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大学英语精读第
6
册全文课文翻译
第六册
RESEARCH REPORTS FOR BUSINESS AND
THECNICAL WRITING
A
surprising
amount
of
one's
time
as
a
student
and
professional
is
spent
reporting
the
results
of
one's
research
projects
for
presentation
to
teachers,
managers,
and
clients.
Indeed, without basic research skills
and the ability to
present
research
results
clearly
and
completely,
an
individual
will
encounter
many
obstacles
in
school
and
on
the
job.
The
need
for
some
research-writing
ability
is
felt
nearly
equally by college students in all
fields, engineering and
science
as
well
as
business
and
the
humanities.
Graduate
study
often makes great
demands on the student's research-writing
skills,
and
most
professions
continue
the
demand;
education,
advertising
and
marketing,
economics
and
accounting,
science
and
engineering,
psychology,
anthropology,
the
arts,
and
agriculture may all require regular
reporting of research
data.
ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
The
standard research
report, regardless of the
field or the
intended
reader,
contains
four
major
sections.
These
sections
may be broken down
into a variety of subsections, and they
may
be
arranged
in
a
variety
of
ways,
but
they
regularly
make
up the core of the
report.
Problem Section. The first
required section of a research
report
is
the
statement
of
the
problem
with
which
the
research
project
is
concerned.
This
section
requires
a
precise
statement
of
the
underlying
question
which
the
researcher
has
set out to answer. In
this same section there should be an
explanation
of
the
significance
--
social,
economic,
medical,
psychological,
educational,
etc.
--
of
the
question;
in
other
words, why the
investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if
we set out, for example, to answer the
question
effect of regular consumption
of fast foods on the health of
the
American teenager?
we must
explain that
the question is
thought to have significant relevance
to the health of this
segment of the
population and might lead to some sort of
regulations on such foods.
A
frequent subsection of this problem section is a
review of
past research on the topic
being investigated. This would
consist
of
summaries
of
the
contributions
of
previous
researcher
to
the
question
under
consideration
with
some
assessment
of
the
value
of
these
contributions.
This
subsection
has
rhetorical
usefulness
in
that
it
enhances
the
credibility of the researcher by
indicating that the data
商务、技术研究报告的写作
作为学生
和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将
自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托
人。的确，一个人如果没有从事研究工作的基本
技能和将研究成果清楚
而完整地表达的能力，那
么他就会在学习和工作中碰到许多障碍。科研写
作能力的需要对于在各个领域的学生都是相等
的，无论理工科学生还是商务、人
文学科的学生
都是这样研究生阶段的学习对学生的科研写作提
出
了很高的要求，
而且大多数职业继续要求这样：
教育（学）
、广告与市场营销、经济学与会计学，
理工科、心理学、人类学、艺
术以及农艺可能都
要定期报告研究的信息。
研究报告的要素
标准的研究报告，不
论是哪个领域或针对哪类读
者，都有四个主要部分。这些大的部分可以分成
许多小的部分，而且结构安排可以多种多样，但
是报告的核心通常由这四大部
分组成的。
问题部分。研究报告的首要部分就是陈述研究项<
/p>
目所涉及的问题。这一部分要求准确阐述研究者
要问答的根本问题
。在这同一个部分里应该从社
会、经济，医学、心理、教育方面来解释问题的
意义：换言之，为什么值得进行这项研究。这样，
举例来说，如果我们开始
回答“经常食用快餐食
品对美国青少年有什么影响？”那么我们就必须
< br>解释，此问题认为同这部分的人口有着非常密切
的关系，可能导致对此类食品作出
某种规定。
问题这一部分通常有一个小部分对该课题过去的<
/p>
研究民情况进行回顾。这可能包括对这个问题以
前的研究者作出的
贡献进行总结以及对这些贡献
作出某种评价。这一小部分具有修辞作用，因为
它显示了所提供的资料是在对本领域所取得的成
果透彻理解的基础上取得的
，因而它提高了对研
presented is based on a
thorough knowledge of what has been
done
in
the
field
and,
possibly,
grows
out
of
some
investigative tradition.
Procedures
Section.
The
second
major
section
of
the
research
report details,
with as much data as possible, exactly how
the
study
was
carried
out.
This
section
includes
description
of any necessary
equipment, how the subjects were selected
if subjects were used, what statistical
technique was used
to
evaluate
the
significance
of
the
findings,
how
many
observations
were
made
and
when,
etc.
An
investigation
of
the
relative
effectiveness
of
various
swim-strokes
would
have
to
detail
the
number
of
swimmers
tested,
the
nature
of
the
tests
conducted,
the
experience
of
the
swimmers,
the
weather
conditions
at
the
time
of
the
test,
and
any
other
factors
that
contributed
to
the
overall
experiment.
The
goal
of
the
procedures section is to allow the
reader to duplicate the
experiment if
such were desired to confirm, or refute, your
findings.
Results
Section.
The
third,
and
perhaps
most
important,
section of the
research report is the presentation of the
results obtained from the
investigation. The basic rule in
this
section is to give all data relevant to the
research
question
initially
asked.
Although,
of
course,
one's
natural
tendency might be to
suppress any findings which do not in
some
way
support
one's
hypothesis,
such
dishonesty
is
antithetical
to good research reporting in any
field. If the
experiments undertaken
fail to prove anything, if the data
was
inadequate
or
contrary
to
expectations,
the
report
should
be
honestly written and as complete as possible, just
as it
would
be
if
the
hypothesis
were
totally
proven
by
the
research.
Discussion
Section.
The
final
required
section
of
a
research
report
is
a
discussion
of
the
results
obtained
and
a
statement
of any conclusions
which may be drawn from those results. Of
primary interest in business and
technical research reports
is
the
validity
of
the
results
as
the
bases
for
company
decisions:
Will
our
planned
construction
project
meet
federal
environmental guidelines and be
approved for building? Will
this new
program attract skilled personnel to our company?
Will
this
new
oil
recovery
technique
be
financially
feasible?
Thus, the discussion section of the
research report must
evaluate
the
research
results
fully:
were
they
validly
obtained, are they complete or limited,
are they applicable
over a wide range
of circumstances? The discussion section
should also point out what question
remain unanswered and
perhaps suggest
directions for further research.
STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTS
Research
reports
are
considered
formal
professional
< br>究者的可信度。并且很可能是从某种调查研究中
得出来的。
过程部分。研究报告的第二大部分准确阐述了，
用尽可能多
的资料，研究是如何进行的。这部分
包括说明所需要的设备，
实
验对象是怎样选择的，
如果使用了的话，用什么统计方法来评价实验成
< br>果的意义，进行了多少次观察以及什么时候进行
的等。如果要对不同泳姿的相应效
果进行研究的
话，那么就要详细说明参加测试的人数，进行测
试
的性质，游泳者的经历，进行测试的天气条件，
以及对整个实验有影响的其它因素。过程
部分的
目的是让读者能模拟实验，如果他愿意这么样来
证实或驳
斥你的结果的话。
结果部分。研究报告的第三，也许是最重要
的部
分是展示从研究中获得的结果。这部分的基本原
则就是对最
初提出的问题提供一切有关的资料。
当然，虽然人的自然倾向可能是对任何在某方面
与自己的假设不符的结果进行隐瞒，可是这种不
诚实与任何领域优秀
的研究报告是相背的。如果
所进行的实验不能证实什么，如果资料不充分或
与期望相反，那么研究报告就应该如实而且尽可
能完整地写下来，就象假设被
研究证实了的那样
把它写下来。
讨论
部分。研究报告的最后一个必要部分就是讨
论所获得的结果，阐述从那些结果中得出的任
何
结论。在商务和技术的研究报告中，人们主要关
注是结果的可
靠性，这也是公司决策的依据；我
们策划的项目符合联邦环境政策吗？会得到批准
进行吗？
?
这个新项目会吸引技术人材到我们
公
司来吗？从金融方面看，这项石油回收新技术可
行吗？这样，
研究报告的讨论必须全面评价研究
成果：它们获得是否真实？它们是完整的还是有
局限性？它们的应用范围很大吗？讨论部分也应
该指出哪些问题仍然没
有找到答案，也许对进一
步研究提出一些建议。
研究报告的文体
communication. As such,
there is little emphasis on a
lively
style, although, of
course,
there is no objection to
writing
that
is
pleasing
and
interesting.
The
primary
goals
of
professional
communication
are
accuracy,
clarity,
and
completeness. The rough draft of any
research report should
be
edited
to
ensure
that
all
data
is
correctly
presented,
that
all
equipment
is
listed,
that
all
results
are
properly
detailed. As an aid
to the reader, headings indicating at
least
the
major
section
of
the
report
should
be
used,
and
all
data
should
be
presented
under
the
proper
headings.
In
addition to their function of
suggesting to the reader the
contents
of
each
section,
headings
enhance
the
formal
appearance and professional quality of
the report, increase
to
some
degree
the
writer's
credibility
by
reflecting
a
logical
and
methodical
approach
to
the
reporting
process,
and
eliminate the need for wordy
transitional devices between
sections.
Research
data
should
be
presented
in
a
way
that
places
proper
emphasis
on
major
aspect
of
the
project.
For
different
readers
different
aspects
will
take
on
different
degrees
of
importance,
and
some
consideration
should
be
given
to
structuring
research
reports
differently
for
different
audiences.
Management, for example, will be most concerned
with the results of a research project,
and thus the results
section
should
be
emphasized,
probably
by
presenting
it
immediately
after
the
problem
section
and
before
the
procedures
section.
Other
researchers
would
be
most
interested in the procedures section,
and this should be
highlighted in
writing up research projects for publication
in
professional
journals
or
for
presentation
at
professional
conferences.
