-
考研英语十二大基础语法体系
对于任何英语句子,要分析其结构,这样才能找到英语语言的规律。
每种语言都有它的难点,汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言,汉
字很难
写,而且有四种声调。其实,许多接触过多种外语的人都认为,英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单,
是最容易学
的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过,语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞
生的。因此,学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。
一、
英语动词的时态
(一)英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异:
英语的词类与汉语的不同。
汉语词类形态稳定,
比
如
“书”
这个字,
“一本书”
、
“三本书”
都一样,
没有词形变化。
英语就不同了,
book,
< br>books
仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。
<
/p>
动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说,学好英语就是学好动词,此言甚是。同一
个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在,
表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式
,这就是时态。
(二)英语动词的形式:
英语的时
态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此,了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式:
(1)
动词原形:动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时,情态动词之后,或根据语
法规定必须用
动词原形的其他情况。
(2)
一般现在时第三人称单数形式(简称现单三)
:主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。
(3)
过去式:主要用于一般过去时。
(4)
现在分词:主要用于进行时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
(5)
过去分词:主要用于完成时态,或语法规定的其他情况。
动词一般现在时第三人称单数(现单三)的构成,见下表:
词尾变化(规律与名词变复数相同,读音也与名词复数相同)
举例
一般加
-s
Help---
helps; read---reads
Do,
fix, pass, push, teach
---does,
fixes, passes,
pushes,
在
ch, sh, s, x
或元音字母
o
后面加
-es
teaches
以辅音字母加
y<
/p>
结尾的词,变
y
为
i
再加
-es
Try,
study --- tries, stuides
与名词变复数形式相同,读音也相同。
动词过去式和过去分词,大多数是动词原形
+ ed
构成,这是规则动词。规则动词的拼写和读音规则如下表:
词尾变化
举例
词尾读音
Help---
helped Work---worked
清辅音之后读
[t]
Watch
---watched
动词后面加
-ed
Want---wanted need---needed
[t] ,[d]
之后读
[t]
Turn---turned play--played
Love---loved
以不发音的“
< br>e
”结尾的词,加
-d
元音
和浊辅音(
[d]
除外)
Serve
---served
之后读
[d]
Study---studied
结尾是辅音字母
+y
时,
y
变
i
,再加
-ed
Try---tried
结尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音
节词,
双写辅音字母再
Stop---stopped
清辅音之后读
[t]
加
-ed
Drop---
dropped
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词有其特殊变化形式,需要个别记忆,
同时也要善于发现不规则中的规则,即某些字母组合的不规则动
词有一定的规律。如:<
/p>
weep
→
wept,
sleep
→
slept,
sweep
→
swept
现在分词一
律由动词原形加
-ing
构成,规则如下表:
< br>
词尾变化
举例
一般加
-ing
Look---
looking, try---trying
以不发音的
e
结尾的词,去掉
e
,再加
-ing
Write---writing, dance---
dancing
以一个辅音字母(
x
除外)词尾的重读闭音节词,先双写词尾
Begin---beginning,
swim---swimming,
的辅音字母,再加
-ing
Run
---running, sit---sitting
以
-ie
结尾的词,变
ie
为
y
,再加
-ing
Die---dying, lie---lying
为了
学习的方便,人们把时间分为四个阶段:
“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”
。英语动词所表示的动作在以上每个时间段中分别有四
种状态:一般、进行、
完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。
不同的时态有不同的变化形式。以
do
为例,列表如下:
时态
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在时
Does; do
Am/is/are+doing
Has/have+done
Has/have+been
doing
过去时
Did
Was/were+doing
Had done
Had been doing
将来时
Shall/will+do
Shall/will be
+doing
Shall/will have + done
Shall/will+have been doing
过去将来时
Should/would/+do
Would/should+be doing
Should/would + have done
Would/should + have been doing
“时态”就是通过动词的形态变化,来表达动作发生的时间(现在、过去、将来、过去将来)及所处的状
态(一般、进行、完成、完
成进行)
。
比如在“
They are doing their
exercises.
”这个句子中,动词由原形
do
变成
are doing
的形态,说
明这个事情是发生在现在、并
处于正在进行的状态当中,所以叫现在进行时;
在“
They have done
their exercises.
”这句中,动词由原形
do
变成
have done
的形态,说明
这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成
的状态,所以叫现在完成时;
在“
They always do their
exercises.
”中,动词用原形
do
的形态,说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此,所
以叫一般
现在时。
- 1 -
在这三句话中,动词
do
虽然用了不
同的形态,其意义没有变化,而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。
(三)时态详解
16
个时态中,常用的有
12
个:一般现在时、一般过去时
、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、
将来进行时、
< br>现在完成时、
过去完成时、
将来完成时、
现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。
其他时态很少单独使用。
< br>
下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
1
、一般现在时
通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时,用现单三形式。
动词
be
和
h
ave(
表示“拥有”
)
各人称的单数
形式为:
第一人称单数
第二人称单数
第三人称单数
Have
Have
Have
Has
Be
Am
Are
is
一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
动词
be
与
have
(表示“拥有”
)
:否定式直
接把
not
放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见
下表:
否定式
疑问式
Be
Have
Be
Have
I am not (I
’
m
not)
…
I have not
(haven
’
t)
…
Am i
…
?
Have i
…
?
You are not (aren
’
t)
…
You have
not (haven
’
t)
…
Are
you
…
?
