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完型文章中常见的上下文（句）逻辑关系
并列关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
and,
and
also,
or,
neither……nor,
either……or,
not
only
……
but
also,
likewise,
similarly,
equally, in the
same way, that is to say, as well as,
same
……
as;
递进关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
also,
then, besides, additionally, in addition,
furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed;
因果关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
because,
for,
since,
as,
thus,
hence,
therefore,
so,
so…..that,
such
…..that,
in
order
that,
consequently,
accordingly,
due
to,
thanks
to,
in
response
to,
on
account
of,
because
of,
considering that, seeing that, in that,
now that, lest, as a result, for this reason;
转折关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
but,
however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by
contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately;
让步关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
although, though, even though, even if,
even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of;
regardless of;
anyway, anyhow
列举（顺序）关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
firstsecondlast of all, in the first
placein the second placefinally, to begin with to
continue,
first
……
then,
on
one
hand
……
on
the
other
hand,
for
one
thing
……
for
another,
one
……
another, som
e
……
others
……
still others;
对比关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
while,
whereas, as, / rather than, instead of,
not
…..
but;
时间关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
when,
whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until,
till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the
meantime, at the same time;
条件关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
if,
only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as,
as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing
that, provided that, providing that,
when, whenever, with;
举例关系
&
部分常用标志词和短语
such
as,
for
example,
for
instance,
of
(these,
those,
them),
among
(these,
those,
them),
to
illustrate, as an illustration, to take
an example, more specifically speaking, namely;
关联词运用实例说明
1
．表示举例说明
a case in
point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration,
as an example, for example, for instance,
in particular, just as, namely, such,
specifically, that is, to illustrate, to
demonstrate
a) Many southern cities are growing
above the national average
—
Atlanta is a case in point.
b) The news
about calcium and kidney stones is a case in
point.
c) Prisoners should be treated with
respect
—
they are human
beings after all.
d) These are, after all,
very familiar species.
e)
It's
extremely
expensive
to
live
in
New
York.
For
example,
I
pay
$$1,
250
for
a
one-bedroom apartment.
f)
Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have
a lot of earthquakes.
g)
Old
English
was
in
many
ways
similar
to
Modern
German.
For
instance,
the
nouns,
adjectives, and verbs
were highly inflected.
h)
We
need
to
rethink
the
way
we
consume
energy.
Take,
for
instance,
our
approach
to
transport.
i) Automobile prices in
particular have fallen in recent months.
j)
His last album sold half a million copies and we
hope this one will be just as (=equally)
popular.
k) One of the most
important stages has yet to be started, namely
beginning to fit the person
into their
new job.
1) The issues are in two main clusters,
namely the safety and the pricing and procurement
of
drugs.
m) The rules make it quite
clear what should be done in such a situation.
n)
We're talking about money
—
specifically, the money we
need to repair our schools.
o) One solution
would be to change the shape of the screen, that
is, to make it wider.
2
．表示增补意义
additionally,
again, along with, also, and, and then, as well
as, besides, equally, even, further,
furthermore, in addition, in other
words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only...but
also, similarly,
to put it another way,
to repeat, then, too, what's more
a)
They
may
also
additionally
represent
much
more;
they
may
indeed
have
a
highly
integrating social function.
b) And again, these workshops will
benefit the community considerably.
c) Dunne was
murdered, along with three guards.
d) Sugar is bad
for your teeth. It can also contribute to heart
disease.
e) This is a flexible and user-friendly
system suitable for beginners and advanced users
alike.
f) Fry the onions gently, and then add
the meat and cook for a few minutes.
g) The
organization gives help and support to people in
need, as well as raising money for
local charities.
h) People
choose jobs for other reasons besides money.
i)
We want the economy to grow, but equally we want
low inflation.
j) It is possible to
make
good movies cheaply.
Further,
k)
The
majority
of
Americans
increased
their
wealth
in
the
past
decade.
Furthermore,
the
gains were substantial.
l) A new
security system was installed. In addition, extra
guards were hired.
m)
The
company
provides
cheap
Internet
access.
In
addition,
it
makes
shareware
freely
available.
n)
The tax only affects people on incomes over $$200,
000
—
in other words, the very
rich.
o) The clams were delicious. Likewise,
the eggplant was excellent.
p) Using
language is a very complex enterprise. Moreover,
there is more to communication
than
merely putting sentences together.
q) The system
was not only complicated but also ineffective.
r)
The cost of food and clothing has come down in
recent years. Similarly, fuel prices have
fallen quite considerably.
s) Money makes
money. To put it another way, the more you invest,
the greater your potential
profit will
be.
t) The problem demands a global
solution. To put it another way, local regulations
will have
very little effect.
u)
First you need to collect all the information and
make detailed notes. Then you can start to
actually write your essay.
v) Think about
what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit
cards, loans or hire purchase.
w) Gas is a
very efficient fuel. And what' s more, it's clean.
3
．表示强调
above all,
anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in
fact, in particular, most important,
obviously, of course, surely, to be
sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt
a) Although it is somewhat limited in
its applications it is easy to operate and above
all it is
fun.
b) He got lost and spent
hours looking for the station, and anyway it was
past midnight by the
time he got home.
c)
And, as a matter of fact, the U. S. Golf
Association was delighted.
d) Books and people
certainly affected him.
e) Most of the essays were
very good indeed.
f) Her teachers said she
was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was
partially deaf.
g) Automobile prices in
particular have fallen in recent months.
h)
But the reverse is
true when an
attorney
represents a person who is
obviously guilty or
whose guilt is
widely perceived.
i) This is very obviously
the approach of some one writing exclusively and
specifically for
the young.
j) Of course
there will be some difficult times ahead.
k)
If
a
sign
were
needed
that
the
Internet
has
become
a
real
market,
the
arrival
of
tax
avoidance is surely it.
l) Throwing
money at the problem is surely not the way to
convince people of sincerity.
m) It was
difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to
finish the job.
n) If we truly believe we
can win, then we have a very good chance at doing
it.
o) Undoubtedly, public interest in folk
music has declined.
p) Sally was without doubt
one of the finest swimmers in the school.
10
．表示顺序