-
.
.
历年六级阅读理解逐句翻译
一、
There is
nothing like the suggestion of a cancer risk to
scare a parent, especially
one of the
over-educated, eco-conscious type.
没有什么
事情比有得癌症的迹象更让父母感到害怕的了，
尤其对于受到过度教育、
对生态环
境敏感的那种人来说。
So you can imagine the reaction when a
recent USA Today investigation of air
quality around the nation’s schools
singled out those in the
smugly
（自鸣得意的）
green village
of Berkeley, Calif., as being among the worst in
the country.
所以当
《
今日美国
》
在近期公布的一份全国范围内的学校周边空气质量调
查中，
把加州伯克
利的绿色环保小镇列为全国最差时，你可以想
象到那些自鸣得意的人的反应。
The city’s public high school, as well
as a number of daycare centers,
preschools, elementary and middle
schools, fell in the lowest 10%. Industrial
pollution in our town had supposedly
turned students into living science
experi
ments breathing in a
laboratory’s worth of heavy metals like manganese,
chromium and nickel each day.
该市的公立高中以及为数众多的日间看护中心、
学前教育机构、
小学和中学都在最差的
10%
之列。
我们镇上的工业污染大概把学生置于活体
科学
实验之中，
学生们以等值于实验室的剂
量每天吸入锰、镉和镍等重金属。
This in a city that requires
school cafeterias to serve organic meals. Great, I
thought, organic lunch, toxic campus. <
/p>
这发生在一个要求学校的餐厅提供有机饭菜的城市中。太伟大了，
我想，
有机午餐，
有毒校
园。
Since December, when the report
came out, the mayor, neighborhood
activists
（活跃分子）
and various
parent-teacher associations have engaged in a
fierce
battle over its validity: over
the guilt of the steel-casting factory on the
western
edge of town, over union jobs
versus children’s health and over what, if
anything, ought to be done.
自
12
月份报告公布以来，市长，社区活跃分子和各种家长
---
教师联合会都参与到一场关
于报告的
可信度的激烈斗争中：
关于位于小镇西北角上的钢铁铸造厂的罪责、
有关孩子们的
健康
VS
工会职责，
以及应该去做的事，如果还有事能做的话。
With all
sides presenting their own experts armed with
conflicting scientific
studies, whom
should parents believe?
每一方都有代表他们的专家，手头
上的科学
研究
结果相互矛盾，父母究竟应该相信谁？
word
..
.
.
Is
there truly a threat here, we asked one another as
we dropped off our kids,
and if so, how
great is it?
我们在让孩子下车时会相互询问，
这儿是不是真的存在危险？如果真有危险的话，
有多大？
And how does it compare with the
other, seemingly perpetual health scares we
confront, like panic over lead in
synthetic athletic fields?
和其他危险相比怎么样？比
如像综合运动场上铅含量这样我们似乎要面临的永久性的健康
恐慌。
Rather than just another weird
episode in the town that brought you protesting
environmentalists, this latest drama is
a trial for how today’s parents perceive
risk, how we try to keep our kids
safe
—whether it’s possible to keep them
safe
—
in what
feels like an increasingly threatening world. It
raises the question
of what, in our
time, “safe” could even mean.
这不仅仅是发生在城镇中的又一个奇特事件
< br>，引来一群游行抗议的环保主义者，这场最新
的闹剧是对现在的父母如何看待风险
的试金石，
我们如何在一个看起来日益危机四起的世界
里尽量保
证我们孩子的安全
----
无论能否保证他们的安全。
这引起的问题是，
在我们的时代
“
安全
”
究竟意味着什么。
“There’s no way around the
uncertainty,” says Kimberly Thompson, president of
Kid Risk, a nonprofit group that
studies children’s health. “That means your
choices can matter, but it
al
so means you aren’t going to know if
they do.”
“
没有办法解决
不确定的问题，
”
金伯利汤普森说，
她
是一个研究儿童健康问题的非盈利性组
织
“
孩子的危险
”
的主席。
“
这意味着你的选择很重要，但这也意味着如果你的选择真的很重
要的话，
你也没有办法知道。
”
A
2004 report in the journal Pediatrics explained
that nervous parents have
more to fear
from fire, car accidents and drowning than from
toxic chemical
exposure.
