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英语翻译基础讲义

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2021-02-11 08:55
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2021年2月11日发(作者:青年节英语)


英语翻译基础讲义
































LIUYONGQUAN



第一章翻译的基本原则



of Translation(


翻译的性质


)


Translation is a science.


Translation is an art.


Translation is a craft.


Translation is a skill.


Translation is an operation.


Translation is a language activity


.


Translation is communication



ples of Translation(


翻译的原则


)


Three characters


“信,达,雅”



faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance




———严复《天演论》



Three characters


“信,达,切”


(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness)


———刘重德《翻译十讲》



Summary:



忠实与通顺




(1) Faithfulness of Translation (


翻译的忠实


)


Strictly


speaking,


faithfulness


is


the


generalization


of


the



principles


of


translation.



That’s


to


say


,


true


translation


demands


that


the


translator


be


faithful


to


the


content,


language and style of the original at the same time.



Eg. , pestilence and famine consumed one million people.


战争,瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。



该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。内容上,措辞完全对应;形式上,


中英文都是陈 述句,且语序相同。



prize winner wears his honours modestly.


1


)荣获者带着他的荣誉谦逊地。



2


)获奖者谦逊地对待他的荣誉。



3


)获奖者虽尊不傲。



三种译文中,


第一种完全是对译,


读起来别扭,


意义也费解。


第二种译法对关键



wear


的词义稍有引申,词序也作了一定的调整,合乎汉语的表达习惯 ,基本


上表达了原文的意义。第三句形式上脱离了原文,单个词义也未与原文相对应,< /p>


但从句子整体意义上,


更近原文,


更全面 、


准确地传递了原文的信息,


汉语更精


练,顺达。




translating word by word(


不可词词对译


)


Eg.


Milky


Way(


误译牛奶路


)---The


pale


white


band


of


stars


and


clouds


of


gas


that


can be seen across the sky at night.


例如,对以下两个问句的回答



A) Did you go to see the film last night?


B) Didn’t you go to see the film last night?



, I didn’t.



A


句应是“不,我没去”


B


句应是“是的,我没去。


”< /p>




试比较下列译法的优劣:



Eg. Greatest compensation for wrongful imprisonment.


1.


对错误监禁的数额最大的赔偿。



2.


最大数额的冤狱赔偿金


.


chief criminals shall be punished without fail.


1.


主要罪犯将绝对受到惩罚



2.


首恶必办


.


显然以上两个例子第二种译法较好。




the cultural misunderstanding


(避免文化误解)



Eg. Love me, love my


dog.



(爱屋及乌)



Eg. Every


dog


has its day


.


(人人都有得意时)



Eg. Talk


horse


(吹牛)



Eg. Lock the stable door after the


horse


is stolen.


(亡羊补牢)



a


cat


on hot bricks.


(象热锅上的蚂蚁)



有时甚至要创造新词。



Eg. He became dissatisfied with modern life and man’s selfish wish for private wealth,


so he went and joined a


Hippie commune.



出于对现代生活的不满和对人们自私的个人 财富占有欲的反感


,


他加入了


嬉皮士< /p>


群居社


.



the misunderstanding of idioms


(避免误解英语成语)



Spill the beans (


泄露机密


)


E g. Y


ou can’t trust him to keep a secret, he is sure to spill the beans before long.



切勿相信他会保守秘密

< p>
,


过不多久


,


他肯定会泄 露于人的


.


Eg. Who wears the trousers in your family?


如将这句话译为



“你们家谁穿着裤子


?


”显然不通。这里


wear


the


trousers


是当


家的意思,故应译为“你们家谁当家


?






the


implied


meaning(


要 注意把握原文的内容


,


善于细腻地传递原作的弦


外之音


)


Eg. Y


ou hold the office, but you don’t govern.



这句话但从意思上讲,


很接近中文中的一句俗话



“你占着茅坑不拉屎”



但 这句


话是美国总统里根和卡特在电视辩论中的一句话,如此译出会让人觉得粗俗不


堪。应译为“你占着总统的职位


,


却治理不了 国家


.





Eg. Go & Come


都用作系动词

,


与形容词连用表示“变成某种状态或情况”



如:


Go bad(


变坏


),


go deaf(


变聋


).&come


loose(


松动了


),come


true(


成为现实


)


但两者在


词义上有细微的差别,在以下两个句子中:



Look, it has


come


green.(



,


液体


已经


变绿了


!)


Look, it has


gone


green.(



,


液体

< p>
竟然


变绿了


!)



