-
英语翻译基础讲义
LIUYONGQUAN
第一章翻译的基本原则
of
Translation(
翻译的性质
)
Translation is a science.
Translation is an art.
Translation is a craft.
Translation is a skill.
Translation is an operation.
Translation is a language
activity
.
Translation is
communication
ples of
Translation(
翻译的原则
)
Three characters
“信,达,雅”
(
faithfulness, expressiveness
and elegance
)
———严复《天演论》
Three
characters
“信,达,切”
(faithfulness,
expressiveness and closeness)
———刘重德《翻译十讲》
Summary:
忠实与通顺
(1) Faithfulness of Translation
(
翻译的忠实
)
Strictly
speaking,
faithfulness
is
the
generalization
of
the
principles
of
translation.
That’s
to
say
,
true
translation
demands
that
the
translator
be
faithful
to
the
content,
language and style
of the original at the same time.
Eg. , pestilence and famine consumed
one million people.
战争,瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。内容上,措辞完全对应;形式上,
中英文都是陈
述句,且语序相同。
prize winner
wears his honours modestly.
1
)荣获者带着他的荣誉谦逊地。
2
)获奖者谦逊地对待他的荣誉。
3
)获奖者虽尊不傲。
三种译文中,
第一种完全是对译,
读起来别扭,
p>
意义也费解。
第二种译法对关键
词
wear
的词义稍有引申,词序也作了一定的调整,合乎汉语的表达习惯
,基本
上表达了原文的意义。第三句形式上脱离了原文,单个词义也未与原文相对应,<
/p>
但从句子整体意义上,
更近原文,
更全面
、
准确地传递了原文的信息,
汉语更精
练,顺达。
translating word by
word(
不可词词对译
)
Eg.
Milky
Way(
误译牛奶路
)---The
pale
white
band
of
stars
and
clouds
of
gas
that
can be seen across the
sky at night.
例如,对以下两个问句的回答
A) Did you go to see the film last
night?
B) Didn’t you go to see the film
last night?
, I didn’t.
(
A
句应是“不,我没去”
B
句应是“是的,我没去。
”<
/p>
)
试比较下列译法的优劣:
Eg.
Greatest compensation for wrongful imprisonment.
1.
对错误监禁的数额最大的赔偿。
2.
最大数额的冤狱赔偿金
.
chief criminals shall be punished
without fail.
1.
主要罪犯将绝对受到惩罚
2.
首恶必办
.
显然以上两个例子第二种译法较好。
the cultural
misunderstanding
(避免文化误解)
Eg. Love me, love my
dog.
(爱屋及乌)
Eg. Every
dog
has its
day
.
(人人都有得意时)
Eg. Talk
horse
(吹牛)
Eg. Lock the
stable door after the
horse
is stolen.
(亡羊补牢)
a
cat
on hot
bricks.
(象热锅上的蚂蚁)
有时甚至要创造新词。
Eg. He
became dissatisfied with modern life and man’s
selfish wish for private wealth,
so he
went and joined a
Hippie
commune.
出于对现代生活的不满和对人们自私的个人
财富占有欲的反感
,
他加入了
嬉皮士<
/p>
群居社
.
the misunderstanding of idioms
(避免误解英语成语)
Spill
the beans (
泄露机密
)
E g. Y
ou can’t trust him to
keep a secret, he is sure to spill the beans
before long.
切勿相信他会保守秘密
,
过不多久
,
他肯定会泄
露于人的
.
Eg. Who wears the
trousers in your family?
如将这句话译为
“你们家谁穿着裤子
?
”显然不通。这里
wear
the
trousers
是当
家的意思,故应译为“你们家谁当家
?
”
p>
the
implied
meaning(
要
注意把握原文的内容
,
善于细腻地传递原作的弦
外之音
)
Eg. Y
ou
hold the office, but you don’t govern.
这句话但从意思上讲,
很接近中文中的一句俗话
“你占着茅坑不拉屎”
,
但
这句
话是美国总统里根和卡特在电视辩论中的一句话,如此译出会让人觉得粗俗不
堪。应译为“你占着总统的职位
,
却治理不了
国家
.
”
Eg. Go & Come
都用作系动词
,
与形容词连用表示“变成某种状态或情况”
如:
Go
bad(
变坏
),
go
deaf(
变聋
).&come
loose(
松动了
),come
true(
成为现实
)
但两者在
词义上有细微的差别,在以下两个句子中:
Look, it has
come
green.(
瞧
,
液体
已经
变绿了
!)
Look, it has
gone
green.(
瞧
,
液体
竟然
变绿了
!)
(2)Faithful to the
structure
(忠于原文的形式)
Eg. I hope you have a happy future
before you.