一份<
/p>
2004
年发表在学术期刊
《儿科》
上的报告解释了不安的父母们对火灾、
车祸和溺水的
恐慌要更甚于接触有毒化学物质。
To which
I say: Well, obviously. But such concrete hazards
are beside the point.
对此我认为：
“
嗯，很明显。但是这些具体的危险并非重点。
It’s the dangers parents
can’t—
and may
never
—
quantify that occur
all of
sudden. That’s why I’ve rid my
cupboard of microwave food packed in bags
coated with a potential
cancer-
causing substance, but although
I’ve lived blocks
from a major fault
line(
地质断层
) for more than 12
years, I still haven’
t bolted
our bookcases to the living room wall.
正式父母们不能
----
可能永远也不
能
-----
量化危险会突然发生。这正是我已经把所有包装<
/p>
袋上涂有可能致癌物质的微波食品全部扔掉的原因，
但是尽管我住
在一个距离大地质断层几
街区远的地方已经
12
年了，我仍然没把我们的书架固定在客厅的墙上。
word
..
.
.
二、
Crippling
health care bills, long emergency-room waits and
the inability to find
a primary care
physician just scratch the surface of the problems
that patients
face daily.
问题
重重的医疗保障费用，
急诊室前排起的长队，
以及无法找到初级
护理医生，
这些仅是每
天要面对的问题中的一部分。
Primary care should be the
backbone of any health care system.
初级护理应该是所有医疗保障体系的支柱。
Countries with appropriate primary care
resources score highly when it comes
to
health outcomes and cost.
有充足的初级护理资源的国家
在健康水平和费用支出上都获得甚佳的评价。
The
U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing
the specialist rather than
the primary
care physician.
美国却反其道而行之，注重专科医生而非初级护理医生。
A recent study analyzed the providers
who treat Medicare beneficiaries
（老年医
保受惠人）
.
最近一项
研究
分析了负责治疗老年医保受惠人的医生。
The startling finding was that the
average Medicare patient saw a total of seven
doctors
—
two
primary care physicians and five
specialists
—
in a given year.
Contrary to popular belief, the more
physicians taking care of you don’t
guarantee better care.
这项令人震
惊的研究发现，
老年医保受惠人平均每天要看七名医生
----
包括两名初级护理医
生和五名专科医生。
与公众的想法刚好相反，
更多的医生给你看病并不能保证更好的医疗服
务。
Actually, increasing
fragmentation of care results in a corresponding
rise in cost
and medical errors.
实际上，医疗服务的日益分化导致的是费用的上升和误诊数量的增多。
How did we let primary care slip so
far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most
physicians are paid whenever they
perform a medical service.
我们怎么会使初级护理如此
严重地滑坡呢？关键是医生的收入。
大部分医生的收入来源于他
们所提供的医疗服务。
The more a
physician does, regardless of quality or outcome,
the better he’s
reimbursed
(
返还费用
).
医生做的越多，不管
质量或结果如何，他获得的返还费用就越高。
word
..
.
.
Moreover, the amount a
physician receives leans heavily toward medical or
surgical procedures.
此外，医生的收入在很大程度上受到医疗或者外壳手术的影响。
A specialist who performs a procedure
in a 30-minute visit can be paid three
times more than a primary care
physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss
a patient’s disease.
一名专科医生耗时
30
分钟进行某个手术，
其收入要比比一名初级护理医生花同样多的时间
去讨论一个病人病情的收入
高
3
倍。
Combine this fact with annual
government threats to indiscriminately cut
reimbursements, physicians are faced
with no choice but to increase quantity to
boost income.
再加上政府每年都威胁要一视同
仁地降低医疗返还费用，
初级护理医生没有选择的余地，
只
好通过提升数量以增加收入。
Primary care physicians who refuse to
compromise quality are either driven out
of business or to cash-only practices,
further contributing to the decline of
primary care.
对于拒绝牺牲质量的初级护理而
言，
要么被迫停业，
要么就只从事能赚钱的业务，
这使得初
级护理的质量进一步下滑。
Medical students are not blind to this
scenario. They see how heavily the
reimbursement deck is stacked against
primary care. The recent numbers show
that since 1997, newly graduated U.S.
medical students who choose primary
care as a career have declined by 50%.