(2)Faithful to the structure


(忠于原文的形式)



Eg. I hope you have a happy future before you.


我希望你有一个幸福的未来


.


How do you have the face to say such things?


你怎么有脸说出这等话来


?


以上两句译文与原文的形式完全一致。



1)


不能只看表面形式


,


要看句子所 起的作用


.


Have you had your breakfast?/Where are you going?


在中文中只表达 一种问候,在英文中应用“


hello


”或“

< br>good morning


”代替。




2)


不能只追求形式上的一致而犯形 式主义的错误


.


Eg. In New Y


ork, it is referred


to as “Saint John the Unfinished”



1.


在纽约


,


它被认为是“未完成的圣 约翰”



2.


在纽约

< br>,


人们称之为“未竣工的圣约翰教堂”



虽然第一举译文形式上与原文一致,


实际上,


第二句在 意义上更接近忠实于原文。



Eg.


Pieces


of


stained


glass


dated


before


AD


850,


some


possibly


even


to


the


7th


century


,


were


excavated


by


Professor


Rosemary


Cramp,


which


were


placed


into


a


window of that date in the nearby St. Paul’s Church.



如按原文的结构译出为:



被罗斯马利 ·克兰普教授挖掘出来的


,


可追溯到公元


850



,


有些甚至可以追溯到


七世纪的数块有色玻璃


,


在当时曾被装在圣 保罗教堂附近的一个玻璃上


.


实际上我们应该把原句拆开来译:



罗 斯马利·克兰普教授挖掘了数片彩色玻璃


,


他们制造于公元


850



,


有些甚 至可


能造于七世纪


.


这些玻璃在当时曾 用来装饰离发掘地不远的圣保罗教堂的窗户


.



Come, well, here, there


加强语气



Come, John, don’t be so cross.


得啦


,


约翰


,


别那么怒气冲冲了


.






Come, cheer up!



,


振作起来吧


!


Well, well! I should never have guessed it.


哎 呀


,


我永远也猜不出


.


My friend here was a witness of the accident.


我得朋友就是这事故的见证


.



(3)Faithful to the style


(忠实于原文风格)



风格可分为


Formal&informal


也可分为


Positive/negative, deep/plain, humorous/ rigid


还可分为


(1)


冷淡的或演说性的



(2)


正式的或慎重的



(3)


商量的



(4)


随便的



(5)



密的等


.

< br>从谈话方式上来看又分为有修养有文化人讲的标准语


,


口 语


,


和未受过教


育的人所说的粗话


,


俗话


;


正式场合 使用的语言和非正式场合使用的语言


.


For all the tea in China(


用来表示强烈的拒绝


)


That man was so rude to me. I wouldn’t go back


to that job for all the tea in China!


1.


那人对我太无礼了


,


我无论如何也不再去做那份工作了


.


2.


那家伙对我太无礼了


,


十八抬大 轿来请


,


我也不去做那分工作了


.


后一种译法更口语,更直接。




第二章



翻译的过程



The process of translation


Three stages:


tanding



-expressing


g




Understanding


tanding the meanings of dictions in the context.(


在上下文中理解词义


)


A) Draw a


line


from A to B.(


线


)


B)The ship crossed the


line


.(


赤道


)


C) Cooking is more in your


line


than mine.(


为某人之所长


)


D) They were given their marriage


lines


after the registration.(


结婚证书


)


E)She bought an overcoat


lined


with silk(


衬里于?


).



Eg.


Interrupted


only


briefly


by


the


swearing-in



of


a


new


senator,


Senator


Strom


Thurmond spoke against the Civil Right Bill for 24 hr 19 min on 28--- 29th,1957.


参议员斯特洛姆·瑟曼德


1957



8



28


日至


29


日所做的反对民权法案的演说


长达


24


小时


19< /p>


分钟


,


仅被一个新参议员的咒骂


短时间被打断


.


这样的译法显然没有理解


swear-in

的意思


,swear


虽有咒骂的意思


,


但这


swear- in






宣誓就职



.


故应译为




参议员斯特洛姆·


瑟曼德


1957



8



28


日至


2 9


日所做的反对民权法案的演说


长达


2 4


小时


19


分钟


,


期间仅因一新议员


宣誓就职


而短暂 中断


.





tanding the background(


了解原文所 涉及的事物和与原文有关的背景


)


<


水浒


>


中的东京


与日本的东京


(Tokyo)


是两个概念

< br>



Understanding


澹澹长江水



悠悠远客情


.


落花相与恨


,


到地一无声


.



