我希望你有一个幸福的未来
.
How do you have the face to say such
things?
你怎么有脸说出这等话来
?
以上两句译文与原文的形式完全一致。
1)
不能只看表面形式
,
要看句子所
起的作用
.
Have you had your
breakfast?/Where are you going?
在中文中只表达
一种问候,在英文中应用“
hello
”或“
< br>good morning
”代替。
2)
不能只追求形式上的一致而犯形
式主义的错误
.
Eg. In New
Y
ork, it is referred
to as
“Saint John the Unfinished”
1.
在纽约
,
它被认为是“未完成的圣
约翰”
2.
在纽约
< br>,
人们称之为“未竣工的圣约翰教堂”
虽然第一举译文形式上与原文一致,
实际上,
第二句在
意义上更接近忠实于原文。
Eg.
Pieces
of
stained
glass
dated
before
AD
850,
some
possibly
even
to
the
7th
century
,
were
excavated
by
Professor
Rosemary
Cramp,
which
were
placed
into
a
window of that date in the nearby St.
Paul’s Church.
如按原文的结构译出为:
被罗斯马利
·克兰普教授挖掘出来的
,
可追溯到公元
850
年
,
有些甚至可以追溯到
p>
七世纪的数块有色玻璃
,
在当时曾被装在圣
保罗教堂附近的一个玻璃上
.
实际上我们应该把原句拆开来译:
罗
斯马利·克兰普教授挖掘了数片彩色玻璃
,
他们制造于公元
p>
850
年
,
有些甚
至可
能造于七世纪
.
这些玻璃在当时曾
用来装饰离发掘地不远的圣保罗教堂的窗户
.
Come, well, here, there
加强语气
Come, John,
don’t be so cross.
得啦
,
约翰
,
别那么怒气冲冲了
.
Come, cheer up!
喂
,
振作起来吧
!
Well,
well! I should never have guessed it.
哎
呀
,
我永远也猜不出
.
My friend here was a witness of the
accident.
我得朋友就是这事故的见证
.
(3)Faithful to the
style
(忠实于原文风格)
风格可分为
Formal&informal
也可分为
Positive/negative,
deep/plain, humorous/ rigid
还可分为
(1)
冷淡的或演说性的
(2)
正式的或慎重的
(3)
商量的
(4)
随便的
(5)
亲
密的等
.
< br>从谈话方式上来看又分为有修养有文化人讲的标准语
,
口
语
,
和未受过教
育的人所说的粗话
p>
,
俗话
;
正式场合
使用的语言和非正式场合使用的语言
.
For all
the tea in China(
用来表示强烈的拒绝
)
That man was so rude to me. I wouldn’t
go back
to that job for all the tea in
China!
1.
那人对我太无礼了
,
我无论如何也不再去做那份工作了
.
2.
那家伙对我太无礼了
,
十八抬大
轿来请
,
我也不去做那分工作了
.
后一种译法更口语,更直接。
第二章
翻译的过程
The process
of translation
Three stages:
tanding
-expressing
g
Understanding
tanding the meanings of dictions in the
context.(
在上下文中理解词义
)
A) Draw a
line
from A to B.(
线
)
B)The ship crossed the
line
.(
赤道
)
C) Cooking is more in your
line
than
mine.(
为某人之所长
)
D)
They were given their marriage
lines
after the
registration.(
结婚证书
)
E)She bought an overcoat
lined
with
silk(
衬里于?
).
Eg.
Interrupted
only
briefly
by
the
swearing-in
of
a
new
senator,
Senator
Strom
Thurmond spoke against
the Civil Right Bill for 24 hr 19 min on 28---
29th,1957.
参议员斯特洛姆·瑟曼德
1957
p>
年
8
月
28
日至
29
日所做的反对民权法案的演说
长达
24
小时
19<
/p>
分钟
,
仅被一个新参议员的咒骂
短时间被打断
.
这样的译法显然没有理解
swear-in
的意思
,swear
虽有咒骂的意思
,
但这
swear-
in
意
为
“
宣誓就职
”
.
故应译为
“
参议员斯特洛姆·
瑟曼德
1957
年
8
月
28
日至
2
9
日所做的反对民权法案的演说
长达
2
4
小时
19
分钟
,
期间仅因一新议员
宣誓就职
而短暂
中断
.
”
tanding the background(
了解原文所
涉及的事物和与原文有关的背景
)
<
水浒
>
中的东京
与日本的东京
(Tokyo)
是两个概念
< br>
Understanding
澹澹长江水
悠悠远客情
.
落花相与恨
,
到地一无声
.
p>
-----
韦承庆
<
南行别弟
>
Mournfully,
mournfully roles the long River,
Saddened, ah saddened, the stranger’s
breast.
