-
概要写作
概要（
su
mmary
）是用自己的话写出文章的主要内容，是文章的浓缩，在内容上要与原
文相符，语气上力求客观，行文上做到简洁，长短一般是原文的
1/4
或
1/3
。一篇文章的概
要根据文章长度从一段到一页纸不等，
一本书的概要则到两页左右。
要写好一篇概要，
概括
能力是根本要求。
首先要对原文认真阅读，
找出最基本的观点，
然后将这些观点运用恰当的
衔接手段，
用自己的话写成独立的篇
章。
所以，概要写作关键在于对原文的理解，
要求作者
能很好地区分出原文的主要观点、
次要观点和细节，
着重将与中心有关的要点用自己的话写
出来，努力做到简洁、清晰、客观、完整。<
/p>
概要的一个特点就是
简洁性（
conciseness
）
。概要的目的就是
将原文信息尽可能用简洁
的话语概括，以便让他人能在短时间内了解原文。概要另外一个
特点是
客观性
(objectivity)
。
概要宗旨就是客观反映原文，
概要作者在对原文理解的基
础上对原文进行客观地浓缩，
不附
带任何个人观点，对于原文的
评论更不能出现在概要里面。
完整性
(completenes
s)
也是概要
的一个特点。
概要的简洁
性与客观性都依赖于对原文所有信息主旨的把握，
要反应原文的全
貌，这样才能体现概要的客观性。
原创性
(original
ity)
是概要的又一重要特点。概要作者必
须在理解原文作者
全文的基础上，
运用自己的语言组织文章，
重现原文，
不能照搬原文中的
文字。总之，一篇好的概要都能体现出简洁性、客观性
、完整性和原创性这几大特点。
概要的结构成分
一般来说概要主要
包括以下三个语步：
引言
(M1)
、<
/p>
正文
(M2)
及结尾
(M3)
。
语步一
（
M1
）
引言部分主要包括原文基本信息和主题。基本
信息包括原文作者、题目、出处及发表时间，
这样会给人一种客观、科学的印象，便于读
者查阅原文。如果不能提供原文作者或出处时，
也应该提供文章题目。
< br>主题是概要作者对原文中心意思的高度总结，
一般用一两句话点明主
题。例如：
In his paper
“Global Implications of Patent Law Variation,”
Koji Suzuki (1991) states that
lack of
consistency in the world?s patent laws is a
serious problem.
这句话中，
states
前面部分为原文基本信息，
说明了文章的题目、
作者及发表时间，
stat
es
后面部分为主题，简要说明原文的主要内容。
语步二（
M2
）正文是原文主要观点和事例的高度
浓缩。原文中出现的主要观点都应该
出现在概要中，
对于原文中
能反应主题的重要事件、
机构或人物也有必要提及，
这样有利于
读者全面、客观地了解原文梗概。但在正文中无需提及细节。
语步三（
M3
）结尾是原文的总结，呼
应语步一（
M1
）
，内容上与语步一相
似，但在行文上
避免与语步一重复。语步三（
M3
）有时可以根据作者意图和篇幅长短决定取舍。有些概要
有小标题，
将概要分为几大部分；有些则自成几段，几部分之间没有明显的划分。
完
整的概
要还要写上参考文献，注明原文的出处。
概要的时态与语态
概要的时态主要是一般现在时，
语态也以主动语态为主，
根据实际情况，
有时也使用被
动语态。
i.
语步一（
M1
）引言中，一般采用一般现在时。例如：
（
1
）
In
“Someone Is Stealing Your Life” (The LA Weekly, 26
Jan. 1990), Michael Ventura
1
argues
that
American
workers
are
being
treated
as
slaves,
and
calls
on
employers
to
value
the
contribution of workers to the success
of companies.
(2)
In
“Our
Schedules, Our
Selves”
(Utne Reader, Jan.
-Feb.
2003), Jay
Walljasper
points
out
that
instead
of
increased
leisure,
technological
progress
has
produced
a
situation
where
our
lives are dominated by
tightly organized schedules.
ii.
语步二（
M2
）正文中，通常用一般现在时。例如：
（
1
）
Yasufumi Iseki
claims that urban planning can play a role in
improving air quality in
urban areas by
prompting a shift away from heavy vehicle use.
(2) For the majority of
Americans, the ideal that the individual is free
to find his or her own
happiness is an
illusion.
iii.
语
步三（
M3
）结尾通常使用一般现在时。例如：
（
1
）
The
author
asserts
that
his
view
is
worth
of
consideration
because
it
is
based
on
his
experience
in a variety of lower paid jobs, not on academic
study.