-----


韦承庆


<


南行别弟


>


Mournfully, mournfully roles the long River,


Saddened, ah saddened, the stranger’s breast.



The flowers as they fall his fate recall,


As each flutters down in the earth to rest.








































-----Fletcher



诗中的长江并非


Y


angtze River,


而是



Long River


Country- house


并不一定是



< p>
乡村住宅



,


而是有钱人 的乡间别墅


.



问题



一词我们可译作


Question, problem, trouble, point,


issue,

< br>究竟何为恰当译法


,


需根据情况斟酌

.



当时我们正在长征的路上


,


每天


行军


一百多里

.


有人译为


We were on the Long March. Every day we


marched


a hundred li or more.



<


高级英汉双解词典


>:march: walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured steps.


〈朗曼当代英语词典〉


: to walk with regular, esp. forceful steps like a soldier.


显然用


March


不如


walk.


准确


.



Re-expressing


ing Chinese ability(


要注意提高中文修养


)


Cotton fells soft.


棉花使人感到柔软。



棉花摸上去柔软。



第二句佳




g rid of the bound of original words(


表达时既要忠于原文,又要跳出原文


)



hoped to free themselves from the degraded position.


1.

他们希望自己从堕落的地位中自由


.


2.


他们希望摆脱那江河日下的境况


.


第二句佳



cathedral was built in Spanish Gothic style.


1.


大教堂按西班牙哥德式建筑风格建造


.


2.


该教堂属西班牙哥德式建筑


.


第二句佳




was weak and old.


1.


他衰弱

< p>
,


也老了


.


2.


他身体衰弱


,


年纪也老了

.


3.


他年老体弱


.


第三句佳



ing some skills


掌握一定的技巧




Editing


1.


第一遍应对照原 文,句句复审,重点查内容,注意发现和解决对原文理解上的


问题。


2.


第二遍要脱离原文,细读译文,重点是译文文字的润 色和句子结构的调整,把


好译文的语言关。


< br>3.


要再次对照译文


,


通读一遍


,


做进一步的检查


.


Skills of Translation


ion(


引申法


)


sion(


转译法


)


on(


增词法


)


tion(


重复法


)


5..Omission(


减词法


)



transformation


of


affirmative


and


negative


expr essions(


正反和反正译



)


7. Translation of Clause and Passive Voice(


分句法和被动语态译法


)


ation of Attributive Clause(


定语从句译法


)



第三章



词类的引申与转译




Extension(


引申法


)



Eg. Mr. Smith is one of the most


durable


teachers at this university


.


史密斯先生是该


大学任教时间最长的


教师之一


.


The maximum dimensions of the Church of are overall: length 11.5m,breadth


height 30.98m.



.


彼得教堂的外围尺寸分别为


:



11. 5



;



61 .87



;



30.98



.


< br>一


.


词义的抽象化



ancient tower tells us


stories


of the past 2000 years.


古塔诉说着两千来的


风风雨雨


.



As a


boy,


I hated going to school.


我还是个


孩 子


的时候


,


不喜欢上学


.



(Ghandhi)


gave


our


modern


world


an


electrifying


vision


of


the


potential


of


peaceful


resistance,


and


young


men


like


Martin


Luther


King,Jr,


took


him


as


their


model. Albert Einstein


said,


“Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one


as this ever in


flesh and blood



walked upon this earth.”



我们现代人从他


(


甘地

)


身上看到了和平反抗的潜力


,


象 马丁


.


路德


.


金等青年都效法


他的榜样


.


爱因斯坦说


:


“我们后代的子孙恐怕很难相信


,< /p>


世界上


真有过


这样一个

< br>人


.






.


词义具 体化




found a losing battle.





了一个败仗


.


Eg. The Earth is a wonderful place. It is full of great


beauty.


地球是一个奇妙的地方


,


奇观美景


无处不在


.


Eg.


“Bertiem,


you


must


marry!”


Aunt


Agatha


had


said,


“you


want



somebody



strong


and sensible.”



阿加 莎姑妈曾对我说


,


“伯提


,

< p>
你一定要结婚


,


你该


娶< /p>


个健壮懂事的


姑娘


.




第四章



句子成分的转译


Conversion(


转译法


)




.


名词转 译为动词


.(noun---verb)


Eg. One of the


leading


newspapers called


for the severest


punishment


of all


who


had


been concerned in the conspiracy


.


一家主要报纸要求


严惩


所有与该阴谋有关的人员


.


We are looking forward to the early


arrival


of our guests.