The flowers as they
fall his fate recall,
As each flutters
down in the earth to rest.
-----Fletcher
诗中的长江并非
Y
angtze
River,
而是
Long
River
Country-
house
并不一定是
“
乡村住宅
”
,
而是有钱人
的乡间别墅
.
“
问题
”
一词我们可译作
Question,
problem, trouble, point,
issue,
< br>究竟何为恰当译法
,
需根据情况斟酌
.
当时我们正在长征的路上
,
每天
行军
一百多里
.
有人译为
We were on the Long
March. Every day we
marched
a hundred li or more.
<
高级英汉双解词典
>:march:
walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured
steps.
〈朗曼当代英语词典〉
: to walk
with regular, esp. forceful steps like a soldier.
显然用
March
不如
walk.
准确
.
Re-expressing
ing Chinese
ability(
要注意提高中文修养
)
Cotton fells soft.
棉花使人感到柔软。
棉花摸上去柔软。
第二句佳
g rid of the bound of original
words(
表达时既要忠于原文,又要跳出原文
)
hoped to free themselves
from the degraded position.
1.
他们希望自己从堕落的地位中自由
.
2.
他们希望摆脱那江河日下的境况
.
第二句佳
cathedral
was built in Spanish Gothic style.
1.
p>
大教堂按西班牙哥德式建筑风格建造
.
2.
该教堂属西班牙哥德式建筑
.
第二句佳
was weak and old.
1.
他衰弱
,
也老了
.
2.
他身体衰弱
,
年纪也老了
.
3.
他年老体弱
.
第三句佳
ing some
skills
掌握一定的技巧
Editing
1.
第一遍应对照原
文,句句复审,重点查内容,注意发现和解决对原文理解上的
问题。
2.
第二遍要脱离原文,细读译文,重点是译文文字的润
色和句子结构的调整,把
好译文的语言关。
< br>3.
要再次对照译文
,
通读一遍
,
做进一步的检查
.
Skills of Translation
ion(
引申法
)
sion(
转译法
)
on(
增词法
)
tion(
重复法
)
5..Omission(
减词法
)
transformation
of
affirmative
and
negative
expr
essions(
正反和反正译
法
)
7. Translation of Clause and Passive
Voice(
分句法和被动语态译法
)
ation of Attributive
Clause(
定语从句译法
)
第三章
词类的引申与转译
Extension(
引申法
)
Eg. Mr. Smith is one of the
most
durable
teachers at
this university
.
史密斯先生是该
大学任教时间最长的
教师之一
.
The maximum dimensions of the Church of
are overall: length 11.5m,breadth
height 30.98m.
圣
.
彼得教堂的外围尺寸分别为
:
长
11.
5
米
;
宽
61
.87
米
;
高
30.98
米
.
< br>一
.
词义的抽象化
ancient tower tells us
stories
of the past 2000 years.
古塔诉说着两千来的
风风雨雨
.
As a
boy,
I
hated going to school.
我还是个
孩
子
的时候
,
不喜欢上学
.
(Ghandhi)
gave
our
modern
world
an
electrifying
vision
of
the
potential
of
peaceful
resistance,
and
young
men
like
Martin
Luther
King,Jr,
took
him
as
their
model.
Albert Einstein
said,
“Generations to come will scarce
believe that such a one
as this ever
in
flesh and blood
walked upon this earth.”
p>
我们现代人从他
(
甘地
)
身上看到了和平反抗的潜力
,
象
马丁
.
路德
.
金等青年都效法
他的榜样
.
爱因斯坦说
:
“我们后代的子孙恐怕很难相信
,<
/p>
世界上
真有过
这样一个
< br>人
.
”
二
.
词义具
体化
found a
losing battle.
他
打
了一个败仗
.
Eg. The
Earth is a wonderful place. It is full of great
beauty.
地球是一个奇妙的地方
,
奇观美景
无处不在
.
Eg.
“Bertiem,
you
must
marry!”
Aunt
Agatha
had
said,
“you
want
somebody
strong
and sensible.”
阿加
莎姑妈曾对我说
,
“伯提
,
你一定要结婚
,
你该
娶<
/p>
个健壮懂事的
姑娘
.
”
第四章
句子成分的转译
Conversion(
转译法
)
一
.
名词转
译为动词
.(noun---verb)
Eg. One
of the
leading
newspapers
called
for the severest
punishment
of all
who
had
been
concerned in the conspiracy
.
一家主要报纸要求
严惩
所有与该阴谋有关的人员
.
We are looking forward to the
early
arrival
of our guests.
我们期待着客人早日
到来
.