For
non-technical
readers
and
federal
agencies,
the implications of the results might
be the most important
consideration,
and
emphasis
should
be
placed
on
the
discussion
of the report for this readership.
For
additional
clarity
and
emphasis,
major
results
should
be
presented
in
a
visual
format
--
tables,
charts,
graphs,
diagrams -- as well
as in a verbal one.
Beyond checking the
report for clarity and accuracy in the
presentation of technical data, the
author of a research
report should
review for basic grammatical and mechanical
accuracy.
Short
sentences
are
preferable
to
long
in
the
presentation
of
complex
information.
Listings
should
be
used
to
break
up
long
passages
of
prose
and
to
emphasize
information.
The
research
writer
should
try
to
use
the
simplest
possible
language
without
sacrificing
the
professional
quality
of
the
report.
Although
specialized
terms can be
used, pretentious jargon should be avoided. A
finished
research
report
should
be
readable
and
useful
document prepared
with the reader in mind.
人们认为研究报告是属于正规的
专业交流。
据此，
并不强调用活泼文体，当然也不反对文章写得
生
动有趣。专业交流的主要目的是准确、明晰，完
整。校订任何
研究报告初稿都应保证所有资料正
确提供，所有设备列出，所有结果恰当详述。为
方便读者，应该使用标题，至少标明报告的主要
部分，而所有资料都应
当在恰当的标题下陈述。
标题除了有向读者提示每部分内容的功能外，它
还提高了报告的规范性和学术质量，同时报告是
按逻辑、有条理地写出来的，因
此在某种程度上
增加了作者的可信度，消除了报告各部分之间冗
长的承上启下的词语。
应该用一种恰当强调项目主要方面的方
式陈述研
究资料。对于不同的读者来说，不同的方面具有
不同的
重要性。应该考虑到报告的结构因不同的
读者而有所不同。例如：资方对研究项目的结果
最为关心，所以这部分应该加以强调。在问题部
分之后和过程部
分之前有可能立即出现。其他的
研究人员对过程部分尤为感兴趣，所以在把研究
项目整理成文用于在专业刊物发表或在专业会议
上宣读时，这一部分应该
着重突出。对于非专业
读者和联邦机构来说，首要考虑的是研究结果的
< br>含意，对于这部分读者来说，应该强调讨论部分。
另外
为了明晰、强调，主要成果不仅应该用书面
文字而且还应该用表格，图表，图解，简图等
直
观形式来表述。
除了检查研究报告
是否在技术资料方面表达清
楚、准确外，作者还应该检查基本语法和打印方
面是否准确。在陈述复杂信息时最好使用短句。
应该使用列举方法来避免长篇
大论，强调信息。
研究报告的作者应该在不损害报告的专业质量的
情况下尽可能使用最简单的语言。虽然专业术语
能够使用，但虚饰的行为应当避免。一
篇完整的
研究报告应该是一份把读者装在心中，可读而又
有用的
文献。
结论
CONCLUSION
Although
we
struggle
with
research
reports
in
high
school,
dread
them
in
college,
and
are
often
burdened
by
them
in our professional
live, learning to live comfortably with
them
is
a
relatively
easy
task.
A
positive
attitude
.
one
that
seem the oral
or
written presentation of
research results as
of
equal
importance
to
the
data-gathering
process);
an
orderly
approach
which
includes
prewriting .,
before
any
actual
research
is
done,
the
researcher
should
try
to
get
down
on paper
as much about the subject under investigation as
possible)
and
a
formal
research
report
structure
as
the
framework
for the investigation; and a reasonable approach
to
the
actual
writing
process
including
editing
for
accuracy
and
clarity, will help one to produce effective
research
reports
efficiently.
虽然我们在中学就努力去写好研究
报告，在
大学仍有点害怕，在专业生活中还经常感到它是
一种负
担，然而学会与之泰然相处也是一件相对
容易的事。为了帮助人们及时而又有效地写出报
告，人们应该做到：有一种积极的态度（即把口
头和书面陈述研
究成果与资料收集过程看成同样
重要）
：写作步骤井然有序，包
括写作前的准备工
作（即在进行实际研究工作之前，研究者应当尽
可能多地把与研究课题有关的资料写下来）有一
个正式研究报告的构思作为调查的框架
；有一个
合理的写作方法，包括为了准确、清楚、将会很
有效的
进行校订过程。
THE
BEGINNING OF A CARREER
Dear Mother,
Your
amazing
telegram
[telegram
announcing
$$500
Mademoiselle
prize for
just as I was scrubbing tables in the
shady interior of The
Belmont dining
room. I was so excited that I screamed and
actually threw my arms around the head
waitress who no doubt
thinks
I
am
rather
insane!
Anyhow,
psychologically,
the
moment
couldn't
have
been
better.
I
felt
tired
--
one's
first
night's
sleep
in
a
new
place
never
is
peaceful
--
and
I
didn't
get much! To top it
off, I was the only girl waitress here,
and
had
been
scrubbing
furniture,
washing
dishes
and
silver,
lifting tables, etc. since 8 . Also, I
just learned since I
am completely
inexperienced, I am not going to be working in
the
main
dining
room,
but
in
the
hall
where
the
managers
and
top
hotel
brass
eat.
So,
tips
will
no
doubt
net
much
less
during the summer and the company be
less interesting. So I
was beginning to
worry about money when your telegram came.
God! To think
stories to be
put in a big national slick! Frankly, I can't
believe it!
The
first
thing
I
though
of
was:
Mother
can
keep
her
intersession
money and buy some pretty clothes and a
special
trip or something! At least I
get a winter coat and extra
special
suit out of the Mintons. I think the prize is
$$500!
ME! Of all
p
eople!…
So it's
really looking up around here, now that I don't
have
to be scared stiff about money …
Oh, I say, even if my feet
kill me
after this first week, and I drop 20 trays, I will
have the beach, boys to bring me beer,
sun, and young gay
职业的开端
贝尔蒙特宾馆，
1952
年
6
月
11
日
亲爱的妈妈：
你那份令我吃惊的电报，
[
宣布了由我转寄的
＜明顿家的星期天＞、获得了＜小姐＞杂志五百
元奖金。它正好是我在
阴暗的贝尔蒙特餐厅洗餐
桌时收到的我非常激动，大声叫着，竟一把抱住
了女服务员领班。毫无疑问，她一定认为我发疯
了。不管怎样，从心理上讲，你
的电报来得正是
时候。那时我觉得很累——人到一个新地方，第
一夜总是睡不好的——而我就没有睡多少觉。更
糟糕的是，我是这里唯一的女招待。一直
要擦洗
家具，洗盘子和银餐具，搬桌子等，
< br>从上午８点
开始我刚知道，因为我完全没有经验，将不会让
我在正厅工作，而是让我在经理们和主管人员就
餐的“侧厅”工作。所有，这个暑假的
小费毫无
疑问会少得多，并且一起干活的伙伴缺乏风趣。
我正开
动为缺钱发愁时你的电报来了。上帝啊！
想想看，《明顿家的星期天》竟是一家全国性通
俗刊物的两篇获奖小说之一！说实话，我真地不
敢相信！
我当时想到的第一件事是：妈妈可以将她要给我
暑假用的钱留下，买些好衣服，进行一次特别旅
游什么的。至少我能够用《明顿家》
获得的奖金
companions. What a life.
Love, your crazy old daughter.
Sivvy
June 12. 1952
No
doubt
after
I
catch
up
on
sleep,
and
learn
to
balance
trays
high on my left hand, I'll feel much
happier. As it is now,
I feel stuck in
the midst of a lot of loud, brassy Irish
Catholics,
and
the
only
way
I
can
jolly
myself
is
to
say,
well,
it's
only
for
a
summer,
and
I
can
maybe
write
about
them
all.
-- Marley, a gabby girl
who knows her way around but good.
The
ration
of
boys
to
girls
has
gotten
less
and
less,
so
I'll
be lucky if I get tagged by the
youngest kid here. Lots of
the girls
are really wise, drinking flirts. As for me, being
the conservative, quiet, gracious type,
I don't stand much
chance of
dating some
of the
cutes
t
ones
…
If I
can
only get
them know I'm the gentle
intellectual type, it'll be .
As for
the Mlle news, I don't think it's really sunk in
yet.
I felt sure they made a mistake,
or that you'd made it up to
cheer
me.
The
big
advantage
will
be
that
I
won't
have
to
worry
about earning barely $$300 this summer.
I would really have
been sick
otherwise. I can't wait till August when I can go
casually down to the drug store and
pick up a slick copy of
Mlle,
flip
to
the
index,
and
see
ME,
one
of
two
college
girls
in the .!
Really,
when
I
think
of
how
I
started
it
over
spring
vacation,
polished it at school, and sat up till
midnight in the Haven
House
kitchen
typing
it
amidst
noise
and
chatter,
I
can't
get
over
how the
story soared to were it did…
I
get
great
pleasure
out
of
sharing
it
[her
feeling
about
the
story] with you, who really understand
how terribly much it
means
as
a
tangible
testimony
that
I
have
got
a
germ
of
writing
ability. The only thing, I probably
won't have a chance to
win
Mlle
again,
so
I'll
try
for
a
guest
editorship
maybe
next
or my senior year, and
set my sights for the Atlantic. God,
I'm glad I can talk about it with you
-- probably you're the
only
outlet
that
I'll
have
that
won't
get
tired
of
my
talking
about
writing …
Speaking again of
Henry and Liz, it was a step for me to a
story where the protagonist
isn't always ME,
and proved
that
I am beginning to use imagination
to transform the actual
incident. I was
scared that would never happen, but I think
it's an indication that my perspective
is broadening.