我们期待着客人早日


到来


.


The enemies hastened their preparations for an


attack.



敌人加紧


准备进攻


.




.


介词转 译成动词



Eg.


Without a word,


the


general


rose,


spread


his


huge bear’s


hand


against



the


man’s


chest and expelled him into the corridor.


将军


一言不发


,


站起来


,


伸出一只 熊掌似的大手向那男人的胸口


一推


,


把 他推到了


甬道上


.


Eg.I went outside, ran


around


the corner,


up


the alley


,


into


the back yard and wormed


through


the cellar window.


我走出门外


,


跑步



了个弯


,


奔向后巷


,



了后 院


,



着身从小窗口

< br>钻入


地窖


.


I voted for Reagan because I think he can lead us


out of


this terrible economic slump.


我投了里根的票


,


因为我觉得他能领导我们


摆脱


经济萧条


.




.

< p>
形容词转译成动词


.(prep---v


.)


Eg. I’m


sure



he’ll be here on time.


< p>


肯定


他将按时到达


.


How many people were


present


at the meeting?


有多少人


出席


会议


?


Eg. We are very


anxious


about his health.


我们非常


担心


他的健康


.




.


副词转译成动词


.(adv


.



v

.)


meeting will be


over


before we arrive if we


don’t hurry


.



假如我们不快点儿的话


,


不等我们到达会议就< /p>


结束了


.



He was already


up


when I called him.


我叫他时


,


他已经


起床



.


Puck


removed


the


harmful


charm


from


Lyander,


and


so


led


the


lover


about



in


the


woods.


帕克为里斯兰解除了有害的魔力


,


领着两对情 人在林中


兜来兜去


.




.


动词转译成名词


.(v


.



n.)


car has been


behaving


well since it was repaired.


自从修理之后


,


我的汽车


状态


良好


.


I


aim


to be a writer.


我的


目标


是当作 家



Who


heads


the government, the Queen or the Prime Minister?


谁是政府的


首脑


?


是女王还是首相


?


We nearly forgot to


tip


the taxi-driver.


我们差点忘了给出租车司机


小费


.


Don’t forgot to


date


your letters.

别忘了在信上


填写


日期


.


The mosque is now largely


ruined.


清真寺现在几乎沦为


废墟


.


The “scores” of air aces in both wars are still hotly


disputed.


对于 在两次世界大战中王牌飞行员击落飞机的数目仍


存在很大争议


.



He appeared on the stage and was warmly a


pplauded


by the audience.


他登台了


,

观众


报以


热烈的


掌声


.




.


形容词转译为名词(


adj.



n.




Eg.


He


wanted


nothing


but


ill


to


all


men,


to


rich



and


poor


,


men


and


women,


young


and


old


alike.


他什么都不要,只要降祸于一切人,不分


贫富贵贱,男女老少。



The Chinese


worked


long


hours


for


low


wages and were


essential



in


the completion


of the Central Pacific Line from Sacramento to Promontory Point.


华工劳作时间长,挣的工资低,是修筑中太平洋铁路萨

< br>---


普的


中坚力量。





.


名词转 译为形容词


(n.



adj.)


I


know


her


very


well


by


sight


and


have


long


felt


an


interest


in


her


because


of


her


beauty.


我认得她


.


她很


漂亮


,


我早就对她 感兴趣了


.


It is no


use


regretting your past mistakes.


你悔恨过去的错误是


无用的


.

< br>


In some countries, refusing presents from others is an


impropriety.


在某些国家


,


拒绝别人的礼物是


不礼貌的


.



八< /p>


.


副词转译为形容词


(adv

< p>
.-adj.)


Antanctica became


permanently


occupied by relays of scientists from October 1956.


自从


1956



10


月以来


,


南极洲已成为一批批轮流到这里考察的科学家 们的


永久


居住地


.




.


形容词 转译为副词


(adj.-adv


.)


His plans are


utter


impossibilities.

< p>
他的计划是


完全


不可能实现的

.


Man should make


best


use of the natural resources in this world.


人类应当


充分地


利用地 球上的自然资源



He took a


stern


but


sad


farewell of his family and friends.



坚定



悲哀


地告别了家人和朋友





.


其他词转译成副词


.


I crept close to a tree in an empty corner lot and fell into the sleep


exhaustion.


我爬到荒僻空地的一棵树旁


,


筋疲力尽


地倒地就睡着了

.



Conversion of sentence structure


In those days, after school and on Saturdays I worked as delivery boy


for



Olsen the


florist. The job


paid


only three dollars a week, but that was a lot for a teenage then.