The enemies hastened their preparations
for an
attack.
敌人加紧
准备进攻
.
二
.
介词转
译成动词
Eg.
Without
a word,
the
general
rose,
spread
his
huge bear’s
hand
against
the
man’s
chest and expelled him
into the corridor.
将军
一言不发
,
站起来
,
伸出一只
熊掌似的大手向那男人的胸口
一推
,
把
他推到了
甬道上
.
Eg.I
went outside, ran
around
the
corner,
up
the
alley
,
into
the
back yard and wormed
through
the cellar window.
我走出门外
,
跑步
拐
了个弯
,
p>
奔向后巷
,
进
了后
院
,
蜷
着身从小窗口
< br>钻入
地窖
.
I voted
for Reagan because I think he can lead us
out of
this terrible
economic slump.
我投了里根的票
,
因为我觉得他能领导我们
摆脱
经济萧条
.
三
.
形容词转译成动词
.(prep---v
.)
Eg. I’m
sure
he’ll be here on time.
我
肯定
他将按时到达
.
How many people were
present
at the meeting?
有多少人
出席
会议
?
Eg. We are very
anxious
about his health.
我们非常
担心
他的健康
.
四
.
副词转译成动词
.(adv
.
—
v
.)
meeting will be
over
before we arrive if we
don’t hurry
.
假如我们不快点儿的话
,
不等我们到达会议就<
/p>
结束了
.
He
was already
up
when I called
him.
我叫他时
,
他已经
起床
了
.
Puck
removed
the
harmful
charm
from
Lyander,
and
so
led
the
lover
about
in
the
woods.
帕克为里斯兰解除了有害的魔力
,
领着两对情
人在林中
兜来兜去
.
五
.
动词转译成名词
.(v
.
—
n.)
car has been
behaving
well
since it was repaired.
自从修理之后
,
我的汽车
状态
良好
.
I
aim
to be
a writer.
我的
目标
是当作
家
Who
heads
the government, the Queen or the Prime
Minister?
谁是政府的
首脑
?
是女王还是首相
?
We
nearly forgot to
tip
the
taxi-driver.
我们差点忘了给出租车司机
小费
.
Don’t forgot to
date
your letters.
别忘了在信上
填写
日期
.
The mosque is now largely
ruined.
清真寺现在几乎沦为
废墟
.
The “scores” of air aces in both wars
are still hotly
disputed.
对于
在两次世界大战中王牌飞行员击落飞机的数目仍
存在很大争议
.
He appeared on the stage
and was warmly a
pplauded
by
the audience.
他登台了
,
观众
报以
热烈的
掌声
.
六
.
形容词转译为名词(
adj.
—
n.
)
Eg.
He
wanted
nothing
but
ill
to
all
men,
to
rich
and
poor
,
men
and
women,
young
and
old
alike.
p>
他什么都不要,只要降祸于一切人,不分
贫富贵贱,男女老少。
p>
The Chinese
worked
long
hours
for
low
wages and
were
essential
in
the completion
of the
Central Pacific Line from Sacramento to Promontory
Point.
华工劳作时间长,挣的工资低,是修筑中太平洋铁路萨
< br>---
普的
中坚力量。
七
.
名词转
译为形容词
(n.
—
adj.)
I
know
her
very
well
by
sight
and
have
long
felt
an
interest
in
her
because
of
her
beauty.
我认得她
.
她很
漂亮
,
我早就对她
感兴趣了
.
It is no
use
regretting your past mistakes.
你悔恨过去的错误是
无用的
.
< br>
In some countries, refusing
presents from others is an
impropriety.
在某些国家
,
拒绝别人的礼物是
不礼貌的
.
八<
/p>
.
副词转译为形容词
(adv
.-adj.)
Antanctica became
permanently
occupied by
relays of scientists from October 1956.
自从
1956
年
10
月以来
,
南极洲已成为一批批轮流到这里考察的科学家
们的
永久
居住地
.
九
.
形容词
转译为副词
(adj.-adv
.)
His plans are
utter
impossibilities.
他的计划是
完全
不可能实现的
.
Man should make
best
use of the natural resources in this
world.
人类应当
充分地
利用地
球上的自然资源
He took a
stern
but
sad
farewell of his family and friends.
他
坚定
但
悲哀
地告别了家人和朋友
十
.
其他词转译成副词
.
I crept close to a tree in an empty
corner lot and fell into the sleep
exhaustion.
我爬到荒僻空地的一棵树旁
,
筋疲力尽
地倒地就睡着了
.
Conversion of sentence
structure
In those days, after school
and on Saturdays I worked as delivery boy
for
Olsen the
florist. The job
paid
only three dollars a
week, but that was a lot for a teenage then.