医学院的学生对此并非一无所知。
他们看到了费用返还体制是如
何严重地弄虚作假，
不利于
初级护理。
最近的数据表明，
自
1997
年以来，
美国医学院的毕业生选择初级护理作为职业
的人数下降了
50%
。
This
trend results in emergency rooms being overwhelmed
with patients
without regular doctors.
这样的趋势导致急诊室里人满为患，挤满了那些无法找到普通医生的病人。
How do we fix this problem?
我们怎么解决这个问题。
It
starts with reforming the physician reimbursement
system. Remove the
pressure for primary
care physicians to squeeze in more patients per
hour, and
reward them for optimally
(
最佳地
) managing their
diseases and practicing
evidence-based
medicine.
首先需要改革医生费用返还体制。
卸下初
级护理医生每小时看更多病人的压力，
对于优化病
患管理和机遇
病症用药给予奖励。
word
..
.
.
Make primary care more attractive to
medical students by forgiving student
loans for those who choose primary care
as a career and reconciling the marked
difference between specialist and
primary care physician salaries.
通过减免从事
初级护理的医学院学生的学费贷款，
使初级护理对医学院学生更有吸引力，
消
除去专科医生和初级护理医生薪水之间的巨大差异。
We’re at a point where primary care
is needed more than ever. Within a few
years, the first wave of the 76 million
Baby Boomers will become eligible for
Medicare.
我们对初级护理的需求从未像现在这样迫
切过。
在几年之内，
第一波
7600<
/p>
万婴儿潮一代将
被纳入老年人医保。在未来的十年期间
Patients older than 85, who
need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this
decade.
年龄大于
85
岁的最需要长期看护的病人数量将会增加
50%
。
Who will be there to
treat them?
到时谁去治疗他们？
There are few
more sobering online activities than entering data
into
college-tuition calculators and
gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum.
在大学学费计算器里输入数据，
然后对着网络吐出来的六位数倒抽一
口气，
很少有其他在线
活动比这种活动更让人清醒了。
But economists say families
about to go into debt to fund four years of
partying,
as well as studying, can
console themselves with the knowledge that college
is
an investment that, unlike many bank
stocks, should yield huge dividends.
但是
经济学家们认为，
打算举债资助四年聚会和学习的家庭可以这样安慰自己：
大学是不同
于很多银行股票的投资，它应该产生巨额的红利。
A 2008 study by two Harvard
economists notes that the “labor
-market
premium
to skill”—
or the
amount college graduates earne
d that’s
greater than what
high-school graduate
earned
—
decreased for much of
the 20th century, but has
come back
with a vengeance (
报复性地
)
since the 1980s.
两位哈佛经济学家在
20
08
年进行的一项
研究
发现
“
劳动力市场对及恩那个的溢价现象
”
----
换种说法就是大学毕业生的收入高于高中毕业生
< br>----
在
20
世纪大部分的时
间都有所下降，
但是自从
20
世纪
80
年代出现了报复性的增长。
In 2005, The typical full-time year-
round U.S. worker with a four-year college
degree earned $$50,900, 62% more than
the $$31,500 earned by a worker with
only a high-school diploma.
word
..
.
.
在<
/p>
2005
年，典型的拥有四年大学学位的全职美国工人平均收入为
50900
美元，比高中文
凭的工人的
平均收入
31500
美元多了
62%<
/p>
。
There’s no
question that going to college is a smart economic
choice. But a look
at the strange
variations in tuition reveals that the choice
about which college to
attend doesn’t
come down merely to dollars and cents.
毫无疑问，
上大学从经济上来说是明智的选择。
但是学费奇怪的变化说明，
选择上哪种大学
并不只是金
钱的问题。
Does going to
Columbia University (tuition, room and board
$$49,260 in
2007-08) yield a 40% greater
return than attending the University of Colorado
at Boulder as an out-of-state student
($$35,542)?