< p>
那些日子里


,


我放学后和星期六在奥森老爹的花店 替他送花


.


周薪


只有三元


.


不过


那时候对一个十几岁的孩子来说


,


已经不少了


.



主语的转译




.


主语转译为谓语


(subject--verb)


Ghandhi’s treatment of his family was not heartwarming. His moral demands were so


harsh that they alienated his four sons.


甘地


对待


家人并不亲切< /p>


,


他的道德标准甚苛


,

< br>使四个儿子疏而远之


.



Day


by


Day


,


in


his


apparent


march


to


death


by


starvation,


the


world’s


excitement


mounted.

< br>一天又一天


,


他好象要绝食而死了


.


世界人民的情绪越来越


激昂


.



There be


句型的译法



There is nothing new


in this article.


这篇文章


言之无物


.


There is a


movement


on my left leg.


我左腿上有东西在


移动


.



Heavy steps were approaching the house; there was a


single commanding knock.


沉重的 脚步声在渐渐地逼近屋子


,


接着有人在门上威严地



了一下


.


< p>


.


主语转译为定语



The


discovery


of the


new continent by Columbus stimulated the desire


for worldwide


exploration in Europe.


哥伦布


发现新大陆


的消息在欧洲激发了人们全球探险的热情


.



His


calls


began to increase in frequency


.



呼唤


的频率开始升高


.


But I realized suddenly that


sadness


was out of place.


但我突然意识到


,


这不是


伤感


的时候 。





.< /p>


主语转译为状语



The 1980’


s



saw the great improvement of the people’s housing conditions in China.



在十九世纪八十 年代


,


中国人的居住条件有了长足的改善


.


His face


told me clearly that he was connected with Bardfield.


从 他的面孔


,


我清楚地知道他与巴德菲尔德有联系


.


The cold smile on his face


made me guess that he considered himself to be superior to


others.

< p>
从他脸上的冷笑


我猜想到他自以为高人一等。





.


主语转 译成宾语



Light


was pouring into the sky now.


这时天空开始泛出

< p>
亮光


.



As we played,


some of the tricks


of the game slowly returned to me.


下着下着


,


我逐渐记起了一些下棋的

< p>
妙着


.





英语中被动语态的使用比汉语多


,< /p>


英语被动语态译成汉语主动句时


,


常常把 原文中


做主语的名词或代词等转译成宾语


.


When


dinner


was ended and they sat by the fire.


他们吃过


晚饭


,


便在壁炉旁坐下


.


Three girls


were saved by her. But she herself laid down her life.

她救了


三个姑娘


,


自己却牺牲了< /p>


.


The news


was spread soon by those women.


那些女人很快就把


消息


传开了


.



谓语的转译




.


谓语转译成主语



Nylon


differs


from silk as to origin and cost.


尼龙与丝绸的


区别


在于它们的来源与成本


.


Perhaps she


had loved


Karl so long that she was unable to stop.


也许她对卡尔的



已经历 时太久


,


这时已经欲罢不能了


.


The speakers


focused on


the problem of homeless people in London.


发言者谈论的


重点


是 伦敦无家可归者的问题


.




.


谓语转译成状语



英语中的某些谓语动词或合成谓语难以译成相应的谓语形式


,


翻 译时常常转译成


状语


,


其后的宾语则成 为译文中的谓语


,


这样的动词有


:


tend,


insist


on,


persist


in,


used


to,


keep


doing,


appear,


happen


to,


seem


to


do,


succeed


in


doing,


hasten


to


do,


remain+


过去分词等


.


If you


persist


in breaking the law you will suffer severe punishment.


如果你


总是


违法


,


必将受到严惩


.


They


tend t


o ask dull questions, such as: “What kind of games do you play?”



他们


往往


问一些无聊的问题


,


比如

< br>:


“你喜欢哪项运动


?






.

< p>
谓语转译成宾语



My memory for faces


helps


me a lot in business.


我记忆面孔的本领对做生意颇有


裨益


.



Heavy smoking


harmed


his health mortally.


吸烟过多对他的健康产生了致命的


伤害< /p>


.



宾语的转译





.


宾语转译为主语



He has always enjoyed very good


health.



他的


体格


一直很好


.


It


has


long


leaves



that


sway


in


the


wind


like


slim


fingers,


reaching


to


touch


something.


它那


修长的叶 子


在风中摇动


,


好象伸出纤细的手指去 触摸什么东西


.