那些日子里
,
我放学后和星期六在奥森老爹的花店
替他送花
.
周薪
只有三元
.
不过
那时候对一个十几岁的孩子来说
,
已经不少了
.
主语的转译
一
.
主语转译为谓语
(subject--verb)
Ghandhi’s treatment of his family was
not heartwarming. His moral demands were so
harsh that they alienated his four
sons.
甘地
对待
家人并不亲切<
/p>
,
他的道德标准甚苛
,
< br>使四个儿子疏而远之
.
Day
by
Day
,
in
his
apparent
march
to
death
by
starvation,
the
world’s
excitement
mounted.
< br>一天又一天
,
他好象要绝食而死了
.
世界人民的情绪越来越
激昂
.
There be
句型的译法
There is
nothing new
in this article.
这篇文章
言之无物
.
There is a
movement
on my left leg.
我左腿上有东西在
移动
.
Heavy steps were
approaching the house; there was a
single commanding knock.
沉重的
脚步声在渐渐地逼近屋子
,
接着有人在门上威严地
敲
了一下
.
二
.
主语转译为定语
The
discovery
of
the
new continent by Columbus
stimulated the desire
for worldwide
exploration in Europe.
哥伦布
p>
发现新大陆
的消息在欧洲激发了人们全球探险的热情
.
His
calls
began to increase in
frequency
.
他
呼唤
的频率开始升高
.
But I
realized suddenly that
sadness
was out of place.
但我突然意识到
,
这不是
伤感
的时候
。
三
.<
/p>
主语转译为状语
The
1980’
s
saw the
great improvement of the people’s housing
conditions in China.
在十九世纪八十
年代
,
中国人的居住条件有了长足的改善
.
His face
told me clearly
that he was connected with Bardfield.
从
他的面孔
,
我清楚地知道他与巴德菲尔德有联系
.
The cold smile on his
face
made me guess that he considered
himself to be superior to
others.
从他脸上的冷笑
我猜想到他自以为高人一等。
四
.
主语转
译成宾语
Light
was
pouring into the sky now.
这时天空开始泛出
亮光
.
As we
played,
some of the tricks
of the game slowly returned to me.
下着下着
,
我逐渐记起了一些下棋的
妙着
.
英语中被动语态的使用比汉语多
,<
/p>
英语被动语态译成汉语主动句时
,
常常把
原文中
做主语的名词或代词等转译成宾语
.
When
dinner
was
ended and they sat by the fire.
他们吃过
晚饭
,
便在壁炉旁坐下
.
Three girls
were saved by
her. But she herself laid down her life.
她救了
三个姑娘
,
自己却牺牲了<
/p>
.
The news
was
spread soon by those women.
那些女人很快就把
消息
传开了
.
谓语的转译
一
.
谓语转译成主语
Nylon
differs
from silk as to origin and cost.
尼龙与丝绸的
区别
在于它们的来源与成本
.
Perhaps she
had loved
Karl so long that she was unable to
stop.
也许她对卡尔的
爱
已经历
时太久
,
这时已经欲罢不能了
.
The speakers
focused on
the problem of homeless people in
London.
发言者谈论的
重点
是
伦敦无家可归者的问题
.
二
.
谓语转译成状语
英语中的某些谓语动词或合成谓语难以译成相应的谓语形式
,
翻
译时常常转译成
状语
,
其后的宾语则成
为译文中的谓语
,
这样的动词有
:
tend,
insist
on,
persist
in,
used
to,
keep
doing,
appear,
happen
to,
seem
to
do,
succeed
in
doing,
hasten
to
do,
remain+
过去分词等
.
If you
persist
in
breaking the law you will suffer severe
punishment.
如果你
总是
违法
,
必将受到严惩
.
They
tend t
o ask
dull questions, such as: “What kind of games do
you play?”
他们
往往
p>
问一些无聊的问题
,
比如
< br>:
“你喜欢哪项运动
?
”
三
.
谓语转译成宾语
My memory for
faces
helps
me a lot in
business.
我记忆面孔的本领对做生意颇有
裨益
p>
.
Heavy
smoking
harmed
his health
mortally.
吸烟过多对他的健康产生了致命的
伤害<
/p>
.
宾语的转译
一
.
宾语转译为主语
He has always enjoyed very
good
health.
他的
p>
体格
一直很好
.
It
has
long
leaves
that
sway
in
the
wind
like
slim
fingers,
reaching
to
touch
something.
它那
修长的叶
子
在风中摇动
,
好象伸出纤细的手指去
触摸什么东西
.
When Zhou Enlai’s
door opened, they saw a
slender man
of more than average height
with gleaming eyes.