Sometime
I
think
--
heck,
I
don't
know
why
I
didn't
stay
home
all
summer, writing, doing physical science, and
having a
small part-time job. I could <
/p>
买一件冬装和一套非常精美的衣服。奖金有五百
元之多啊！
这么多人中，获奖的竟是我！
现在这里一切都好起来，因为我不必为钱担心
了，……啊，即使这第一个星
期之后我双脚疼得
要命，
即使摔破了二十个盘子我仍然会到海滩
去，
要侍者为我拿酒，要享受海边的阳光，要与年轻
的伙伴同乐
。多么美好的生活！
爱你，你那发疯的女儿。
西维
1952
年
6
月
12
日
毫无疑问，我睡足觉，学会用左手端稳高高的盘
子后，
我会感到更高兴的。现在实际上，我觉得
自己陷
入一伙闹哄哄、厚脸皮的爱尔兰天主教徒之中，
无法脱身
，而我能够自乐的唯一办法就是说：
“嗯，只是一个夏天，而我还可以把他们写到我
的小说里去呢。”至少，我已经为我的下一个主
人公取了一个新名字
——马莉，一个能说会道熟
知人情世故的女孩，小伙子们与大姑娘的比例越
来越小。所以如果我被这儿哪个最年轻的小伙子
追求的话，那我是很幸运的。
这里的很多女孩确
实机灵，能喝酒，会调情卖俏。而我因是那种保
守、文静、优雅的女孩，所以不太可能和一些帅
小伙子约会……要是我能与这些女孩相
处很好，
作她们朋友而决不让她们知道我是个文雅的知识
分子的
话，那就好了。
对于《小姐》杂志那条消息，我还是感到不可
理
解。我曾经确信他们弄错了，或是你杜撰出来让
我高兴的。最
大的好处将是我不必为这个夏天只
能挣到
300
美金发愁了。不然的话，我会忧心忡
忡的。我现在真是急不可耐地希望八月到来
，到
那时我可随意走进杂货店拿起一册漂亮的
《小姐》
杂志，赶快翻到索引部分，看到我，美国两名女
大学生之一！
真的，当我想起整个春假期间怎样着手写这篇小
说。在学校修改润色，在海文豪斯厨房喧闹的环
境中熬夜打字到深夜的时候，我真的无法
相信这
篇小说会获得如此大奖……
因
为你能真正理解，它对我来说有多么重要的意
义。它充分表明我有创作潜力。唯一的事就
是我
极有可能再也没有机会获得《小姐》杂志的大奖
了。所以也
许明年，也许在大四，我要努力争取
做一名客座编辑，而且我的目标是要做《大西洋》<
/p>
月刊的客座编辑。天哪，能和你谈论这事，我很
do much
good to yearn about that, I guess. Although it
would
have been nice. Oh well, I'll
cheer up. I love you.
Your own Sivvy
June 15, 1952
Dear Mother.
…
Do
write
me
letters,
Mommy,
because
I
am
in
a
very
dangerous
of
feeling
sorry
for
myself
…
Just
at
presen
t,
life
is
awful.
Mademoiselle
seems
quite
unreal,
and
I
am
exhausted,
scared,
incompetent,
unenergetic
and
generally
low
is
spirits
…
Working
in side hall puts me part, and I feel completely
uprooted
and
clumsy.
The
more
I
see
the
main
hall
girls
expertly
getting
special
dishes,
fixing
shaved
ice
and
fruit,
etc.,
the
more
I
get
an
inferiority
complex
and
feel
that
each
day in side hall leaves
me further behind … But as tempted
as I
am to be a coward and escape by crawling back
home, I
have resolved to give it a good
month's trial -- till July
10 … Don't
worry about me, but do send me little pellets of
advice now and then.
June 24, 1952
… Last night I
went on a
Bar
where
we
sang
and
talked
for
a
few
hours.
There
were
about
forty
of us kids from the hotel. I managed by some magic
to
get
myself
seated
next
to
a
fellow
in
his
first
year
at
Harvard
Law --
and he was just a dear … The best part
was when we
came back. It was a
beautiful clear starry night, and Clark
went in to get me two of his sweaters
to wear because it was
cold, and
brought out a book of . Eliot's poems. So we sat
on a bench where I could just barely
read the print, and he
put his head in
my lap and I read aloud to him for a wile.
Most nice. The only thing is I am so
inclined to get fond of
someone
who
will
do
things
with
me
like
that
--
always
inclined
to
be
too
metaphysical
and
serious
conversationally
--
that's
my
main
trouble
…
So
glad
to
hear
the
check
from
Mlle
is
real.
I
hardly
could
believe
it.
Just
now
I
am
mentally
so
disorganized that I can't retain
knowledge or think at all.
The work is
still new enough to be tiring, what with three
changes
a
day
into
uniforms,
and
I
am
so
preoccupied
by
mechanics of living and people that I
can't yet organize and
assimilate all
the chaos of experience pouring in on me. In
spite of everything, I still have my
good old sense of humor
and manage to
laugh a good deal of the time … I'll make the
best of whatever comes my way.
Much love to you,
Sivvy
高兴——很可能你是我拥
有的唯一——一位不厌
其烦地听我谈论写作的听众……
再谈谈亨利和莉兹，
它是我小说创作迈出的一步。
故事中的主人公不再总是“我”，它还证明我开
始动用想象力来改变真事。我还真害
怕过这事办
不到，
不过我想这表明我观察事物的能力在扩大
.
有时我想——见鬼，我不知道我为何整个夏天不
呆在家里写作、学习自然科学，做一份兼职的小
事。我现“有能力”做到了，不
过我想过于想得
到这个并不一定是好事，虽然这样做了会很好。
好啦，我会振作精神的，我爱你。
你的西维
1952
< br>年
6
月
12
日
亲爱的妈妈，
妈妈，你一定要给我写信，因为我现在处在一种
自惭形秽的危险状态……就眼
下，生活糟透了。
《小姐》获奖好象完全不是真的，我现在总的来
说，
情绪低落：
疲惫、
害怕、
无能、
精力不济……
在侧厅工作把我撇在一边，我感到孤立无援，非
常尴尬。我越是看见正厅的女孩们熟练
地准备特
别的菜肴，
做刨冰，水果等
，就越是感到自叹不如，感到每
天在侧厅工作使我大大落后了……但是尽管我受
到诱惑去当胆小鬼、爬回家去，我还决心试着干
完这一个月——直到
7
月
10
日……不
要为我担
心，不过请一定时常给我寄些简短的建议来。
1952
年
6
月
15
日
昨天晚上
我到“桑德酒吧”参加了一个“同伙”
生日聚会。在哪儿我们唱啊、谈啊她几个小时。<
/p>
从宾馆我们去了大约四十个少男少女。受到某种
魔力的驱使，我设
法挨着一名哈佛法学院的一年
级学生坐了下来——而且她的确招人喜爱……最
好的时光是我们回来的时候。那是一个美丽、明
净、星星满天夜晚，因为天
气冷，克拉克进屋去
拿了两件毛衣让我穿，还拿出了一本
T·S
·艾略
特诗集。我们坐在一张我能够勉强看得清字的长
凳上，他
把头靠在我的膝上，我给他念了一会儿
诗。真好。唯一的问题就是我非常容易爱上像这<
/p>
样和我一起欣赏诗歌的人了——总是容易谈论非
常
抽
象
、
严
肃
的
话
题
——
这
就
是
我
的
主
要
问
题……所以非常高兴听到《小姐》杂志的支票是
真的。我简直不敢相
信。现在我的思绪混乱，所
以完全记不住东西，也不能清楚考虑问题。工作
仍然不熟练，觉得累。由于一天要换三次制服。
我总是忙于日常琐事、与人交
往，还没来得及整
THE QUEST FOR
EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE
Through
all
of
our
history
we
have
pondered
the
stars
and
mused
whether
humanity
is
unique
or
if,
somewhere
else
in
the
dark
of
the
night
sky,
there
are
other
beings
who
contemplate
and
wonder
as
we
do,
fellow
thinkers
in
the
cosmos.
Such
beings
might
view
themselves
and
the
universe
differently.
Somewhere
else there might be very exotic
biologies and technologies
and
societies.
In
a
cosmic
setting
vast
and
old
beyond
ordinary
human
understanding, we are
a little lonely; and
we
ponder the ultimate significance, if
any, of our tiny but
exquisite blue
planet.
The
search
for
extraterrestrial
intelligence
is
the
search
for
a
generally
acceptable
cosmic
context
for
the
human
species.
In
the
deepest
sense,
the
search
for
extraterrestrial
intelligence is a search for ourselves.
In
the
last
few
years
--
in
one-millionth
the
lifetime
of
our
species on this planet
-- we have achieved an extraordinary
technological
capability
which
enables
us
to
seek
out
unimaginably distant civilizations even
if they are no more
advanced than we.
That capability is called radio astronomy
and involves single radio telescopes,
collections or arrays
of
radio
telescopes,
sensitive
radio
detectors,
advanced
computers for processing received date,
and the imagination
and
skill
of
dedicated
scientists.
Radio
astronomy
has
in
the
last decade opened a new window on the
physical universe. It
may also, if we
are wise enough to make the effort, cast a
profound light on the biological
universe.
Some scientists working on
the question of extraterrestrial
intelligence, myself among them, have
attempted to estimate
the number of
advanced technical civilizations -- defined
operationally as societies capable of
radio astronomy -- in
the Milky Way
Galaxy. Such estimates are little better than
guesses.
They
require
assigning
numerical
values
to
quantities
such
as
the
numbers
and
ages
of
stars;
the
abundance of planetary systems and the
likelihood of the
origin of life, which
we know less well; and the probability
of the evolution of intelligent life
and the lifetime of
technical
civilizations,
about
which
we
know
very
little
indeed.
