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Phonology
?
What is phonology?
?
The study of
the sound systems of language.
?
Phonetics vs.
phonology?
?
Phonetics
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General
purpose: to study all possible speech sounds
?
Specific
purpose: to describe the physical properties
?
Description
techniques: manner, place, voicing
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Phonology
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General
purpose: to study of the patterning of speech
sounds
?
Specific purpose
a) to
discover the principles that govern the way in
which speech sounds are
organized
b) to explain the variations that
occur
?
Description techniques: minimal pairs,
distinctive features
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Phonological Units of Language
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Phoneme
音位
?
Phoneme is a sound which is capable of
distinguishing one word or one
shape
of a word from another in a given language.
?
It is an
abstract unit of a speech sound, a unit used in
phonology
?
The phoneme is
the smallest meaning-distinguishing
unit.
Phonemes: / /
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Look at the
examples.
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普通话
:
“
三
”[
san]
→
[
θ
an]
?
English: sin
[sin]
→
thin[
θ
in]
Contrastive distribution
对立分布
?
If sounds
appear in the same environment, they are said to
be in
contrastive
distribution.
?
Typical
contrastive distribution of sounds is found in
minimal pairs and
minimal sets.
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Minimal pair
A minimal pair consists of two
words that differ by only one sound in the same
position.
?
bill [bil]
/b/
→
pill [pil] /p/
?
leak [li:k] /k/
→
leap [li:p] /p/
?
beat [bi:t]
/i:/
→
boot [bu:t] /u:/
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Minimal pairs are established on the
basis of sound and not spelling.
?
Minimal Sets
Minimal sets are more than two
words that are distinguished by one segment
in the same position.
?
Eg.
said / set/ says / sell
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Three
requirements for a minimal pair:
①
same number of
segments
②
one
phonetic difference in the same place
③
different
meaning
Distinctive features
区别性特征
?
If When a
feature distinguishes one phoneme from another, it
is a
distinctive feature.
?
e.g. In the
English sound system, one distinctive feature
which
distinguishes the /p/ in 'pin'
from the /b/ in 'bin' is /b/ is a voiced
stop whereas the /p/ is a voiceless
stop.
?
The
principle distinctive features of
consonants
：
voicing
place of
articulation
manner of articulation
?
Is the same
phoneme pronounced in the same way?
?
No. For
example, /p/ is pronounced differently in peak
[pi:k] and speak [phi:k]
though they
belong to the same phoneme /p/.
?
Complementary
distribution
互补分布
–
allophones
音位变体
?
Sounds that are
not found in the same position are said to be in
complementary
distribution.
?
When we have a
set of phones, all of which are versions of one
phoneme, we
refer to them as the
allophones
of that phoneme.
?
/p/: speak
[sp
i:k
]
?
peak
[ph
i:k
]
?
Phone
音素，音子
?
?
?
?
Any speech sound, a unit used in
phonetics.
phones: [ ]
/p/: speak
[sp
i:k
]
peak [ph
i:k
]
?
Phone, phonemes
and allophones
?
Phone
（音素）
: any
speech sound, a unit used in phonetics,
represented by square brackets as [b],
[t], etc.
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?
Phoneme
（音位）
: an
abstract unit of a speech sound, a unit used
in phonology, represented by slashes as
/b/, /t/, etc.
?
Allophones
（音位变体）
:
variations of a phoneme which are said
to be in.
?
Phonological Rules
1.
Assimilation
rule
同化规律
Influence of one sound upon another
①
Progressive
assimilation
顺同化
:
the preceding
sound influencing the
following sound
cats [s]
dogs [z]
①
Regressive assimilation
逆同化
:
the
following sound influencing the
preceding sound
?
newspaper /z/
→
[s]
?
ten persons
/n/
→
[m]
?
ten boys /n/
→
[m]
?
in case /n/
→
[
?]
?
five pence
/v/
→
[f]
?
that pen /t/
→
[p]
?
love to /v/
→
[f]
?
has to /z/
→
[s]
?
How does assimilation occur?
①
Nasalization
鼻音化
②
cap [k?p] can [k?n]
③
Dentalization
齿音化
④
Tent [tent] tenth
[ten
θ
]
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