周恩来的门开了<
/p>
,
一个
身材瘦长
,
比普通人略高
,
两眼闪着光辉
的人
出现在他们面
前
.
二
.
宾
语转译为谓语
Air pollution has
great
influence
on people’s health.
< br>空气污染极大地
影响
着人类的健康
.
As for Karl, he gave every
appearance
of a in love with
his wife.
卡尔呢
,
也处处
显得
和太太十分恩爱
.
三
.
宾语转
译为状语
Cambell had already a
successful
career
.
坎贝尔
在事业上
已经很有成就
.
She had a poor
capacity for
work
than he.
在工作能力方面
,
她不如他
.
四
.
宾语转译为定语
General
MacArthur
has
the
strongest
claim
to
the
title
of
most
highly
decorated
American soldier.
麦克阿瑟将军是获得“功勋最卓著的
美国军人”称号
呼声最高的人
.
定语的转译
一
.
定语转译为主语
英语中做主语的名词转译为动词后
,
该名词前由名词
所有格或代词所有格构成的
定语常常转译为主语
.
Her
devotion to
the cause of education
won her the
respect of all the teachers and the
pupils in the school.
她
忠诚于教育事业
,
受到了学校所有教师和学生的尊
敬
.
Darden’
s
sudden
decision to marry Juana made people believe that
he had gone mad.
达登
突然决定要娶朱安娜为妻
,
这使人们都认为他一定是疯了<
/p>
.
有时其他定语也可转译为主语
.
It
is
a beautiful moonlight night.
今晚的
月色
好极了
.
She was hurt and indignant at what she
thought was
his
derision and
scorn.
她以为
他
是在作弄她<
/p>
,
嘲笑她
,
所以
感到很伤心
.
二
< br>.
定语转译为谓语
They
had a
delicate
way of
behaving.
他们行为
审慎
.
There is not a man, woman or child here
in Bardfield
that I don’
t
know by sight.
巴德费尔德的男女老少
我无一不知
.
<
/p>
三
.
定语转译成状语
The next step was
complete
exclusion of the
Chinese from entering the United States.
采取的下一个步骤便是
彻底地
禁止华人移入美国
.
I gave
serious
consideration to
becoming a bush pilot.
我
认真
p>
考虑过作个专门在荒野地区飞行的技师
.
少数情况下定语还可转译为宾语
.
They hurried to their
father
’s rescue.
他们匆匆地去救
父亲
.
She has come to sing
his
praise.
她来赞美
他
.
状语的转译
一
.
状语转译成主语
What is the weather like in
Denmark?
丹麦
的天气怎么样
?
The air service to Normanton and
Willstown ran
weekly
on a
Wednesday
.
每周
只有星期
三一次航班飞诺尔曼顿和威尔斯汤
.
二
.
状语转译为谓语
.
Emma was quick and decided
in her ways
and she lost no
time in making friends with
Harriet.
p>
爱玛
做事
敏捷果断
,
她不失时机地和哈丽特交朋友
.
Y
ou became Zinner
in every action.
你
一举一动
都要象辛纳
.
No girl who respected herself would go
out
dressed like that.
任何自重的
姑娘在出门时都不会这样
穿着打扮
.
三
.
状语转译为宾语
< br>
I felt
for the notes.
They were damp from the rain.
我摸了摸
钞票
,
都被雨淋湿了
p>
.
Such
friendships
demand
an
investment
of
time,
and
a
willingness
to
reveal
oneself
and to be receptive to
new
ideas.
这种友谊需要时间的培植和坦诚相与
,
并能接受
新观点
.
四
.
状语转译成定语
< br>
“
Damn
you”
he said
in
a
low, controlled voice
,
“Keep
your distance. I am
not done
yet.”
“去你的
!
”
他用
低沉而抑制
的声调说道
“离远点儿
,
我还没有
完蛋呢
!
”
Outside
the air was cool and
clean.
外面的
空气凉爽而洁净
.
表语的转译
一
.
表语转译为主语
That’s rather an unusual
request.
你的
要求
太过分了
.
My
two best friends from college days are
Hugh and Charlie.
从上大学起
,
休和查理
就是我最好的
两个朋友
.
They were older than I
by two years and seemed vastly more
knowledgeable.
他们长我两岁
,
他们的
知识
似乎比我渊博得
多
.
二
.
表语转译为谓语
作表语的形容词或名
词有时可转译为动词
.
这时它往往在句中作谓语
.
At
the
present
rate
of
extinction
we
will
know
nothing
of
the
vast
majority
of
all
species before they become
extinct.
按目前物种灭绝的速度
,
绝大多数物种将在人们对之有所了解之前
灭绝
.