When we do the
arithmetic, the sorts of numbers we come up
with
are,
characteristically,
around
a
million
technical
civilizations. A
million civilizations is a breathtakingly
large
number,
and
it
is
exhilarating
to
imagine
the
diversity,
lifestyles
and
commerce
of
those
million
worlds.
But
the
Milky
Way Galaxy contains
some 250 billion stars, and even with a
million civilizations, less than one
star in 200,000 would
have a planet
inhabited by an advanced civilization. Since
理、消化我所经历的这些杂乱的事情。尽管如此，
我还是像以往那样具有幽
默感，很多时候还是尽
量让自己开怀大笑……不管我发生什么事，我都
< br>会全力以赴的。
非常爱你的
西维
探寻外星人
自从人类有历史记载以来，我们一直在思索
着星星，反复考虑是否只有人类存在，或者
说在
太空深处的某个地方是否存在其他同我们一样在
不停地思索
着的生命，也就是宇宙中跟我们一起
思考的人。
这样的人可能对
自己和宇宙算法不同。
在别的什么地方可能存在着非常奇异的生物、技
< br>术和社会。我们在一种空间和时间都超出人类理
解的宇宙环境里感到有点孤独。我
们深思着根本
的意义，我们这个渺小的但精巧的蓝色星。
探寻外星人就是为人类寻找一个普遍能接受的宇
宙环境。从最深层次
的意义来说，探寻外星人就
是寻找我们自己。
在过去的几年中——在我们人类生活在这个
星球上的百万分之一的时间里，——我们已经具
有了一种非凡的能力。这种
技术能力能使我们搜
寻到无比遥远的文明世界，即使他们和我们一样
不先进。
这种技术能力
叫做射电天文学。它涉及到单
架射望远镜、阵列射电望远镜、高灵敏度的无线
电探测器，用于处理接收的信息的先进计算机以
及全身心投入的科学家们的
想象力和技能。射电
天文学在过去的十年中已经打开了一个研究宇宙
的新窗口。如果我们充分发挥自己的聪明才智去
努力，它可能会帮助我们弄清楚宇宙
生物世界。
一些研究外星人问题的科学家，包括我自己，都<
/p>
已努力设法对银河系的先进技术文明社会的数目
进行了估计——先
进技术文明社会定义为具有射
民天文学能力的社会。这样的估计比猜想强不了
多少。
它们要求将这些情况数字化，诸如星球的数量和
we
have
little
idea
which
stars
are
likely
candidates,
we
will
have
to
examine
a
very
large
number
of
them.
Such
considerations suggest that the quest
for extraterrestrial
intelligence may
require a significant effort.
Despite
claims
about
ancient
astronauts
and
unidentified
flying
objects,
there
is
no
firm
evidence
for
past
visitation
of the Earth by other civilizations. We
are restricted to
remote
signaling
and,
of
the
long-distance
techniques
available to our
technology, radio is by far the best. Radio
telescopes are relatively inexpensive;
radio signals travel
at the speed of
light, faster than which nothing can go; and
the use of radio for communication is
not a short-sighted or
anthropocentric
activity. Radio represents a large part of
the electromagnetic spectrum and any
technical civilization
anywhere in the
Galaxy will have discovered radio early --
just
as
in
the
last
few
centuries
we
have
explored
the
entire
electromagnetic
spectrum from short gamma rays to very long
radio
waves.
Advanced
civilizations
might
very
well
use
some
other
means of communication with their peers. But if
they
wish
to
communicate
with
backward
or
emerging
civilizations,
there are only a few obvious methods,
the chief of which is
radio.
The
first
serious
attempt
to
listen
for
possible
radio
signals
from
other
civilizations
was
carried
out
at
the
National
Radio
Astronomy Observatory
in Greenbank, West Virginia, in 1959
and 1960. It was organized by Frank
Drake, now at Cornel
University, and
was called Project Ozma, after the princess
of
the
Land
of
Oz,
a
place
very
exotic,
very
distant
and
very
difficult
to
reach.
Drake
examined
two
nearby
stars
for
a
few
weeks
with
negative
results.
Positive
results
would
have
been
astonishing because as we have seen,
even rather optimistic
estimates of the
number of technical civilizations in the
Galaxy imply that several hundred
thousand stars must be
examined
in
order
to
achieve
success
by
random
stellar
selection.
Since Project
Ozma, there have been six or eight other such
programs,
all
at
a
rather
modest
level,
in
the
United
States,
Canada and
the Soviet Union.
All results have been negative.
The
total
number
of
individual
stars
examined
to
date
in
this
way
is
less
than
a
thousand.
We
have
performed
something
like
one tenth of one percent of the
required effort.
However, there are
signs that much more serious efforts may
be mustered in the reasonably near
future. Besides, hand in
hand
with
the
recent
spectacular
advances
in
radio
technology,
there
has
been
a
dramatic
increase
in
the
scientific
and public respectability of the entire subject
of extraterrestrial life. A clear sign
of the new attitude
is the Viking
missions to Mars, which are to a significant
extent dedicated to the search for life
on another planet.
年龄，有多少个行星系、生命起源的可能性有
多
大，这些我们较少知道：还有智慧生物进化的可
能性和技术文
明世界的寿命，这些我们近乎一无
所知。
当我们进行计算时我们得出的这类数字是很有特
点的大约有一百万个文明世界。想象
一下这百万
个文明世界的五花八门、这真令人兴奋，各种生
活方
式以及商业，可是银河系有大约二千五百亿
个恒星，即使有一百万个文明世界，可每二十
万
个恒星中不到一个有文明世界的人居住的行星。
既然我们几乎
不知道哪些恒星可能存在文明世
界，我们将不得不搜寻大量的恒星。这样就意味
着探寻外星人可能需要作出极大的努力。
尽管
有人声称古代在太空人，见过不明飞行物，
然而却缺乏确凿的证据证明过去有其他文明世
界
的人来过地球。我们只限于运用远距离的通信，
在目前我们的
技术所能运用的长距离的技术手段
中，无线电肯定是最好的。无线电望远镜相对来
说价格便宜；无线电象光速那样快速发送信号，
而且前没有任何东西快
过光速；把无线电用于通
讯不是一种短视的或以人类为宇宙中心的行为。
无线电具有大部分的电磁波谱，银河系中的任何
地方的任何技术文明世界该早就
发现无线电，无
线电具有大部分的电磁波谱，银河系中的任何地
方的任何技术文明世界该早就发现无线电了——
正像在过去的几个世纪中我们对从短伽马
射线到
长线电波的整个电磁波谱已经探索过了一样。先
进的文明
社会要能使用其它的通讯方式同他们的
同辈进行联系。但是，假如他们想和落后的或新<
/p>
兴的文明社会联系，很显然只有几种方法，其中
主要的方法就是无
线电。
在西旨吉尼亚州格林班克国家无线电天文台第一
次认真的尝试收听了来自其他文明的信号。在１
９
５
９
年
和１
９
６
０年。
此
项
工
作是
由
弗兰
克·德雷克主持的，他现在在康乃尔大学。这是
以奥兹国公
主的名字命名的，叫作奥兹玛项目。
奥兹国是个十分奇异、非常遥远，难以到达的地
方。德雷克在几个星期里对两个附近的恒星进行
了探测，没有取得积
极的结果。假如取得了积极
的结果，那会令人吃惊的，因为，正象我们已经
看到的一样，即使非常乐观地估算一下银河系中
的技术文明社会的数目
,
要想不加选择地探测就
But
along
with
the
burgeoning
dedication
to
a
serious
search,
a slightly negative
note has emerged which is nevertheless
very
interesting.
A
few
scientists
have
lately
asked
a
curious
question: If extraterrestrial
intelligence is abundant, why
have we
not already seen its manifestations? Skeptics also
ask
why
there
is
no
clear
evidence
of
extraterrestrial
visits
to
Earth.
We
have
already
launched
slow
and
modest
interstellar
spacecraft. A society more advance than ours
should
be
able
to
ply
the
spaces
between
the
stars
conveniently
if
not
effortlessly.
Over
millions
of
years
such
societies
should
have
established
colonies,
which
might
themselves
launch
interstellar
expeditions.
Why
are
they
not
here? The temptation is to deduce that
there are at most a
few
advanced
extraterrestrial
civilizations
--
either
because
statistically
we
are
one
of
the
first
technical
civilizations to
have emerged or because it is the fate of
all
such
civilizations
to
destroy
themselves
before
they
are
much further along than we.
It
seems
to
me
that
such
despair
is
quite
premature.
All
such
arguments depend on our
correctly surmising the intentions
of
beings
far
more
advanced
than
ourselves,
and
when
examined
more
closely
I
think
these
arguments
reveal
a
range
of
interesting human conceits. Why do we
expect that it will be
easy
to
recognize
the
manifestations
of
very
advanced
civilizations?
Is
our
situation
not
closer
to
that
of
members
of
an
isolated
society
in
the
Amazon
basin,
say,
who
lack
the
tools
to
detect
the
powerful
international
radio
and
television traffic that is all around
them? Also, there is
a
wide
range
of
incompletely
understood
phenomena
in
astronomy. Might the modulation of
pulsars or the energy
source
of
quasars,
for
example,
have
a
technological
origin?
Or perhaps
there is a
galactic ethic of noninterference with
backward
or
emerging
civilizations.
Perhaps
there
is
a
waiting
time
before
contact
is
considered
appropriate,
so
as
to give us
a fair opportunity to destroy ourselves first, if
we
are
so
inclined.
Perhaps
all
societies
significantly
more
advanced than our own have achieved an
effective personal
immortality
and
lose
the
motivation
for
interstellar
gallivanting,
which may, for all we know, be a typical urge
only
of
adolescent
civilizations.
Perhaps
mature
civilizations do not wish to pollute
the cosmos. There is a
very long list
of such
position to evaluate with any
degree of assurance.