When Zhou Enlai’s door opened, they saw a


slender man


of more than average height


with gleaming eyes.


周恩来的门开了< /p>


,


一个


身材瘦长


,


比普通人略高


,


两眼闪着光辉


的人


出现在他们面



.




.


宾 语转译为谓语



Air pollution has great


influence



on people’s health.


< br>空气污染极大地


影响


着人类的健康


.


As for Karl, he gave every


appearance


of a in love with his wife.


卡尔呢


,


也处处


显得


和太太十分恩爱


.




.


宾语转 译为状语



Cambell had already a successful


career


.

坎贝尔


在事业上


已经很有成就


.


She had a poor


capacity for work


than he.


在工作能力方面


,


她不如他


.




.


宾语转译为定语



General


MacArthur


has


the


strongest


claim


to


the


title


of


most


highly


decorated


American soldier.


麦克阿瑟将军是获得“功勋最卓著的



美国军人”称号


呼声最高的人


.




定语的转译




.


定语转译为主语



英语中做主语的名词转译为动词后


,


该名词前由名词 所有格或代词所有格构成的


定语常常转译为主语


.



Her


devotion to the cause of education


won her the respect of all the teachers and the


pupils in the school.


< p>
忠诚于教育事业


,


受到了学校所有教师和学生的尊 敬


.


Darden’


s


sudden decision to marry Juana made people believe that he had gone mad.



达登

突然决定要娶朱安娜为妻


,


这使人们都认为他一定是疯了< /p>


.



有时其他定语也可转译为主语


.


It is


a beautiful moonlight night.


今晚的


月色


好极了


.


She was hurt and indignant at what she thought was


his


derision and scorn.


她以为



是在作弄她< /p>


,


嘲笑她


,


所以 感到很伤心


.



< br>.


定语转译为谓语



They had a


delicate


way of behaving.


他们行为


审慎


.


There is not a man, woman or child here in Bardfield


that I don’


t know by sight.



巴德费尔德的男女老少


我无一不知


.



< /p>



.


定语转译成状语


The next step was


complete


exclusion of the Chinese from entering the United States.

采取的下一个步骤便是


彻底地


禁止华人移入美国

< p>
.


I gave


serious


consideration to becoming a bush pilot.



认真


考虑过作个专门在荒野地区飞行的技师


.


少数情况下定语还可转译为宾语


.


They hurried to their


father


’s rescue.



他们匆匆地去救


父亲


.


She has come to sing


his


praise.


她来赞美



.



状语的转译




.


状语转译成主语



What is the weather like in


Denmark?


丹麦


的天气怎么样


?


The air service to Normanton and Willstown ran


weekly


on a Wednesday


.


每周


只有星期 三一次航班飞诺尔曼顿和威尔斯汤


.




.


状语转译为谓语


.


Emma was quick and decided


in her ways


and she lost no time in making friends with


Harriet.


爱玛


做事


敏捷果断


,


她不失时机地和哈丽特交朋友


.


Y


ou became Zinner


in every action.




一举一动


都要象辛纳


.


No girl who respected herself would go out


dressed like that.


任何自重的 姑娘在出门时都不会这样


穿着打扮


.




.


状语转译为宾语

< br>


I felt


for the notes.


They were damp from the rain.

我摸了摸


钞票


,


都被雨淋湿了


.


Such


friendships


demand


an


investment


of


time,


and


a


willingness


to


reveal


oneself


and to be receptive to


new ideas.


这种友谊需要时间的培植和坦诚相与


,


并能接受


新观点


.




.


状语转译成定语

< br>



Damn


you”


he said


in


a


low, controlled voice


,


“Keep


your distance. I am


not done


yet.”



“去你的


!




他用


低沉而抑制


的声调说道

< p>


“离远点儿


,


我还没有 完蛋呢


!




Outside


the air was cool and clean.


外面的


空气凉爽而洁净


.



表语的转译




.


表语转译为主语



That’s rather an unusual


request.



你的


要求


太过分了


.


My two best friends from college days are


Hugh and Charlie.



从上大学起


,


休和查理


就是我最好的 两个朋友


.


They were older than I by two years and seemed vastly more


knowledgeable.


他们长我两岁


,


他们的


知识


似乎比我渊博得 多


.




.


表语转译为谓语



作表语的形容词或名 词有时可转译为动词


.


这时它往往在句中作谓语


.


At


the


present


rate


of


extinction


we


will


know


nothing


of


the


vast


majority


of


all


species before they become


extinct.


按目前物种灭绝的速度

,


绝大多数物种将在人们对之有所了解之前


灭绝

< p>
.


