hostage,
hotdog,
golden,
leader,
minded,
kingdom,
tender,
griddle, hideous, hindrance, lady,
ladder
Final
：
r
epresent,
invent,
fact,
used,
translate,
heat,
hit,
wet,
wait,
white,
gold,
dead, mind, head,
field, cord, feed, pod, friend, bread
Listen and repeat. Notice the sound [t]
and [d] in the words.
[t]
(1)
He lost his sight,
didn’t he?
(2)
He
didn’t lose hi
s sight.
(3)
Didn’t he lose his sight?
(4) He just lost his sight two days
ago.
(5)
Don’t tickle
Tessie, Tom.
(6) The cart
got stuck in the mud.
(7) Too many
teenagers tend to waste their time watching
television.
(8)
This article means to explain that it is easy to
prepare for
traveling.
(9) He pointed to the notice-board on
the right.
(10)
He stopped,
took out an envelope and wrote on it.
[d]
(1)
David used to be a good guide, didn’t
he?
(2)
David
didn’t use to be a good guide.
(3) Did David use to be a good guide?
. .
.
.
.
(4) David had changed a
lot.
(5)
Dick’s daughter
Diana doesn’t like dancing.
(6) Teddy hurt his foot and was taken
to the doctor.
(7)
I’m ready
to go anywhere.
(8) He
smiled at me so sadly that I knew that I could
never tell
him the truth.
(9) Anthony had already proved himself
the more skillful
general.
(10)
Decide whether each of
the following statements is true or
false.
辅音
辅音
[k]
和
[g]
发音方法
发
[k]
音时，嘴巴开，舌后部抬高，并抵住软颚前部，使气流通道完全阻塞。同时软颚<
/p>
抬起，
堵住鼻腔通道，
再从肺部压出空气
。
当抵住软颚的舌离开软颚时，
气流突然冲出口腔，
发出爆破音，声带不振动。
发
< br>[g]
音时，主音同
[k]
相同
，只不过送气的力量较弱，声带振动。
这两个音是爆破音，中国学生很容易将这两个音发成汉语拼音
k
和
g
，发音时摩擦的感
觉较重。<
/p>
Listen and
repeat.
Initial
：
cat, kite,
coco, courage,
chemical, king,
kept,
come,
came, cost,
guest,
gust,
groom, goal, glad, God, gun, guide, got, get
Medial
：
fact, election, liquid, liquor,
outskirts, crucifix, crucifixion,
critical, precaution, prefix, linger,
linguist, angle, magnet, again,
pregnant, prefigure, figure, finger,
rigging
Final
：
think, magic, neck, lock, sake, bark,
look, wake, work, vague, leg, tag,
egg,
flag, league, jug, dog, pig, bag
Listen and repeat. Notice the sound [k]
and [g] in the sentences.
[k]
(1) A hot
coal fell on the carpet.
(2) Take off
your coat!
(3) It was a complete
surprise to Mike.
(4) Who is carrying
the kettle?
. .
.
. .
(5) Cut your
coat according to your cloth.
(
量体裁衣
)
(6) Every
country has its customs.
(7) Take care
of the pence and the pounds will take care of
themselves.
（小事留意
，大事顺心）
(8) Cats are covered
with fur and dogs are covered with hair.
(9) Let her have her cry out.
(10)
He has gained the
character of a miser.
[g]
(1) Co ahead, please!
(2)
Grace serves as a guide for a company.
(3)
Don’t be pulling Meg’s
leg.
(4) What he has done is
not legal.
(5) All that glitters is not
gold.
(6) A good beginning makes a good
ending.
(7)
I’m beginning to
feel hungry. Give me some eggs and a
big
jug of beer.
(8) You must be guided by your sense of
what is right and just.
(9)
We’r
e expecting guests to
dinner.
(10)
Potatoes are
sold in grade, and Grade A potatoes are of
the best
quality.
辅音
辅音
[ts]
和
[dz]
发音方法
发
[ts]
音时，舌身要放在
[s]
的位置上，舌尖还要抵住上齿龈。气流从肺部压出，舌不
要过于迅速地从齿龈离开，舌刚离开时有爆破，在移开的过程中能听见短促的
[s]
音。发音
时声带不振动。
发
[dz]
音时，主音同
[ts]
音相同，只不过声带要振动。
这一组辅音的发音十分简单，
与汉语
拼音
c
和
z
很
接近，
但送气略有不同，
注意发音方
法
描述。
its hands
Listen and repeat.
Final
：
sits hits
its bites fights heats feats lots coats
pots words
beads kids threshold
prudes odds birds ends hides rides
Listen and
repeat. Notice the sound [ts] and [dz] in the
sentences.
[ts]
(1) He gets up at 7.
(2)
Parrots can be trained to imitate human speech.
. .
.
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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