英语第一章阅读 game theory 原文及翻译

game theory is the science of strategy. It attempts to determine mathematically and logically the

actions that “players” should take to secure the best outcomes for themselves in a wide array of

“games.” The games it studies range from chess to child

rearing and from tennis to takeovers. But

the

games

all

share

the

common

feature

of

interdependence.

That

is,

the

outcome

for

each

participant depends on the choices (strategies) of all. In so-called zero-sum games the interests of

the players conflict tot

ally, so that one person’s gain always is another’s loss. More typical are

games with the potential for either mutual gain (positive sum) or mutual harm (negative sum), as

well as some conflict.

都具有相互依赖的共同特征。也就是说 ，每个参与者的结果取决于所有人的选择（策略）

。在所

谓的零 和游戏中，玩家的利益是完全冲突的博弈论是战略的科学。它试图从数学和逻辑上确定

“

玩家

”

应采取的行动，以确保他们在各 种

“

游戏

”

中 获得最佳成果。所研究的游戏包括从国际象

棋到儿童饲养，从网球到收购。但是这些游戏 ，所以一个人的收益总是另一个人的损失。更典

型的是有相互收益（正数）或相互伤害（ 负数）的博弈，以及一些冲突。

Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician john von Neumann. In the early years

the emphasis was on games of pure conflict (zero-sum games). Other games were considered in

a cooperative form. That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actions

jointly. Recent research has focused on games that are neither zero sum nor purely cooperative.

In

these

games

the

players

choose

their

actions

separately,

but

their

links

to

others

involve

elements of both competition and cooperation.

博弈论由普林斯顿数学家约翰· 冯·诺曼先生开创。早期的重点是纯粹的冲突游戏（零和游戏）

。其他

< br>比赛以合作形式考虑。也就是说，参与者应该共同选择和实施他们的行动。最近的研究集中在既不

是零和也不是纯合作的游戏。在这些游戏中，玩家分别选择他们的行为，但他们与其他人的联系涉

及竞争与合作的要素。

Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment. To illustrate the

point, think of the difference between the decisions of a lumberjack and those of a general. When

the

lumberjack

decides

how

to

chop

wood,

he

does

not

expect

the

wood

to

fight

back;

his

environment

is

neutral.

But

when

the

general

tries

to

cut

down

the

enemy’s

army,

he

must

anticipate and overcome resistance to his plans. Like the general, a game player must recognize

his

interaction

with

other intelligent

and

purposive

people.

His

own

choice

must

allow

both

for

conflict and for possibilities for cooperation.

游戏与中性环境下的决策有着根本的区别。

为了说明这一点，< /p>

想一想伐木工人的决定与一般人的决定之间的区

别。当伐木工人决 定如何砍木头时，他并不指望木头能够反击

;

他的环境是中立 的。但是当将军试图削减敌人

的军队时，

他必须预见并克服对他 的计划的抵抗。

和一般人一样，

玩家必须认识到他与其他聪明和 有目的的人

的互动。他自己的选择必须同时允许冲突和合作的可能性。

< br>

The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. There are two distinct types

of

strategic

interdependence:

sequential

and

simultaneous.

In

the

former

the

players

move

in

sequence, each

aware of the others’ previous actions. In the latter the players act at the same

time, each ignorant of the others’ actions.

游戏的本质是玩家策略的相互依赖性。战略相互依存有两种截 然不同的类型：顺序式和同时式。在前者中，球

员依次移动，每个人都意识到其他人以前 的行为。在后者中，参与者同时行动，每个人都无知其他人的行为。

A general principle

for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead

and reason back.

Each player should figure out how the other players will respond to his current move, how he will

respond in turn, and so on. The player anticipates where his initial decisions will ultimately lead

and uses this information to calculate his current best choice. When thinking about how others will

respond, he must put himself in their shoes and think as they would; he should not impose his

own reasoning on them.

玩家在顺序移动游戏中的一般原则是向前看，

回头看。

每个玩家都应该弄清楚其他玩家将如何回应他目前的行

动，他将如何反应，等等。玩家预期他最初的决定将最终导致并使用这些信息来计算他当前的最佳选择。 当想

到别人会如何回应时，他必须放下自己的想法，按照自己的想法去思考

;

他不应该对他们施加他自己的推理。

In

principle,

any

sequential

game

that

ends

after

a

finite

sequence

of

moves

can

be

“solved”

completely.

We

determine

each

player’s

best

strateg

y

by

looking

ahead

to

every

possible

outcome.

Simple

games,

such

as

tic-tac-toe,

can

be

solved

in

this

way

and

are

therefore

not

challenging. For many other games, such as chess, the calculations are too complex to perform in

practice

—

even

with

computers.

Therefore,

the

players

look

a

few

moves

ahead

and

try

to

evaluate the resulting positions on the basis of experience.

原则上，

在有限的一系列动作之后结束的任何连续游戏都可以完全

“

解决

”

。

我们通过展望 每一个可能的结果来

确定每个玩家的最佳策略。简单的游戏，如井字游戏，可以用这种方 式解决，因此不具有挑战性。对于许多其

他游戏，

如国际象棋，

计算过于复杂，

无法在实践中执行

-

即使使用计算机。

因此，

球员们会看到前进的几步，

并尝试根据经验评估所得到的位置。

In

contrast

to

the

linear

chain

of

reasoning

for

sequential

games,

a

game

with

simultaneous

moves involves a logical circle. Although the players act at the same time, in ignorance of the

others’ current actions, each must be

aware that there are other players who are similarly aware,

and

so

on.

The

thinking

goes:

“I

think

that

he

thinks

that

I

think . . .”

Therefore,

each

must

figuratively put himself in the shoes of all and try to calculate the outcome. His own best action is

an integral part of this overall calculation.

与连续游戏的线性推理链不同，

具有 同时移动的游戏涉及逻辑循环。

虽然玩家同时行动，

但无视别人 目前的行

为，每个人都必须意识到还有其他玩家同样意识到，等等。这个想法是：

“

我认为他认为我想。

。

。

“

因此，每个

人都必须形象地把 自己置于所有人的脚下，并试图计算结果。他自己的最佳行为是整体计算的一个组成部分。

This logical circle is squared (the circular reasoning is brought to a conclusion) using a concept of

equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathematician john nash. We look for a set of choices,

one for each player, such that each person’s strategy is best for him when all others are playing

their stipulated best strategies. In other words, each picks his best response to what the others

do.

使用普林斯顿数学家约翰纳什开发的均衡概念，

将这个逻辑圆平方< /p>

（圆形推理得出结论）

。

我们寻找

一套选择，每个选手都有一个选择，这样当其他人都在玩他们规定的最佳策略时，每个人的策略 对

他来说都是最好的。换句话说，每个人都会对他人所做的最好的回应。

Sometimes one person’s best choice is the same no matter

what the others do. This is called a

“dominant

strategy”

for

that

player.

At

other

times,

one

player

has

a

uniformly

bad

choice—

a

“dominated strategy”—

in the sense that some other choice is better for him no matter what the

others

do.

The

search

for

an

equilibrium

should

begin

by

looking

for

dominant

strategies

and

eliminating dominated ones.

无论别人做什么，有时一个人的最佳选择是一样 的。这被称为该球员的“主导战略”

。

在其他时候，一