The question of
extraterrestrial civilizations seems to me
entirely open. Personally, I think it
far more difficult to
understand a
universe
in which
we
are the only
technological
civilization, or one of a very few,
than to conceive of a
cosmos brining
over with intelligent life. Many aspects of
the
problem
are,
fortunately,
amenable
to
experimental
取得成功的话，必须探测几十万个恒星。
自从奥兹玛项目以来，又有６到８个这样规模的
项目。都是这样的规模，无论是在美
国，加拿大
和苏联。所有都未取得结果到目前为止用这种方
法探
测过的恒星总数还不到一千个，也就是我们
大约只探测了需要探测的百分之一中的十分之
一。可是，种种迹象表明，人们可能在最近的将
来作出更大的努
力。此外，随着最近无线电技术
取得巨大进步，科学界和公众对外星人这一整个
课题的认识极大地提高了。这种新态度的一种显
着标志就是向火星发射的
“海盗”号。这些发射
在很大程度上是专门寻找另一个行星上的生命
的。
但是在人们正为认真探索奉献更多力量的同时，
一种略具否定意味却又十分有趣地声音出现了。
有几名科学家最近提
出了一个奇怪的问题：如果
有大量的外星人存在，为什么我们还没有看到它
存在的迹象？
持怀疑态度的人还对为什么没有
明显证据证明外星人到过地球提出了疑问。我们
已经发射了速度慢、
不太大的星际宇宙飞船。一
个比我们先进的社会，如果不是毫不费力的话，
也应该能很方便地来往于星际之间。在几百万年
的时间中，这样的社会应该早
已建立了殖民地，
他们本身可能进行星际远征探险。他们为什
么没
到这里来？人们很自然地推断地球外最多有几个
先进的文明
社会——这要么是因为从统计数据上
看我们是已经形成的首批技术文明社会之一，要
么由于命运不济，所有这样的文明社会在他们发
达得远远超过我们之
前就自我来亡了。
我认为这种绝望是相当幼稚的。所有这些论
断取
决于我们对远比我们自己先进行得多的生物的动
机是否能作
出正确判断：如果对这些论断进行更
为细致的审视的话，我认为它们表现出了人类一
种有趣的自负心态。我们为什么要指望会很容易
地找出非常先进的文
明社会存在的迹象呢？我们
的境况不是和亚马逊河流域的与世隔绝的社会中
的人很接近吗？这些人缺少工具来探测他们周围
功率强大的国际间的无线电和
电视通讯。天文学
中也有大量没有完全理解的现象。肪冲星的调制
或者类星体的能量来源
,
例如，
是不
是可能源于某
种技术？或许银河系有一条不许干涉落后或新兴
文
明社会的道德规范；或许要等一段时间再进行
verification. We
can search
for planets of other stars,
seek
simple forms of life on such
nearby planets as Mars, and
perform
more extensive laboratory studies on the chemistry
of the origin of life. We can
investigate more deeply the
evolution
of organisms and societies. The problem cries out
for
a
long-term,
open-minded,
systematic
search,
with
nature
as the only arbiter
of what is or is not likely.
接触才认为得体，以便给我们一个
公平的机会来
先毁灭自己。假如我们想这么做的话。或许所有
比
我们自己要先进得多的社会都已经有效地达到
了使每个成员长生不老的阶段，所以以就失
去了
到星际间去邀游的愿望，而这种愿望可能可是早
期文明社会
的一种典型的冲动，谁知道呢。或许
成熟的文明社会不想污染宇宙。可以说出很多这
样的“或许”，但没有几种我们能够肯定地作出
THE
LIBRARY CARD
One
morning
I
arrived
early
at
work
and
went
into
the
bank
lobby
where
the
Negro
porter
was
mopping.
I
stood
at
a
counter
and
picked
up
the
Memphis
Commercial
Appeal
and
began
my
free
reading of the press. I
came finally to the editorial page
and
saw an article dealing with one H. L. Mencken. I
knew by
hearsay that he was the editor
of the American Mercury, but
aside from
that I knew nothing about him. The article was a
furious denunciation of Mencken,
concluding with one, hot,
short
sentence: Mencken is a fool.
I wondered
what on earth this Mencken had done to call down
upon him the scorn of the South. The
only people I had ever
heard enounced
in the South were Negroes, and this man was
not a Negro. Then what ideas did
Mencken hold that made a
newspaper
like
the
Commercial
Appeal
castigate
him
publicly?
Undoubtedly he
must be advocating ideas that the South did
not like.
Now,
how
could
I
find
out
about
this
Mencken?
There
was
a
huge
library
near
the
riverfront,
but
I
knew
that
Negroes
were
not
allowed to patronize its
shelves any more than they were the
parks
and
playgrounds
of
the
city.
I
had
gone
into
the
library
several
times
to
get
books
for
the
white
men
on
the
job.
Which
of them would now help
me to get books?
I weighed the
personalities of the men on the job. There was
Don, a Jew; but I distrusted him. His
position was not much
better than mine
and I knew that he was uneasy and insecure;
he had always treated me in an offhand,
bantering way that
barely
concealed
his
contempt.
I
was
afraid
to
ask
him
to
help
me to get books; his frantic desire to
demonstrate a racial
solidarity with
the whites against Negroes might make him
betray me.
Then how about
the boss? No, he was a Baptist and I had the
suspicion that he would not be quite
able to comprehend why
a
black
boy
would
want
to
read
Mencken.
There
were
other
white
men on the job whose attitudes showed
clearly that they were
Kluxers or
sympathizers, and they were out of the question.
There remained only one man whose
attitude did not fit into
an anti-Negro
category, for I had heard the white men refer
to
him
as
lover
He
was
an
Irish
Catholic
and
was
hated
估计。在我看来，地球文明社会的问题还远未解<
/p>
决。我个人认为理解在一个宇宙中只有我们这一
个技术文明是很困
难的。或着少数几个宇宙与想
象的一个充满生命的宇宙想比也是一样。幸运的
是，
这个问题的许多方面可以经得起实践的检验。
我们能够搜寻其它恒星，寻找象火星这样离我们
很近的行星上的简单生命形式，并且在实
验室中
可以对生命起源的化学机理作更广泛的研究。我
们还可以
更深入地研究生物和社会的进化原理。
这个问题需要人们长期地、不带偏见地、系统地<
/p>
去探索，而只有大自然才是什么可能、什么不可
能的唯一仲裁者。
借书证
一
天早上，我上班到得早，便走进银行的门
廊，里面有一个黑人清洁工在拖地。我站在柜台
边，拿了一份孟菲斯《商业呼声报》
，读起了免费
报纸。我最后翻到社论版，上面登了一篇写关于
一名叫
.
门肯的人的文章。我听说门肯是《美国信
使》报的编辑。不
过除此之外，对他毫无别的了
解。该文言辞激烈地遣责门肯，文章结尾时用了
一句辛辣的短句：门肯是个傻子。
我在想这位门
肯先生到底做了什么事以至于引得
南方对他嘲弄。我所听说过在南方唯一受到谴责
的人就是黑人。而此人不是黑人。那么门肯持有
什么样的观点使得象《
商业呼声》这样的报纸公
开攻击他？不用说，他一定是在宣扬南方所不喜
欢的思想。
by the white
Southerners. I knew that he read books, because
I had got him volumes from the library
several times. Since
he,
too,
was
an
object
of
hatred,
I
felt
that
he
might
refuse
me but would hardly betray me. I
hesitated, weighing and
balancing the
imponderable realities.
One morning I
paused before the Catholic fellow's desk.
want
to
read.
I
can't
get
books
from
the
library.
I
wonder
if you'd
let me use your card?
He looked at me
suspiciously.
asked,
staring at me.
< br>
to read the
right things.
I said nothing. Would he
want to supervise my reading?
I turned from him and he
called me back. He stared at me
quizzically.
don't
mention
his
to
the
other
white
men,
he
said.
A few days later he called
me to him.
wrote
when
you
sent
me
for
books,
I
told
him.
sign
your
name.
He
laughed.
That
afternoon
I
addressed
myself
to
forging
a
note.
Now,
what
were the name of books written by H. L.
Mencken? I did not
know any of them. I
finally wrote what I thought would be a
foolproof note: Dear Madam: Will you
please let this nigger
boy -- I used
the word
that I could not possibly be
the author of the note -- have
那么我怎样能够弄
清楚门肯其人？江边有一大型
图书馆，但我知道，正如不许黑人进入城里的公
园和运动场一样，他们也同样不被允许进入图书
馆。我曾经几次去过那儿，
帮正在干活的白人借
书。
他们中有哪个人能帮我借书呢？
我反
复琢磨着这些白人的人品。有一个犹太人叫
唐，但我信不过他。他的情况并不比我好多少
，
而且我知道他这个人总是不安分没有安全感。他
待我总是满不
在乎、傲气十足，对我的轻视几乎
也不加掩饰。我不敢要他去帮我借书。他特别渴
望表示自己在与白人团结一致反对黑人，这使他
有可能会出卖我。
那么老板如何样呢？不成。他是个浸礼会教徒，
< br>我有这样的怀疑，就是他可能不大会明白为什么
一个黑人孩子想去读门肯的书。上
班的还有一些
别的白人，但他们的态度明确地表明他们要么是
三
K
党徒，要么是其支持者，要他们帮忙是不可
< br>能的。
仅剩一人了，他的态度不属于反黑人的范畴，因
为我曾经听白人们叫他为“拍教皇马屁的人”。
他是爱尔兰的天
主教徒，南方白人不喜欢他。我
知道他常读书。因为我曾经有几次帮他去图书馆
借过书。因为他也是白人仇视的对象，我感到他
也许会拒绝我但不大可能
出卖我。我拿不准，只
在心里反复琢磨，
反复权衡着这无法估计
的事情。
一天早上，我来到这位天主教徒的桌子边停下。
“我想请你帮个忙。”我低声对他说。
“什么忙？”
“我想借书。我从图书馆中借不到书。
我不知道你可否让我用一用你的借书证？”
他满心怀疑地看着我。
“我的证大部分时间都借满了，”他说。
“我知道。”我边说边等待着，用沉默来提出我
的问题。
“你不是想给我惹麻烦，对吗，小伙子？”他两
眼瞪着我。
“噢，不，先生。”
“你想借什么书？”
“.门肯写的。“
“哪一本？”
“我不知道。他写过不止一本书吗？”
“他写了好几本。”
“我以前不知道。”
“你为什么想读门肯的书？”
some books by . Mecken? I forged the
white man's name.