The birds are


busy


celebrating the new day and have eagerly been


in search of


food.



鸟儿

< p>
忙着


庆祝新的一天


,


已在 迫不及待地觅食


.




.


表语转译成状语



形容词或介词短语充当的表语有时可转译成状语


.


The


Nobel


Prizes


for


physics,


chemistry


,


physiology


or


medicine,


literature


and


economics take place in Stockholm, Sweden, and that for peace is in


Oslo, Norway.



诺贝 尔物理奖


,


化学奖


,

< br>生物奖


,


文学奖和经济学奖在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩颁奖


.


和平


奖在


挪威的 奥斯陆


颁奖


.


除以上讲到的情况外


,


表语还可转译为宾语



The youngest, who was not in the least


ambitious,


took no part in their argument.


小儿子丝毫没有

< br>野心


,


不参加他们的辩论


.



句子成分的对换译法




.


主语与表语的对换



I was brought


up


in Denmark by


my grandmother, and educated


in Danish schools so


that


Danish


is really my


native language.



我是在丹麦由祖母抚养大


,


在丹麦学校受的教育


,


因而


,


我真正的

< p>
母语是丹麦语


.


The world’


s coldest continent,


and the



most difficult to reach, is Antarctica.


南极洲< /p>


是世界上


最冷的大陆


,也是最难到达的洲 。





.< /p>


主语与宾语对换



We were both sick on the journey and a


fine drizzle


met us as we disembarked.

< p>
在旅途中


,


我俩都晕船了


;


下船时


,


我们


又碰上了


蒙蒙细雨


.




Her


keen


eye


missed


nothing


and



she


specialized


in


discovering


other


people’


s


secrets.


任何东西


都逃不脱 她


那敏锐的眼睛


,


她尤其善于发现他人 的秘密


.



第五章



增词法和重复法




1. Addition


(增词法)




Session1


因意义和词之间搭配需要而增词



由于 英语和汉语句法结构、


表达习惯和词之间的搭配关系等方面的差异决定。



翻译时,


我们有时必须增加一些原文中本来没有的词 ,


才能使译文意义明确,



句通顺。< /p>




Under the rule of Pol Pot, towns,money and property were


abolished.



在 布尔布特统治下,城镇被


毁弃


;货币被


废除


;财产被


破坏。



Both


the


bank’s


chairman


Nerio


Nessi,


and


its


director


general,


Giacomo


Pedde,


resigned following the revelation.


银行董事长尼利奥·内西和总经理贾科莫·佩迪在


事件

< br>披露后双双辞职。





.


增加动词



These


weeks’


events


in


the


Soviet


Union


captured


head


lines


all


across


the


United


States.


几个星期以来苏联


发 生


的事件成为美国各报的头条新闻


.




.


动词分译



动词分译是指一个动词译做汉语的两个或几个动词


,

< p>
以适应动词与宾语的搭配关



.


The


Soviet


Union


was


capable


of


constructing


a


100-megaton


bomb.


Such


a


device


could


make



a


crater


in


rock


107m


deep


and


2.9km


wide


and


a


fireball


13.9km


in


diameter.



苏联有能力制 造梯恩梯当量为一亿吨的炸弹


.


这种炸弹可以在石头上


炸出


一个


107


米深< /p>


,2.9


公里宽的弹坑


,



产生


一个直径为


13.9< /p>


公里的大火球


.


When he woke, Lysander


came


to his old self and his old love again.


当莱桑德醒来


,



恢复


了常 态


,


回到了他原来的爱人身边


.


She


played


the piano, the violin and, in her later years, the recorder.




钢琴


,



提琴


,


晚年还



八孔直笛


.




,


增加名词



The whole


town


worried about her being alone.


城里的

< p>


都担心她过孤独的生活


.


He is a legend, the very incarnation of compassion.


他是个传奇性


人物

< br>,


是慈悲的化身


.


Edith


had


known


it


would


be


hard


at


54


to


be


mother


to


a


three-year


old


and


a


five-year old.


伊迪丝早知道


,


自己都五十 四岁了


,


要给才三岁和五岁的


两个孩子


当妈妈是很艰苦



.




.


名词分译



翻译时必须用两个中文词来表达原文中一个名词的意义


,


这就叫名词的分译


.


The


destruction


of


habitats


spells


extinction


for


millions


of


species


within


the


life


time of children.


动物栖息地



植 物生长地


的毁灭致使千百万种动植物将在现在娃娃们的有生之


年 灭绝


.