上哥伦比亚大学（学费，食宿费在
20
07
年
--2008
年达到了
49260
美元）比起非当地学
生报读科罗拉多
大学博德尔分销（费用为
35542
美元）的回报率高
40%
吗？
Probably not. Does being an out-of-
state student at the University of Colorado
at Boulder yield twice the amount of
income as being an in-state student
($$17,380) there? Not likely.
不太可能。一名报读科罗拉多大学博德尔分校的非当地学生的收入会是当地学生（费用为
17380
美元的两倍吗？不太可能。
No, in this consumerist age, most
buyers aren’t evaluating college as an
investment, but rather as a consumer
product
—
like a car or
clothes or a house.
And with such
purchases, price is only one of many crucial
factors to consider.
不，在消费主义的时代，大部分的买家不
会把大学看做一种投资，而是一种消费品
----
就像
汽车、衣服或住房一样。购买这些商品，价格仅是需要考虑的很多关键因素中的一个。
As with automobiles, consumers
in today’s college marketplace have vast
choices, and people search for the one
that gives them the most comfort and
satisfaction in line with their
budgets.
正如汽车一样，
在今天的大学市场，
消费者有很多选择，
人们在寻找复合预算条件的最舒适
和满意的学校。
This accounts
for the willingness of people to pay more for
different types of
experiences (such as
attending a private liberal-arts college or going
to an
out-of-state public school that
has a great marine-biology program).
这解
释了为什么人们愿意为不同的体验付出更高的费用
（例如报读私立学校的
文学
院或者报
读一家有很好的海洋生物学课程的外州公
立大学）。
And just as two auto
purchasers might spend an equal amount of money on
very
different cars, college students
(or, more accurately, their parents) often show
a willingness to pay essentially the
same price for vastly different products.
< br>正如两名购车人会为完全不同的汽车付同样的价钱一样，
大学生
< br>（或者更准确地说，
他们的
父母）经常愿意为完全不同的
产品支付差不多的价钱。
word
..
.
.
So which is it? Is college an
investment product like a stock or a consumer
product like a car?
那这是哪一种？究
竟大学是像股票一样的投资产品还是像汽车一样的消费品？
In keeping with the automotive world’s
hottest consumer trend, maybe it’s best
to characterize it as a hybrid
(
混合动力汽车
); an expensive
consumer product
that, over time, will
pay rich dividends.
为了追上汽车最炙手可热的消费者趋势，<
/p>
或许最好是把大学看做混合动力汽车；
一种消费品，
但随着时间的流逝，会带来丰厚的回报。
For hundreds of
millions of years, turtles
(
海龟
) have struggled out of
the sea to
lay their eggs on sandy
beaches, long before there were nature
documentaries
to celebrate them, or GPS
satellites and marine biologists to track them, or
volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings
(
幼龟
) down to the water’s
edge lest
they become disoriented by
headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot
instead.
在数亿年前的时间里，
< br>海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海道海滩上产卵，
时间远远遭遇自然纪录片
的赞扬，
或全球定位通讯卫星和海洋生物学家的追踪，
又或者志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边
以避免它们受到光线的影响迷失方向，爬向汽车旅
馆的停车场。
A formidable wall of
bureaucracy has been erected to protect their
prime nesting
on the Atlantic
coastlines.
由官方建造的大型围墙用于保护海龟在大西洋沿岸的主要筑
巢地。
With all that attention
paid to them,
you’d think these
creatures would at least
have the
gratitude not to go extinct.
收到了各种各样的关注
后，你可能会认为这些生物至少会心怀感激，不至于走向灭亡。
But Nature is indifferent to human
notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish
and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome
drop in the populations of several
species of North Atlantic turtles,
notably loggerheads, which can grow to as
much as 400 pounds.
但是自然却无视人
类的公平观念，
由渔业和野生动物服务组织提供的用一份报告显示，
北大
西洋的数种海龟的种群数量出现了令人担忧的下降，特别是体重可达
400
磅的红海龟。
The South Florida nesting population, the largest,
has declined by 50% in the
last decade,
according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist
with the
environmental group Oceana. <
/p>
来自环保组织的
Ocean
的海洋生物学
家伊丽莎白格里芬称，数量最多的佛罗里达州南部穴
居种群在过去十年里减少了
50%
。
word
..
.