I entered the library
as I had always done when on errands
for
whites,
but
I
felt
that
I
would
somehow
slip
up
and
betray
myself.
I
doffed
my
hat,
stood
a
respectful
distance
from
the
desk,
looked as unbookish as possible, and waited for
the
white patrons to be taken care of.
When the desk was clear
of people, I
still waited.
The white librarian
looked at me.
As though I
did not possess the power of speech, I stepped
forward and simply handed her the
forged note, not parting
my lips.
in here for him
before.
this.
Oh,
God, she's suspicious. Perhaps she would not let
me have
the
books?
If
she
had
turned
her
back
at
that
moment,
I
would
have
ducked out the door and never gone back. Then I
thought
of a bold idea.
not
using
these
books,
are
you?
she
asked
pointedly.
breath.
I knew now that I had non; she was
thinking of other things
and the race
question had gone out of her mind. She went to
the shelves. Once or twice she looked
over her shoulder at
me,
as
though
she
was
still
doubtful.
Finally
she
came
forward
with two books in
her hand.
come
in
next
time,
or
send
me
the
names
of
the
books
he
wants.
I don't know what he wants to
read.
I
said
nothing.
She
stamped
the
card
and
handed
me
the
books.
Not
daring to glance at them. I went out of the
library,
fearing
that
the
woman
would
call
me
back
for
further
questioning. A block away from the
library I opened one of
the
books
and
read
a
title:
A
Book
of
Prefaces.
I
was
nearing
my nineteenth birthday and I did not
know how to pronounce
the
word
I
thumbed
the
pages
and
saw
strange
words
and strange names. I
shook my head, disappointed. I looked
at
the
other
book;
it
was
called
Prejudices,
I
knew
what
that
word meant; I had heard
it all my life. And right off I was
on
guard
against
Mencken's
books.
Why
would
a
man
want
to
call
“噢，我刚刚在报纸上看到他的名字。”我说。
“你想读书是不错的，”他说，
“不过，你应该读一些好的书。”
我什么也没说。他会不会要监督我的阅读呢？
“让我想一下，我会想出办法的。”他说。
我转过身走开，他把我叫了回来。
有些不解地盯着我说：
“理查德，不要对其他的白人讲此事。”
“我知道，我是一个字也不会说的。”
几天后，他把我叫了过去。
“我用我
妻子的名义搞了张借书证，
”他说。
“我
的这张就给你了。”
“谢谢你，先生。”
“你认为自己能成功吗？”
“我会搞妥的。”我说。
“如果他们怀疑上你，你就麻烦了。”他说。
“我会象你以前让我去借书时一样写张条子给图
书馆。”我告诉他说，
“我会签上你的名子的。”
他听后笑了起来。
“去吧。看看你能借到什么书。”
那
天下午，我竭尽全力造了一张假便条。但是，
.
门肯写的书的书
名都是什么呢？我一点也不知
道。最后，我写了一张自认为万无一失的条子：
亲爱的夫人，请让这个小黑鬼——我使用了“黑
鬼”这个词是为了让图书管
理员不认为我写这张
便条——借几本
.
门肯的书好吗？在便条上我假
冒了这个白人的签名。
我象以往为白人跑腿借书时一样走进了图书馆，
但不知怎么搞的，我总觉
得自己不知会在什么地
方出点岔子，最终暴露自己。我摘下帽子，毕恭
< br>毕敬地站在离借书桌有一段距离的地方，显出一
副不会读书的样子，等着白人读者
先借。桌边已
经空无一人了，我仍在等着。
白人管理员看着我问道：
“你想干什么，伙计？”
像不会说话一样
我迈向前，一声也没
作的把那张伪造的条子递了
过去。
“他想借门肯的书？”她问。
“我不知道，夫人。”我躲开了她的双眼。
“这张卡是谁给你的？”
“福尔克先生。”
“他在哪儿？”
“他在工作。在
M
——光学仪器公司，”我说，
a
book
Prejudices?
The
word
was
so
stained
with
all
my
memories
of
racial hate that I cold not conceive of anybody
using it
for a title. Perhaps I had
made a mistake about Mencken? A
man who
had prejudices must be wrong.
When I
showed the books to Mr. Falk, he looked at me and
frowned.
all
right,
he
said.
when
you're
through
reading
those books, I want you
to
tell me what you
get
out
of them.
That
night
in
my
rented
room,
while
letting
the
hot
water
run
over my can of pork and beans in the
sink, I opened A Book
of
Preface
and
began
to
read.
I
was
jarred
and
shocked
by
the
style,
the
clear,
clean,
sweeping
sentences.
Why
did
he
write
like that? And how did one write like
that? I pictured the
man as a raging
demon, slashing with his pen, consumed with
hate, denouncing everything American,
extolling everything
European or
German, laughing at the weaknesses of people,
mocking God, authority. What was this?
I stood up, trying to
realize what
reality lay behind t
he meaning of the
words …
Yes,
this
man
was
fighting,
fighting
with
words.
He
was
using
words as a weapon,
using them as one would use a club. Could
words
be
weapons?
Well,
yes,
for
there
they
were.
Then,
maybe,
perhaps, I could use them as a weapon?
No. It frightened me.
I read on and
what amazed me was not what he said, but how
on earth anybody had the courage to say
it.
I ran across many words whose
meanings I did not know, and
either
looked
them
up
in
a
dictionary
or,
before
I
had
a
chance
to do that, encountered the word in a
context that made its
meaning clear.
But what strange world was this? I concluded
the book with the conviction that I had
somehow overlooked
something terribly
important in life. I had once tried to
write,
had
once
reveled
in
feeling,
had
let
my
crude
imagination roam, but the impulse to
dream had been slowly
beaten out of me
by experience. Now it surged up again and
I hungered for books, new ways of
looking and seeing. It was
not a matter
of believing or disbelieving what I read, but
of
feeling
something
new,
of
being
affected
by
something
that
made the look of the world different.
I
forget
more
notes
and
my
trips
to
the
library
became
frequent.
Reading
grew
into
a
passion.
My
first
serious
novel
was
Sinclair
Lewis's
Main
Street.
It
made
me
see
my
boss,
Mr.
Gerald, and identify him as an American
type. I would smile
when I saw him
lugging his golf bags into the office. I had
always felt a vast distance separating
me from the boss, and
now I felt closer
to him, though still distant. I felt now
that
I
knew
him,
that
I
could
feel
the
very
limits
of
his
narrow
life.
And this had happened because I had read a novel
about
a mythical man called George F.
Babbitt.
I read Dreiser's Jennie
Gerhardt and Sister Carrie and they
“我以前在这儿给他借过书。”
“我
记得，”她说。“但他从未写过象这样的条
子。”
噢，天啊！她有点怀疑了。也许她不会让我借这
些书了。如果当时她转过身
去的话，我一定会低
头冲出门外，再也不回去了。这时，我想出了一
个大胆的主意。
“你可以打电话问问他，夫人，”我说道
，心里
却紧张得砰砰狂跳。
“不是你自己用这些书吧？”她直率地问。
“噢，不会，夫人。我不会认字。”
“我不知道他要门肯的什么书？”她低声说道。
此时，我知道成功了。她已经忘了种族问
题，在
考虑其它的问题了。她走到书架前，又转过头来
看过我一
、两次，似乎仍对我有些怀疑。最后她
拿了两本书走了过来。“我借给他两本书。”她<
/p>
说。
“但你要告诉福尔克先生，下次让
他来，要不就
告诉他要借的书的名字。
我不清楚他借什么书。<
/p>
”
我什么也没有说。她在借书证上盖了
章，然后把
书交给了我。我连看都没敢看一眼借到的书就走
出了
图书馆，
生怕她会把我叫回去进一步地盘问。
走出一个街区后我
打开其中一本书，看了一下书
名：
《序言集》
< br>。我马上就十九岁了，可我不知道
怎样发“序言”这个词的音。我用手指快速地翻
着，看到了一些奇怪的词和句子。我失望地摇了
摇头。又去看另
一本书。书名叫《偏见》
。我知道
这个词的含义。
我从小到大都一直在听到这个词。
我由此一下子对门肯的书有了警觉。为什么
一个
人要把书名定为《偏见》呢？这个词沾满了我对
种族仇恨的
所有记忆，我以致于无法想象会有人
以它作为书名。也许我错看了门肯？一个带有偏
见的人肯定是错的。
当我把书扔给福尔克
先生看时，他望了望我皱起
了眉头。
“图书管理员可能会给你打电话的。”我先给他
提个醒。
“这好办。”他说，“但是当你读完这些书后，
希望你能告诉我从中
学到了些什么。”
那天晚上，有租来的房间里，我让热水冲着
洗碗
池里的猪肉烧豆罐头，一边打开那本《序言集》
读了起来。
我被书中的风格和它那干净、整齐，
有力的句子给震惊了。他为什么要这样写呢？又
是怎样象这样写成的呢？我把他想象成一个凶狠
的魔鬼一样，用手中
的笔奋力进攻，内心充满仇
revived in me a vivid sense
of my mother's suffering; I was
overwhelmed. I grew silent, wondering
about the life around
me. It would have
been impossible for me to have told anyone
what
I
derived
from
these
novels,
for
it
was
nothing
less
than
a sense of life itself.