The birds are
busy
celebrating the new day
and have eagerly been
in search
of
food.
鸟儿
忙着
庆祝新的一天
,
已在
迫不及待地觅食
.
三
.
表语转译成状语
形容词或介词短语充当的表语有时可转译成状语
.
The
Nobel
Prizes
for
physics,
chemistry
,
physiology
or
medicine,
literature
and
economics take place in
Stockholm, Sweden, and that for peace is in
Oslo, Norway.
诺贝
尔物理奖
,
化学奖
,
< br>生物奖
,
文学奖和经济学奖在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩颁奖
p>
.
和平
奖在
挪威的
奥斯陆
颁奖
.
除以上讲到的情况外
,
表语还可转译为宾语
The youngest, who was not in the
least
ambitious,
took no
part in their argument.
小儿子丝毫没有
< br>野心
,
不参加他们的辩论
.
句子成分的对换译法
一
.
主语与表语的对换
I was brought
up
in Denmark by
my
grandmother, and educated
in Danish
schools so
that
Danish
is really my
native language.
我是在丹麦由祖母抚养大
,
在丹麦学校受的教育
,
因而
,
我真正的
母语是丹麦语
.
The
world’
s coldest continent,
and the
most
difficult to reach, is Antarctica.
南极洲<
/p>
是世界上
最冷的大陆
,也是最难到达的洲
。
二
.<
/p>
主语与宾语对换
We were
both sick on the journey and a
fine
drizzle
met us as we disembarked.
在旅途中
,
我俩都晕船了
;
下船时
,
我们
又碰上了
蒙蒙细雨
.
Her
keen
eye
missed
nothing
and
she
specialized
in
discovering
other
people’
s
secrets.
任何东西
都逃不脱
她
那敏锐的眼睛
,
她尤其善于发现他人
的秘密
.
第五章
增词法和重复法
1. Addition
(增词法)
Session1
因意义和词之间搭配需要而增词
由于
英语和汉语句法结构、
表达习惯和词之间的搭配关系等方面的差异决定。
在
翻译时,
我们有时必须增加一些原文中本来没有的词
,
才能使译文意义明确,
语
句通顺。<
/p>
Under the rule
of Pol Pot, towns,money and property
were
abolished.
在
布尔布特统治下,城镇被
毁弃
;货币被
废除
;财产被
破坏。
Both
the
bank’s
chairman
Nerio
Nessi,
and
its
director
general,
Giacomo
Pedde,
resigned following the revelation.
银行董事长尼利奥·内西和总经理贾科莫·佩迪在
事件
< br>披露后双双辞职。
一
.
增加动词
These
weeks’
events
in
the
Soviet
Union
captured
head
lines
all
across
the
United
States.
几个星期以来苏联
发
生
的事件成为美国各报的头条新闻
.
二
.
动词分译
动词分译是指一个动词译做汉语的两个或几个动词
,
以适应动词与宾语的搭配关
系
.
The
Soviet
Union
was
capable
of
constructing
a
100-megaton
bomb.
Such
a
device
could
make
a
crater
in
rock
107m
deep
and
2.9km
wide
and
a
fireball
13.9km
in
diameter.
苏联有能力制
造梯恩梯当量为一亿吨的炸弹
.
这种炸弹可以在石头上
炸出
一个
107
米深<
/p>
,2.9
公里宽的弹坑
,
并
产生
一个直径为
13.9<
/p>
公里的大火球
.
When he
woke, Lysander
came
to his
old self and his old love again.
当莱桑德醒来
,
他
恢复
了常
态
,
回到了他原来的爱人身边
.
She
played
the
piano, the violin and, in her later years, the
recorder.
她
弹
钢琴
,
拉
提琴
,
晚年还
吹
八孔直笛
.
三
,
增加名词
The whole
town
worried about her being alone.
城里的
人
都担心她过孤独的生活
.
He is a legend, the very incarnation of
compassion.
他是个传奇性
人物
< br>,
是慈悲的化身
.
Edith
had
known
it
would
be
hard
at
54
to
be
mother
to
a
three-year
old
and
a
five-year
old.
伊迪丝早知道
,
自己都五十
四岁了
,
要给才三岁和五岁的
两个孩子
当妈妈是很艰苦
的
.
四
.
名词分译
翻译时必须用两个中文词来表达原文中一个名词的意义
,
这就叫名词的分译
.
The
destruction
of
habitats
spells
extinction
for
millions
of
species
within
the
life
time of
children.
动物栖息地
和
植
物生长地
的毁灭致使千百万种动植物将在现在娃娃们的有生之
年
灭绝
.
She
is
a
famous
singer
and
actress.