.
The figures prompted
Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the
level of
protection for the North
Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened” to
“endangered”—
meaning they
are in danger of disappearing without additional
help.
该数据促使
Oceana
组织向政府情愿，要求将北大西洋红海龟的保护级别从
“
受威胁
”
提升
至
“
濒危
”
----
-
这意味着如果没有外界的帮助，它们将会面临灭绝的危险。
Which raises the obvious question: what
else do these turtles want from us,
anyway?
这就提出了一个明显的问题：这些海龟究竟还要我们做什么？
It turns out, according to Griffin,
that while we have done a good job of
protecting the turtles for the weeks
they spend on land (as egg-laying females,
as eggs and as hatchlings), we have
neglected the years spend in the ocean.
“The threat is from commercial
fishing,” says Griffin.
根据格
里芬的说法，
虽然海龟在陆上的数周时间内，
我们可以很好地保
护它们
（包括产卵的
母龟，卵和幼龟），但是我们忽略了它们在
海里的漫长时光。
“
主要是来自商业捕捞的威胁
”
格里芬说。
Trawlers (which drag large nets through
the water and along the ocean floor)
and longline fishers (which can deploy
thousands of hooks on lines that can
stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on
turtles.
拖网渔船（在水中和海床拖行大型的渔网）和延绳钓鱼船（在钓线上
装备数以千记的鱼钩，
可以延伸至数英里）给海龟造成了惨重的伤亡。
< br>
Of course, like every other
environmental issue today, this is playing out
against
the background of global
warming and human interference with natural
ecosystems.
当然，
就
像所有当下的环保问题一样，
这也是在全球变暖和人类干预自然生态系统的背景下
发生的。
The narrow
strips of beach on which the turtles lay their
eggs are being
squeezed on one side by
development and on the other by the threat of
rising
sea levels as the oceans warm.
海龟产卵的狭窄沙滩一方面收到开发的压榨，
另一方面收到海洋
变暖导致的海平面上升的威
胁。
Ultimately we must get a handle on
those issues as well, or a creature that
outlived the dinosaurs
(
恐龙
) will meet its end at
the hands of humans, leaving
our
descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could
have won so much
affection.
最终我们还要解决这些问题，
否则一种比恐龙活得更久的生物将会在人类手中灭绝，
让我们
的后代困惑于怎么这种丑陋的生物会赢得如此多的关爱。
word
..
.
.
The percentage of immigrants (including
those unlawfully present) in the
United
States has been creeping upward for years.
美国移民的比例（包括非法移民）连续数年呈增长趋势
.
At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than
at any point since the mid
现已达到
12.6%
，比
20
世纪
20
年代中期以来的任何时候都要高。
We are not about to go back to the days
when Congress openly worried about
inferior races polluting America’s
bloodstream.
我们不是要回到国会公开表示担忧等民族污染美国血统的时代。
But once again we are wondering whether
we have too many of the wrong sort
of
newcomers.
但是我们再一次想知道美国是否有太多不适合的新移民。
Their loudest critics argue that the
new wave of immigrants cannot, and indeed
do not want to, fit in as previous
generations did.
其中声势最大的批评认为新的移民浪潮并不能像前
面数代人一样真正融入，
实际上他们也并
不想这么做。
We now know that these racist
views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians
and members of other so-called inferior
races became
exemplary Americans and
contributed greatly, in ways too numerous to
detail,
to the building of this
magnificent nation.
现在我们知道这些种族主义的观点都是错
的。
曾经，
意大利人、
罗马尼亚人以及
其他所谓的
“
低等民族
”
成为美国人的楷模，并且通过不胜枚举的方
式为这个美妙国度的建设做出了伟大的贡献。
There is no reason why these new
immigrants should not have the same success.
说这些新移民不能取得同样的成功毫无根据。
Although children of Mexican immigrants
do better, in terms of educational and
professional attainment, than their
parents, UCLA
sociologist Edward Telles
has found that the gains don’t
continue.
尽管墨西哥移民的孩子在教育和职业成就
领域比起他们的父母表现更佳，
加州大学洛杉矶分
校的社会学家
爱德华
-
特列斯发现这种成就感并没有持续
性。
Indeed,
the fourth generation is marginally worse off than
the third. James
Jackson, of the
University of Michigan, has found a
1920s.
word
..