She


is


a


famous


singer


and


actress.


Her


performances


always


carry


the


audiences


away


. < /p>


她是一位著名的歌唱家和演员


,


她的表演 常常使


观众



听众

大为倾倒


.




.


在某些不及物动词后增加名词



When


he


learned


it


was to borrow, and


not to


give, that the


messenger


had come, His


tone changed.


当他得知信使是来借钱的


,


而不是来送礼的


,


他说话的语气马上就变了


.


The horse is in the fields


eating.


马在牧场里吃





When we


finished



late


in the afternoon, I


had paint


up above both


wrists and


had to


wash in gasoline.


傍晚完



时,我两腕以上都沾上了油漆 ,必须用汽油清洗。




< p>
.


在形容词前或形容词后增加名词


.


She was


pale


and


fat.




面色


苍白


,


身体


肥胖


.


The British Army’s


tallest


soldier was Benjamin Crow who was signed on at Lichfield


in November 1947 when he was 2.15m tall.


英国陆军中


身材


最高的士 兵是本杰明·克劳


.


他于


1947



11


月在里奇菲尔德入

< br>伍


,


当时


身高

< br>为


2.15






.


由形容 词派生的名词的还原



英文中有些由形容词派生的名词在译为汉 语时常常要把名词还原为形容词


,


同时


要根据上下文增加名词


.


Imagine my


excitement


when I saw that it was a real boat.


你可以想象得到


,


当我看到那是一条真正的船


,


心情


多么兴奋


.


I


knew


what


Anli’s


face,


when


he


discovered


the


theft,


would


show


only


a


touch


of


sadness.


Not for the loss of money


, but for the loss of trust.


我心里明白


,


安 尼尔在发现失窃后


,


脸上会显示出一抹


痛心的神情


.


但不是因为丢


了钱


,


却是因为失去了人与人之间的信任


.



有时形容词派生的名词在翻译时要增加助词“的”

< p>
,


合起来成为具有名词功能的


“的”字结构


.


Joy it was to be for a few hours together, and


sadness


that they had so soon to part and


for so long, perhaps for ever.


欢喜的是能聚首片刻


,


悲伤的


是不得不马上分离

< br>,


也许是再会无期


.




.


在抽象名词后增加名词

< br>


英文中有些抽象名词在翻译时需要增加适当的名词意思才明确


.



The old man’s hands shook constantly


, and he explained to my father how his shaking


had


begun


two


years


before,


and


how


he


had


been


forced


to


give


up


his


teaching


because of this.


老人的手一直颤个不停< /p>


,


他告诉我父亲这颤抖的毛病是怎么在两年前得的


,


他又是


怎么由于这个缘故才不得不放弃了

< p>
教学工作



.


When the


exploration


was completed, the two astronauts on the moon would blast off


in the landing craft to join the moon-ship once more.



< /p>


勘查工作


完成之后


,

月球上的两位宇航员便引发登月舱上的火箭,重新回到宇宙


飞船内

< br>.



常用的几个抽象名词及其译法


:


Necessity


必要







preparation


准备


工作



Madness


疯狂


行为




arrogance


傲慢


态度



Readability


可读




< /p>


jealousy


嫉妒


心理



Relativity


相对








backwardness


Pessimism


悲观


情绪




落后


状态





.


增加量词



A lesson






A table




桌子



A song






A dog






A machine




机器



A meal







In


previous


fights,


Caius


Marcius


had


met


and


beaten


their


leader,


Tullus


Aufidius,


and knew his for


a


valiant and skillful soldier.


在先前的战斗中


,


凯斯·马西斯曾与他们的首领塔拉斯·奥菲狄斯交过手并打败


了他


,


知道他是一



智勇双全的战士


.




.


在某些动词后增加


“一


+

< br>动量词”


结构


,


表示动作是试一 试


;


或者在某些动词后


增加表示方位的 词


.


I must get


a rest


before I go on.


我必须休息


一下


再走


.


She


tried


a smile. It came out rather peculiar.


她试着 笑了


一笑


,


笑容是那样的怪诞


.


One night years ago, I was here alone, when all the fish


surfaced.


许多年前的一个晚上


,


我独自在这里< /p>


,


突然海中的鱼全浮了


上来


.




十一


.


增加表示名词复数的词



大 多数英语名词是通过在词尾加



s


”< /p>


来表示复数的


.


翻译时要根据具体情况< /p>


,


分别


在名词前增加数词或其他词


,


也可增加重迭词


.


He has been running a fever for


days.


-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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