All my life had shaped me for the
realism, the naturalism of the modern
novel, and I could not
read enough of
them.
Steeped in new moods and ideas, I
bought a ream of paper and
tried to
write; but nothing would come, or what did come
was
flat beyond telling. I discovered
that more than desire and
felling were
necessary to write and I dropped the idea. Yet
I
still
wondered
how
it
was
possible
to
know
people
sufficiently to write
about them? Could I ever learn about
life and people? To me, with my vast
ignorance, my Jim Crow
station in
life, it seemed a task
impossible
of
achievement.
I
now
knew
what
being
a
Negro
meant.
I
could
endure
the
hunger.
I had learned to
live with hate. But to feel that there were
feelings denied me, that the very
breath of life itself was
beyond my
reach, that more than anything else hurt, wounded
me. I had a new hunger.
恨。对美国的一切进行抨击，而又
竭力称颂欧洲
或德国的一切东西。他嘲笑人性的弱点，嘲弄上
帝
和权威。这是怎么回事？我站起来，试图弄明
白隐藏在字眼后面的实际情况。是的，这个
人一
生在战斗，用他手中的笔作武器进行战斗。他就
象别人使用
棍棒一样使用文字。文字可以作为武
器吗？是的，因为在这儿就是如此。不，这种想
法把我吓坏了。
而是居然会有人有勇气说这些话。
< br>
我遇到了很多自己不知其意的词。有些我查了字
典，有
些词还没等我去查，就又遇见了，通过上
下文词义清楚了。世界多么奇特啊！看完书后我
得出一个结论，那就是不知由于什么原因，自己
忽视了生活中一
些重要的东西。
我曾经试过写作，
也曾十分乐意去感受事物，让
我那淳朴的想象云
游四方。但人生的经历慢慢地磨灭了这些的冲动
的梦想。现在它又冒了出来。我渴望看书，期待
着新的观察和理解世界的方法。这不是
相信或不
相信自己所读到的东西的问题，而是一种对新的
东西的
感受，
受到影响并使世界的面貌有的不同。
< br>我又造了一些假便条，到图书馆去的次数也更多
了。读书成了我的一种爱好。我读
的第一本严肃
HOW COULD ANYTHING THAT FEELS
SO BAD BE SO
GOOD?
小说是辛克莱·刘易斯的《大街》
。它让我明白了
Maybe it is time to adopt a
new strategy in trying to
自己的老板杰的尔德先生。我发现到他是一个典
figure
out why life today is so difficult, and what can
be
型的美国人。当我看到他拖着高尔夫球袋走进办
done
about
it.
Assume
that
not
only
are
things
often
not
what
公室时我总要笑。以前我一直觉得自己和老板间
they
seem, they may be just the opposite of what they
seem.
距离很远，现在我感到离他近多了，尽管还有一
When it
comes to human affairs, everything is paradoxical.
定的距离。我感到自己真正认识了他，我能够感
People
are
discontented
these
days,
for
example,
not
到他的生活圈子小，具有局限性。因为我读了一
because
things are worse than ever, but because things are
本写一个虚构的人物乔治·F·巴比特的小说才
better
than
ever.
Take
marriage.
In
California
there
are
about
six
divorces for every ten marriages -- even higher in
some
有这番变化的。
《珍尼·
格哈特》
和
《嘉莉妹妹》
。
of the better communities. One must admit that a good deal
我读了德莱塞的
of
discontent
is
reflected
in
those
statistics.
But
the
它们使我又一次真切
地感受到了母亲所遭受的苦
explanation
so
frequently
offered
--
that
the
institution
of
marriage is in a state of collapse --
simply does not hold.
Marriage has
never been more popular and desirable than is
it now; so appealing in fact, that even
those who are in the
process
of
divorce
can
scarcely
wait
for
the
law
to
allow
them
to
marry again.
The
problem
is
that
people
have
never
before
entered
marriage
with
the
high
expectations
they
now
hold.
Throughout
history,
the family has been a vital unit for
survival, starting as
a
defense
system
for
physical
survival,
and
gradually
becoming a unit
for economic survival. Now, of course, the
family has become a physical and
economic liability rather
than an
asset. Having met, as a society, the basic
survival
and
security
needs,
people
simply
don't
need
each
other
难。我完全沉
浸在书中了。我变得沉默起来，思
考着周围的生活。我不可能告诉任何人自己从小
说中有什么收获，
因为那正是对生活自身的感受。
生活的经历使得我喜欢现代小说中的现实主义，
自然主义，这些小说中我百读不厌。
我沉浸在新的思想和情绪之中。买了一令纸，我
试着写作。可有时我什么也写不出来，有时写出
的东西又极为乏味。我发现写
作所需要的不仅仅
是愿望和感情，于是便放弃了这种想法。但我仍
想弄明白怎样才能充分地了解以便能够把他们写
出来。我能否真正理解人和生活呢？对
我为说，
由于自己完全无知和作为黑人在社会中的地位。
这似乎
是一个可望而不可及的目标。我现在明白
anymore to fight
Indians or spin yarn -- or wash dishes or
repair
electrical
plugs
for
that
matter.
The
bonds
of
marriage
and
family life are no longer functional, but
affectional.
People used to come to
love each other because they needed
each
other.
Now
it's
just
the
other
way
around.
They
need
each
other because they love each other.
Listening to the complaints of those
recently divorced, one
seldom
hears
of
brutality
and
desertion,
but
usually
something like,
educational differences between us were
simply too great to
overcome
let me be
me
complaints are interesting, because
they reflect high-order
discontent
resulting
from
the
failure
of
marriage
to
meet
the
great expectations held
for it. Couples now expect -- and
demand
--
communication
and
understanding,
shared
values
and
goals,
intellectual
companionship,
great
moments
of
intimacy.
By
and
large,
marriage
today
actually
does
deliver
such
moments, but as a result couples have gone on to
burden
the relationship with even
greater demands. To some extent
it has
been the success of marriage that has created the
discontent.
The
same
appears
to
be
true
in
the
civil
rights
movement.
The
gains that have been made have led not
to satisfaction but
to
increased
tension
and
dissatisfaction,
particularly
among
those benefiting from such gains. The
discontent is higher
in
the
North
than
in
the
South,
higher
in
cities
than
in
rural
areas.
The disturbing paradox of social change
is that improvement
brings
the
need
for
more
improvement
in
constantly
accelerating
demands.
So,
compared
to
what
used
to
be,
society
is
way ahead; compared to what might be, it is way
behind.
Society
is
enabled
to
feel
that
conditions
are
rotten,
because
they are actually so
good.
Another
problem
is
that
everything
is
temporary,
nothing
lasts.
We
have
grown
up
with
the
idea
that
in
order
to
develop
personal
security
we
need
stability,
roots,
consistency,
and
familiarity. Yet we live in a world
which in every respect
is
continually
changing.
Whether
we
are
talking
about
sky-scrapers or family life, scientific
facts or religious
values, all are
highly temporary and becoming even more so.
If
one
were
to
plot
a
curve
showing
the
incidence
of
invention
throughout the
history of man, one would see that change is
not just increasing but actually
accelerating. Changes are
coming faster
and faster -- in a sense change has become a
way of life. The only people who will
live successfully in
tomorrow's
world
are
those
who
can
accept
and
enjoy
temporary
systems.
People
are
also
troubled
because
of
the
new
participative
mood
了作为一个黑人到底意味着什么。我能够忍受饥
饿，也能面对被仇恨的现实。但感觉
到自己连某
些感情的东西都得不到，就连生活中最基本的东
西对
我来讲也以难以获取，这一点比其他任何东
西都令我伤心。我有了一种新的渴望。
感觉很糟糕的事情为何如此之好？
可
能现在是采用一种新的策略去搞清楚为什
么今天的生活会如此困难。
以及该怎样来应付这个问题的时候了。假定事物
不仅是它
们通常看上去的样子，
它们可能恰好相反。当涉及到人的问题
的时候，
一切事情都是自相矛盾的。
例如，人们现在感到不满意，不是因为事情比以
往更糟，而是因为事情比以往任何时候都
好。以
婚姻为例，在加利福利亚，十对夫妇中有约六对
离婚
--
在一些较富裕的地区这个比例还要高一
些。人们必须承认，这些数字说明了许多不满。
但人们通常对此给予的解释
--
婚姻制度正处于崩
溃的状态
--
根本站不住脚。人们从未象现在这样
渴望和欢迎婚姻。
的确，婚姻是如此地引人入胜，
连很多正在办离婚的人几乎等不及法律许可他们
重新结婚。
问题在于人们对婚姻报有的期望从
未象现在这样
高。有史以来，家底就一直是一个生存的重要单
元
。从一个充当肉体生存的防御体系，渐渐地演
变成为一个经济生存的单元。现在，毫无疑
问，
家庭变成了经济和肉体上的负担而不是财富。作
为一个社会
，基本的生存和安全需要得到满足之
后，人们不再相互需要去纺纱或是去和印第安人
作战了
--
进而言之，人们也不相互需要去
洗盘子
或是去修电源插头。婚姻和家庭生活的纽带不再
是功能性
的，而是情感性的了。人们过去相爱通
常是因为他们彼此需要。而今却刚好相反，人们<
/p>
互相需要是因为他们彼此相爱。
听一听
最近离婚的人的抱怨，人们很少能听到虐
待和遗弃的事。常常听到的都是这样的话：我们
就是无法好好地沟通。我们之间受教育的差距太
that
exists
today.