.
.
similar trend among black Caribbean
immigrants.
事实上，第四代要比第三代稍差一点。密歇根大学的詹姆斯<
/p>
-
杰克逊在加勒比黑人移民中也
发现了相
似的趋势。
Telles fears that
Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the
footsteps of
American
blacks
—
that large parts of
the community
may become mired
(
陷入
) in a seemingly
permanent state of poverty and
underachievement.
特列斯担心墨西哥裔
美国人可能注定会步美国黑人的后尘
---
社区中的大部分人将
陷入贫穷
和毫无建树的状态。
Like African-Americans, Mexican-
Americans are increasingly relegated to
(
降入
)
segregated,
substandard school, and their dropout
rate is the highest for any ethnic
group in the country.
像非裔美国人一样，
< br>墨西哥裔美国人日益降入实行种族隔离政策、
低标准的学校，
他们的退
学率在整个国家的所有民族中是最高的。
We have learned much about the foolish
idea of excluding people on the
presumption of ethnic/racial
inferiority.
我们已经认识到在民族、种族低劣的前提下去排斥他们是
多么愚蠢。
But what we have not
yet learned is how to make the process of
Americanization
work for all.
但是我们仍然不知道如何使美国化的过程适合所有的人。
I am not talking about requiring
people to learn English or to adopt American
ways; those things happen pretty much
on their own.
我并不是说要求所有的人都学习英语或者采取美国的方
式；这些事情自然而然就会发生。
But as
arguments about immigration heat up the campaign
trail, we also ought
to ask some
broader questions about assimilation,
about how to ensure that people, once
outsiders, don’t forever remain
marginalized within these shores.
但是随着关于移民的争论使总统大选白热化，
我们也应该提出关于融合，<
/p>
关于如何确保曾经
的外来人口无需永远在国内边缘化等更广泛的问
题。
That is a much larger
question that what should happen with undocumented
workers, or how best to secure the
border, and it is one
that affects not
only newcomers but groups that have been here for
generations.
word
..
.
.
这是比无证工人的遭遇或者如何包围边境安全更重要的问题
。这个问题不仅影响了新移民，
而且也影响到了已经在这里时代生活的群体。
It will have more impact on our
future than where we decide to set the
admissions bar for the latest wave of
would-be Americans.
And it would be
nice if we finally got the answer right.
与现在我们队即将涌入的准美国人设定
“
准入点
”
相比，它将对我们的未来产生更大的影响。
当然
如果最终可以找到正确答案就太好了。
Sustainable
development is applied to just about everything
from energy to
clean water and economic
growth, and as a result it has become difficult to
question either the basic assumptions
behind it or the way the concept is put to
use.
可持续发展适用于诸如能源，净水，
经济增长等几乎所有的方面，
因此，要对可持续发展的
基本假设或其概念的实施方法提出质疑也变得日益困难。
This is especially true in agriculture,
where sustainable development is often
taken as the sole measure of progress
without a proper appreciation of historical
and cultural perspectives.
这
在农业方面尤其显著，
可持续发展经常被认为是农业进步的唯一标准，
< br>而这并没有从历史
和
文化
的角度
进行适当的评估。
To start with, it
is important to remember that the nature of
agriculture has
changed markedly
throughout history, and will continue to do so
.medieval
agriculture in northern
Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly
rural
society with a much lower
population density than it is today.
首先
，
重要的是认识到农业的本质随着历史的发展已经发生了显著的变化，
< br>并且这种变化仍
将持续。
中世纪北欧的农业为以农业为主
导的社会提供了衣食和住所，
而当时的人口密度远
低于现在。<
/p>
It had minimal effect on
biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was
typically
localized.
那是的农业对生
物多样性的影响有限，产生的任何污染通常都是地方性的。
In terms of energy use and the nutrient
s
（
营养成分）
captured
in the product it was
relatively
inefficient.
当时的农业在能源利用以及农产品的营养成分方面是相对低
效的。
Contrast this with
farming since the start of the industrial
revolution.
对比一下工业革命开始以后出现的农场化。
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