综合英语课程论文中美跨文化交际

研究生英语

2013-2014

学年第二学期期 末论文

题目

Contrastive Analysis on Intercultural Business

Communication between China and America

学号

__11201300_

专业

_

经济学

_

姓名

_ __

分数：

________

评语：

_

___ __________________________________________

< br>______________________________________________< /p>

________________________________________ ______

_________________________________ _____________

__________________________ ____________________

___________________ ___________________________

____________ __________________________________

_____ _________________________________________

______________________________________________

_________________________________________ _____

__________________________________ ____________

___________________________ ___________________

____________________ __________________________

2014

年

6

月

16

日

Contrastive Analysis on Intercultural Business

Communication between China and America

Abstract:

Intercultural

communication

as

a

social

phenomenon,

since

it

was

discovered early by some scholars. They have made a deeper research on it. With the

continuous development of social progress, communication between different cultural

backgrounds

counties

and

regions

goes

deeper.

And

the

language

and

culture

is

a

vehicle for communication. This shows the necessity to the research of cross-cultural

communication. And this study has wide and far-reaching significance of theory and

practice.

This

paper

analyzes

the

characteristics

of

cross-cultural

communication,

pointed out that the cultural differences between China and the U.S. This paper draws

conclusions that the Chinese have the characteristics of collectivism, past orientation,

high- context

cultures,

strong

uncertainty

avoidance,

and

high

power

distance.

In

contrast,

the

United

States

has

the

features

of

individualism,

future

orientation,

low-context cultures, weak uncertainty avoidance and small power distance. Based on

this,

in

the

Sino-US

cross-cultural

business

communication

process,

it

will

need

to

keep

in

mind

the

differences

of

the

characteristics

between

China

and

American

cultures. Only in this way can we target more efficiently.

Keywords:

Intercultural Communication; Power Distance; Uncertainty Avoidance;

Individualism.

摘要 ：

跨文化交际作为一种社会现象，

很早以来就被一些学者所发现 ，

并对其进

行了深入的研究。

随着社会 不断发展进步，

不同文化背景的国家和地区间的交往

不断加深，

而语言和文化是交流的载体。

这就对跨文化交际的研究提出了必 要性。

并且这种研究具有广泛而深远的理论与实践的意义。

本文 分析了跨文化交际的特

征，指出中美之间的文化差异。得出了中国具有集体主义、过去取 向、高语境文

化、强不确定性规避、大权力距离等文化特征的结论，与之相反，美国具有 个体

主义、

未来取向、

低语境文化、< /p>

弱不确定性规避以及小权力距离等特征。

基于此，

在中美跨文化商务交际的过程中，

必需要时刻注意中美文化之间的这些特征的差

异，只有这样，才能做到有的放矢，事半功倍。

关键词：

跨文化交际；权力距离；不确定性规避；个体主义

< br>

Part I Introduction

Intercultural communication (ICC) is

the term first

used by

Edward T. Hall in

1959

and

is

simply

defined

as

interpersonal

communication

between

members

of

different

cultures.

Another

simple,

yet

effective,

approach

is

to

define

it

as

communication that occurs between individuals and entities that are culturally unlike

(Rogers & Steinfatt, 1999). That is to say intercultural communication can take place

not

only

between

two

individuals

but

also

between

international

entities.

The

key

focus is that the individuals or entities are culturally different.

With

the

globalization

of

economics

deeper

and

deeper,

intercultural

communication

will

play

a

more

important

role

in

the

future.

Therefore,

it

is

necessary for us to research intercultural communication.

According

the

experts,

intercultural

communication

can

have

different

forms.

Many scholars made efforts to set boundaries for intercultural communication study.

As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has the following features:

1)

Universal phenomenon

Intercultural

communication

occurs

everywhere

in

the

world.

Especially

in

the

21

st

century,

satellite

communications,

computer

networks

and

supersonic

air

buses

have virtually turned our world into a global village. As you are resting in your bed at

home,

you

can

watch

a

football

game

played

in

Italy

or

even

a

basketball

game

transmitted from America.

2)

Long History

Communication between cultures has been going on for thousands of years. The

history

of

intercultural

communication

is

almost

as

long

as

human

history

itself.

It

dates

back

to

when

primitive

nomadic

tribes

started

mingling

with

each

other

and

needed to communicate with each other. During Tang Dynasty in China, there were

the examples of the famous

“

silk road

”

en which people of Asia, Africa and Europe

interacted

and

communicated

with

each

other

in

order

to

conduct

their

business

transactions.

3)

Daily Occurrence

Intercultural

communication

is

a

common

daily

occurrence.

Today,

we

find

thousands

of

Chinese

students

going

abroad

to

study,

millions

of

foreign

travelers

coming to China to visit, foreign artists coming to China to give performances. Even

without going abroad, when you watch a foreign film or read an English novel, you

are

engaged

in

intercultural

communication.

These

are

all

examples

showing

how

prevalent intercultural communication is today.

Part II Literature Review

As

so

far,

many

scholars

have

conducted

a

lot

of

efforts

about

intercultural

communication. Now, let

?

s analyze how much work has been done by these experts.

2.1 Kluckholn and Strodtbeck

’

s theory

First

of

all,

I

shall

start

with

the

pioneering

descriptive

work

of

Florence

Kluckholn

and

Fred

Strodtbeck

with

their

variations

of

value

orientations.

Both

of

them are American anthropologists. They made very important studies on values back

in

the

1930s.

They

studied

5

communities

within

50

miles

of

them.

In

1936,they

conducted

their

first

study

to

find

out

what

values

were

applicable

to

all

these

communities; in 1951 they made their second study to see if any changes had taken

place during these years. They made predictions about what would come out of their

experiments.

Kluckholn identities 5 orientations,5 categories of beliefs and behaviors that are

universal. This means that all cultures have to work out solutions to these issues.

2.2 Rich and Gudykunst

’

s studies

According to Rich (1974), intercultural communication can be classified into 5

forms: (1) intercultural communication focuses on the study of interactions between

people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from

America

and

China.(2)International

communication

focuses

on

the

study

of

interactions

between

representatives

of

different

nations,

such

as

the

interactions

between representatives on the United Nations. (3) Interracial communication focuses

on

the

study

of

interactions

between

members

of

the

numerically

or

politically

dominant culture and co-culture in the same nation, such as the interactions between

whites and African Americans. (4) Interethnic or minority communication focuses on

the

study

of

interactions

among

co-cultures

in

the

nation,

such

as

the

interactions

between

Hispanic

and

Japanese

Americans.

(5)

Contracultural

communication

focuses

on

the

study

of

the

developmental

process

linking

intercultural

communication, such as developmental process that led from the interactions between

Columbus and Native Americans to the interactions between First Nation tribes and

Canadians. Rich

?

s classification clearly shows that intercultural communication study

should be approached at an interpersonal or rhetorical level. Except for contracultural

communication, Rich

?

s categories remain visible today.

2.3 Gudykunst and Hammer

?

s study

Gudykunst and Hammer (1987) classified intercultural communication by using

interactive-comparative and mediated- inter personal dimensions to divide the realm of

the inquiry into four categories: (1) intercultural communication includes a focus on

both

the

“

interactive

”

and

the

“

< br>interpersonal

”

.

It

deals

with

interpersonal

communication

between

people

from

different

counties

or

co- cultures,

such

as

that

between

Chinese

and

Americans,

or

between

whites

and

African

Americans,

and

encompasses

the

areas

of

intercultural,

interracial,

and

interethnic

communication

identified

by

Rich.

(2)

Cross-cultural

communication

focuses

on

the

concepts

of

“