It's
a
do-it-
yourself
society;
every
layman
wants
to
get
into
the
act.
Emerson's
your
own
thing
has become the cliché
of the times. People no longer accept
being passive members. They now want to
be active changers.
This participative
phenomenon can be seen in every part of
contemporary life -- on campus, in the
church, in the mass
media,
in
the
arts,
in
business
and
industry,
on
ghetto
streets, in the
family.
The problem is that modern man
seems unable to redesign his
institution fast enough to accommodate
the new demands, the
new intelligence,
the new abilities of segments of society
which,
heretofore,
have
not
been
taken
seriously.
Consequently,
people
are
frightened
by
the
black
revolution,
paralyzed by
student activism, and now face what may be even
more devastating -- the women's
rebellion.
Society simply has not had
these kinds of problems before,
and to
meet them it will have to adopt strategies for
their
solution
that
are
as
new,
and
as
different,
and
as
paradoxical
as are the
problems themselves.
Instead
of
trying
to
reduce
the
discontent
felt,
try
to
raise
the
level
or
quality
of
the
discontent.
Perhaps
the
most
that
can be hoped for is to have high-order
discontent in today's
society,
discontent about things that really matter. Rather
than evaluating programs in terms of
how happy they make
people, how
satisfied those people become, programs must be
evaluated in terms of the quality of
the discontent they
engender.
For
example,
if
a
consultant
wants
to
assess
whether
or not an
organization is healthy, he doesn't ask,
an
absence
of
complaints?
but
rather,
kinds
of
complaints are
there?
Instead
of
trying
to
make
gradual
changes
in
small
increments,
make
big
changes.
After
all,
big
changes
are
relatively
easier
to make than are small ones. Some
people assume that the way
to
bring
about
improvement
is
to
make
the
change
small
enough
so
that
nobody
will
notice
it.
This
approach
has
never
worked,
and
one can't help but wonder why such thinking
continues.
Everyone knows how to resist
small changes; they do it all
the time.
If, however, the change is big enough, resistance
can't
be
mobilized
against
it.
Management
can
make
a
sweeping
organizational
change, but just let a manager try to change
someone's
desk
from
here
to
there,
and
see
the
great
difficulty he encounters. All change is
resisted, so the
question is how can
the changes be made big enough so that
they have a chance of succeeding?
Buckminster Fuller ahs said that
instead of reforms society
needs new
forms; ., in order to reduce traffic accidents,
improve
automobiles
and
highways
instead
of
trying
to
improve
drives.
The
same
concept
should
be
applied
to
human
relations.
There
is
a
need
to
think
in
terms
of
social
architecture,
and
大，难以逾越。
我感到被婚姻束缚住
了。他不让我自主行事。我
们之间不再有很多共同的东西了。
这些抱怨都很有意思。因为它们反映了由于婚姻
未能达到原来人
们对其所抱的高期望值而引发的
高层次的不满。夫妻们现在期望
--
并要求
--
相互
< br>沟通和理解，共同的价值观和目标，精神伴侣，
和美妙的亲密时刻。总体上看，婚
姻的确带来了
这样的时刻，但正是这样，夫妻们进一步用更高
的
要求来给婚姻关系增加负担。
从某种程度上看，
是婚姻的成功产
生了这些不满。民权运动的情况
也是一样。它所取得的就没有导致满足而是增加
了紧张和不满意，特别是在那些从中获益的人中
更是如此。
人们的不满情绪北方高于南方，城市高于乡村。
社会变革产生了一种令人不安的矛盾现象。即进
步带来了对更多
的进步的要求，而且这种要求是
以不断加速的形式出现的。所以，与过去相比，
社会已经大有进步了；
但与将来可能的情形相比，
却又远远落后了。由此使人们感到情况很糟，而
这正是由于实际情况很好所致。
另一个问题是一切都是短暂的，没有什么是一成
不变的。人们从小就养成了一种观念：为了增进
个人的安全，我们需要安定，有根基
，始终如一，
需要了解熟悉周围的一切。但我们生活在一个各
个
方面都在不停变化着的世界上。无论是说到摩
天大楼，还是家庭生活，是科学事实还是宗
教信
仰，一切都是非常短暂的，并且会越来越短暂。
如果要画一
张曲线来反映人类历史上发明创造的
发生率的话，就会发现变化不仅在增加，而且在
加速进行。变化越来越快
--
从某种意义上
看，变
化已经成了一种生活方式。在将来的世界上只有
那些能够
接受和喜欢暂时性制度的人才能够成功
地生活下去。
人们还因为现今存在的参与情绪而烦恼。这是一
个自己动手干的社会。<
/p>
每个人都想参与到活动中去。爱默生的自己动手
自己干的中号已经成为时代的口头禅。人们不会
再做被动的成员，
他们如今想成为积极的变革者。
人们可以在现代生
活中的各个方面看到这种参与
现象，
--
无论在校园，在教堂，在大众传播媒体
中，在艺术上，在商业和工业中，在贫民窟的街
to provide arrangements among people
that evoke what they
really want to see
in themselves. Mankind takes great pains
with
physical
architecture,
and
is
beginning
to
concern
itself with the
design of systems in which the human being
is
a
component.
But
most
of
these
designs
are
only
for
safety,
efficiency, or productivity. System
designs are not made to
affect those
aspects of life people care most about such as
family
life,
romance,
and
esthetic
experiences.
Social
technology as well as
physical technology need to be applied
in making human arrangements that will
transcend anything
mankind has yet
experienced. People need not be victimized
by their environments; they can be
fulfilled by them.
The great frontier
today is the exploration of the human
potential
man's
seemingly
limitless
ability
to
adapt,
to
grow, to invent his own
destiny. There is much to learn, but
we
already know this: the future need not happen to
us; we
can make it happen.
道上，还是在家里。
问题是现代人似乎不能重新设计其体制，来不及
迅速地容纳那些新的要求。<
/p>
新的智慧，新的社会能力。至到如今，仍然没有
认真对待。相应的结果是，人们被黑人革命吓怕
了，被学生的激进活动惊呆了。
现在他们又面临
着可能更具破坏性的事情
--
< br>妇女的反叛。社会只
不过以往从未经历过这些问题罢了。要解决这些
问题，需要采用与这些问题一样新、一样相异、
一样矛盾的策略才行。不要试
图去减少不满的情
绪，应该去提高不满的水平或质量。也许最有希
望在今天的社会上做到的是产生高水平的不满，
即对那些真正事关紧要的事情的不满。
在估价方
案的时候，不要以它们会使人们多么高兴，满意
为标准
，而要看它们会产生什么样的不满。例如，
当一个顾问在评价一个机构是否健全时，他不
是
去问是不是没有抱怨？而是要问有些什么样的抱
怨？
不要试图渐进地变革，要进行大的变革。毕竟大
的变革相对而言比小的变革要容易一些。有些人
认为进行改进的方式是使变革小到让人
难以察觉
得到。这种方法从未成功过。人们不禁要问，为
什么这
种思想还在继续？人人都知道如何去抵抗
小的变革，他们时时都在这样做。然而，如果变
革足够大的话，要想对它发起抵抗就不行了。管
理部门可以进行
大规模的机构改革，但如果让一
个经理把某个人的办公桌从一个地方移到另一个
地方的话，
你就会看到他将遇到的困难会有多大。
所有的变革都会有阻力，问题在于怎样使变革的
步子大到使之有机会获得成功。
巴克明斯特
?
富勒
说过，
社会需要的不是变革而是
新的形式。比如，要减少交通事
故，就该去改进
汽车和公路而不是司机。这一概念也适用于人际
关系。有必要根据社会构成考虑问题，提供人员
安排，从而引出人们真正想从自己身上看
到的东
西。人们一直在苦心经营着有形的建筑，现在开
始关心人
类自身作为其组成成份的系统设计了。
但这些设计大多是为了安全、效率和生产力而进<
/p>
行的。系统设计没有影响人们最为关心的生活方
面，比如家底生活
，谈情说爱和美学欣赏等。在
进行超越迄今为止人类所有的一切经历和人际安
排时，我们需要社会科学和自然科学的技术。不
THE
MONSTER
He was an undersized
little man, with a head too big for
his
body -- a sickly little man. His nerves were had.
He had
skin trouble. It was agony for
him to wear anything next to
his
skin
coarser
than
silk.
And
he
had
seclusions
of
grandeur.
He was a
monster of conceit. Never for one minute did he
look
at
the
world
or
at
people,
except
in
relation
to
himself.
He was not only the
most important person in the world, to
himself; in his own eyes he was the
only person who existed.
He believed
himself to be one of the greatest dramatists in
the
world,
one
of
the
greatest
thinkers,
and
one
of
the
greatest
composers.
To
hear
him
talk,
he
was
Shakespeare,
and
Beethoven,
and
Plato,
rolled
into
one.
And
you
would
have
had
no difficulty in hearing
him talk. He was one of the most
exhausting conversationalists that ever
lived. An evening
with him was an
evening spent in listening to a monologue.
Sometimes
he
was
brilliant;
sometimes
he
was
maddeningly
tiresome. But
whether he was being brilliant or dull, he had
one
sole topic of
conversation: himself. What
he thought
and
what he did.
He
had
a
mania
for
being
in
the
right.
The
slightest
hint
of
disagreement, from
anyone, on the most
trivial point, was
enough
to
set
him
off
on
a
harangue
that
might
last
for
house,
in
which he proved himself right in so many ways, and
with
such
exhausting
volubility,
that
in
the
end
his
hearer,
stunned and deafened, would agree with
him, for the sake of
peace.
It never occurred to him that he and
his doing were not of
the
most
intense
and
fascinating
interest
to
anyone
with
whom
he came in contact. He
had theories about almost any subject
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