(2)
One
solution
is
political:
to
shorten
working
hours,
increase
paid
holidays,
and
give
workers
more
power
in
the
workplace.
Another
is
to
change
our
attitudes
to
time,
so
that
we
control our schedules
rather than being controlled by them.
概要例文
原文
Learning to
say
?
I love
you
?
One day in
May, our American teacher, Dave, asked us, “It was
Mother?
s Day last weekend.
What did you do?”
“Nothing” was the reply all
round.
“How about on your mother?s
birthday?”
Still “No.”
He was shocked. “Why?”
Some said. “Sending gifts
is a kind of courtesy for others but not for
family members.”
“Yes. Mother does not like me wasting
money.”
Then a student asked Dave, “So, what
did you do?”
“Well, I called home and said “Happy
Mother?s Day” to her. When I was ho
me,
used to hold
a small banner in the
dining room on which was written
?
You are the best Mother in
the world!
?
or
Mom, we love
you!
?
When
Father
?
s Day and my
father
?s birthday came, I did the
same.”
Dave
?
s words
reminded me of something. When I was 10 years old,
I presented hat to my
mother as a
birthday present. Scolding me for my wasting
money, she told me that a high score at
school was the best reward I could give
them. From then on, buried my head into piles of
books…
“Excuse me,” I asked Dave, “To love a
person is to sacrifice and do something for them,
but
not just to express with words,
don
?t you think so?”
“Yes, but since
I love them, why not tell them how I
feel.”
“There is a Chinese saying: Doing is
believing. We prefer doin
g to speaking.
Chinese are
not extroverted, but
Americans are demonstrative.
Westerners are skilled at
expressing their feelings.”
2
“Ah, yes. I agree. But if you both do
something and speak out to show your feeling, that
is
perfect. Both of them
are
important. They help to improve the relationship
between people.”
“And family
members?”
“Yes, of course.”
We all burst
into laughter.
Afterwards,
I
called
home
because
I
was
keen
on
speaking
to
my
parents.
Nobody
answered
the
phone.
They
must
be
working
overtime;
I
thought
I
dropped
the
receiver
disappointedly.
Father
?
s gray
hair and the wrinkles on
mother
?
s forehead appeared
before my eyes. I was
the
only
child
in
my
family.
All
the
affection
and
care
of
my
parents
accompanied
me
when
growing
up. Being always on the go night and day, they
lived a frugal life to support me. Nothing
did they ask for in reward for their
affection.
Standing beside the
telephone box, I was engaged in deep
introspection.
I
should not take what they had done for granted any
more. I wanted to compensate for my
former
indifference.
An
idea
came
to
my
mind.
My
20
?
h
birthday
was
approaching.
Having
chosen a set of beautiful writing paper
and envelope, I wrote down the following words:
“Twent
y years ago, you gave
birth to a baby. Twenty years have passed, that
baby has grown
into a healthy and
pretty girl. I am that lucky baby.
Thank you for having given birth to me,
which gave me the opportunity to enjoy the
beautiful
world.
Thank you for having taken good care of
me, which gave me a healthy physique.
Thank
you
for
having
instilled
in
me
a
virtuous
morality,
which
caused
me
to
be
a
positively-driven person.
On
this important day
—
my
birthday, I
?
d like to send
my thanks, from the bottom of my heart
to you: Dear Father and Mother, thank
you. I love you.”
Several days later, I called home. My
Mother
?s voice was choked with emotion,
“... We burst
with joy when we read
your letter. Every night, your father will read
the letter once before going
to bed ...
We are the happiest parents in the world
...”
I was moved.
What my display of gratitude was to my
parents
?
affection was as a
drop of
water
is
to
the
ocean.
It
was
negligible, but
brought
extreme
happiness
to
them.
I
regretted
not
having done so earlier.
The
thanksgiving
letter
was
the
first
step
and
a
successful
one.
I
am
confident
that
our
relationship
will
be
more
harmonious
in
the
near
future,
and
for
that
I
have
Dave
to
thank
—
a
small part of his culture has enriched
my life.
概要
Summary of
“
Learning to Say I Love
You
”
Learning to
say
“
I love
you
”
written by Yao Minru
tells us that though we may show our love
by
doing
sth.,
we
Chinese
rarely
express
love
with
words.
By
trying
to
show
gratitude
to
her
parents
with words followed by her American teacher Dave
who held an in-class discussion about
how to show love to people and
advocated that both doing and speaking were
equally important to
3