Her
performances
always
carry
the
audiences
away
. <
/p>
她是一位著名的歌唱家和演员
,
她的表演
常常使
观众
和
听众
大为倾倒
.
五
.
在某些不及物动词后增加名词
When
he
learned
it
was to borrow, and
not to
give, that the
messenger
had come, His
tone changed.
当他得知信使是来借钱的
,
而不是来送礼的
,
他说话的语气马上就变了
.
The horse is in
the fields
eating.
马在牧场里吃
草
。
When
we
finished
late
in the afternoon, I
had
paint
up above both
wrists
and
had to
wash in gasoline.
傍晚完
工
时,我两腕以上都沾上了油漆
,必须用汽油清洗。
六
.
在形容词前或形容词后增加名词
.
She was
pale
and
fat.
她
面色
苍白
,
身体
肥胖
.
The British
Army’s
tallest
soldier was
Benjamin Crow who was signed on at Lichfield
in November 1947 when he was 2.15m
tall.
英国陆军中
身材
最高的士
兵是本杰明·克劳
.
他于
1947
p>
年
11
月在里奇菲尔德入
< br>伍
,
当时
身高
< br>为
2.15
米
七
.
由形容
词派生的名词的还原
英文中有些由形容词派生的名词在译为汉
语时常常要把名词还原为形容词
,
同时
要根据上下文增加名词
.
Imagine my
excitement
when I saw that
it was a real boat.
你可以想象得到
,
当我看到那是一条真正的船
,
心情
p>
多么兴奋
.
I
knew
what
Anli’s
face,
when
he
discovered
the
theft,
would
show
only
a
touch
of
sadness.
Not
for the loss of money
, but for the loss
of trust.
我心里明白
,
安
尼尔在发现失窃后
,
脸上会显示出一抹
痛心的神情
.
但不是因为丢
了钱
,
却是因为失去了人与人之间的信任
.
有时形容词派生的名词在翻译时要增加助词“的”
,
合起来成为具有名词功能的
“的”字结构
.
Joy it was to be for a few
hours together, and
sadness
that they had so soon to part and
for
so long, perhaps for ever.
欢喜的是能聚首片刻
,
悲伤的
是不得不马上分离
< br>,
也许是再会无期
.
八
.
在抽象名词后增加名词
< br>
英文中有些抽象名词在翻译时需要增加适当的名词意思才明确
.
The old man’s hands shook
constantly
, and he explained to my
father how his shaking
had
begun
two
years
before,
and
how
he
had
been
forced
to
give
up
his
teaching
because of this.
老人的手一直颤个不停<
/p>
,
他告诉我父亲这颤抖的毛病是怎么在两年前得的
,
他又是
怎么由于这个缘故才不得不放弃了
教学工作
的
.
When
the
exploration
was
completed, the two astronauts on the moon would
blast off
in the landing craft to join
the moon-ship once more.
<
/p>
勘查工作
完成之后
,
月球上的两位宇航员便引发登月舱上的火箭,重新回到宇宙
飞船内
< br>.
常用的几个抽象名词及其译法
:
Necessity
必要
性
preparation
准备
工作
Madness
疯狂
行为
arrogance
傲慢
态度
Readability
可读
性
<
/p>
jealousy
嫉妒
心理
Relativity
相对
论
backwardness
Pessimism
悲观
情绪
落后
状态
九
.
增加量词
A lesson
一
堂
课
A table
一
张
桌子
A song
一
首
歌
A dog
一
只
狗
A machine
一
台
机器
A meal
一
顿
饭
In
previous
fights,
Caius
Marcius
had
met
and
beaten
their
leader,
Tullus
Aufidius,
and knew his for
a
valiant and skillful
soldier.
在先前的战斗中
,
凯斯·马西斯曾与他们的首领塔拉斯·奥菲狄斯交过手并打败
了他
,
知道他是一
位
智勇双全的战士
p>
.
十
.
在某些动词后增加
“一
+
< br>动量词”
结构
,
表示动作是试一
试
;
或者在某些动词后
增加表示方位的
词
.
I must get
a
rest
before I go on.
我必须休息
p>
一下
再走
.
She
tried
a
smile. It came out rather peculiar.
她试着
笑了
一笑
,
笑容是那样的怪诞
.
One night years ago, I was
here alone, when all the fish
surfaced.
许多年前的一个晚上
,
我独自在这里<
/p>
,
突然海中的鱼全浮了
上来
.
十一
.
增加表示名词复数的词
大
多数英语名词是通过在词尾加
“
s
”<
/p>
来表示复数的
.
翻译时要根据具体情况<
/p>
,
分别
在名词前增加数词或其他词
,
也可增加重迭词
.
He has been running a fever for
days.
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