Have
you
…
?
He is not
(isn
’
t)
…
He has not (hasn
’
t)
…
Is he
…
?
Has he
…
?
动词
be
的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式
肯定回答
否定回答
Am I not
(aren
’
t
i)
…
?
Yes, you
are.
No, you
aren
’
t
Are you
not (aren
’
t
you)
…
?
Yes, I
am.
No, I
’
m not.
Is he not (isn
’
t
he)
…
?
Yes, he
is.
No, he isn
’
t
动词
be
与
have(
表示“拥有”
)
:否定式直
接把
not
放在动词之后,疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前,见
下表:
否定式
疑问式
Be
Have
Be
Have
I am not (I
’
m
not)
…
I have not
(haven
’
t)
…
Am i
…
?
Have I
…
?
You are not (aren
’
t)
…
You have
not (haven
’
t)
…
Are you
…
?
Have
you
…
?
He is not
(isn
’
t)
…
He has not (hasn
’
t)
…
Is he
…
?
Has he
…
?
动词
have(
表示“拥有”
)
的否定疑问式和简单回答:
否定疑问式
肯定回答
否定回答
Have I not
(haven
’
t
i)
…
?
Yes, you
have.
No, you
haven
’
t.
Have
you not (haven
’
t
you)
…
?
Yes, I
have.
No, I
haven
’
t.
Has he
not (hasn
’
t
he)
…
?
Yes, he
has.
No, he
hasn
’
t.
注意:
have
作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
行为动词(以
study
为例)一般现在时的否定
式、疑问式和简单回答(注意要加助动词
do/does
)
p>
否定式
疑问式
I do not
(don
’
t) study
Do
I study
You do not
(don
’
t) study
Do
you study
He does not
(doesn
’
t) study
Does he study
否定疑问句式
简单回答(肯定
p>
/
否定)
Do
I not (Don
’
t I)
study
…
?
Yes, I
do. No, I don
’
t.
Do you not (Don
’
t
you) study
…
?
Yes, you do. No, you
don
’
t.
Does he
not (Doesn
’
t he)
study
…
?
Yes, he
does. No, he doesn
’
t.
2
、现在进行时
由助动词
be
+
现在分词构成。其中
be
有人称和数的变化,有三种形式:第一人称单数用
am,
第三人称单数用
is,
其
他用
are
。
现在进行时的否定式是:直接在助动词
be
后面加上
not
;疑问式是:把助动词
be
提到主语之前。以
study
为例:
否定式
疑问式
I am not
studying
Am I studying?
You are not studying,
Are
you studying?
He is not studying.
Is he studying?
5
、一般过去时
< br>一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。
一般过去时的否定式、
疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词
do
的过去式
did,
同时注意实义动词
要
用原形。以
study
为例,其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式
疑问式
I did not
(didn
’
t)
study
…
.
Did I
study
…
?
You did
not (didn
’
t)
study
…
.
Did you
study
…
?
He did
not (didn
’
t)
study
…
.
Did he
study
…
?
否定疑问式
简单回答
(肯定
/
否定)
- 2 -
Did I not
(Didn
’
t I)
study
…
?
Di you
not (Didn
’
t you)
study
…
?
Did he
not (Didn
’
t he)
study
…
?
Yes, you
did. No, you didn
’
t.
Yes, I did. No, I
didn
’
t.
Yes, he
did. No, he didn
’
t.
6
、过去进行时
由助动词
be
的过去式
+
现在分词构成。其中
be
有人称和数的
变化,第一、第三人称单数用
was
,其他用
< br>were.
1
)过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一
时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如:
This time yesterday, we were having
an English lesson.
昨天这个时候,我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when
Tom walked into the room.
老师在给我们上课时,汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all the
lights went out.
我们吃饭的时候,灯灭了。
He
was reading while she was setting the table.
她摆桌子时,他在读书。
It
was getting dark. The wind was rising.
天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2
)过去进行时动词常用
always,
continually, frequently
等词连用,表示过去经常发生的行
为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。
例如:
The two brothers were frequently
quarreling when they were young.
两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In
Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions
to western powers.
清朝时,中国总是对西方列强妥协。
7
、过去完成时
一律用
had +
过去分词构成。
用法:
1
)表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情,即“过去的过去”
。用过去完成时,必须
有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照,说明在
此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去
发生的,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的用一般过去时。例如:
She told me she had been there three
times before.
她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。
(
“去过”发生在“告诉”之前)
How long had he taught here by the end
of last term?
到上学期末为止,他在这里教学多长时间啦?
(
“教学”发生在上学期末
结束之前)
When we arrived, the football
match had already begun.
我们到的时候,足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before she
came this year.
她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
< br>2
)过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态,这一动
作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如:
By
the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing
for five years.
到上月中旬,我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o
’
clock
they had worked for eight hours.
到六点为止,他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been
there for a long time.
我到上海时,他在那里很长时间了。
3
)过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气,我们以后会详细讲述。
4
)此外,过去完成时常用于
no
sooner
…
than
…
和
hardly(scarcely)
…
when
…
这两个句型,前面部分用过去完成时,后面部分用
一般过去时。
例如:
No sooner had he stolen
the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had
no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught
red-handed.
他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what was
happening when he was captured. = Hardly had
Saddam realized what was happening when
he was captured.
萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
8
、过去完成进行时
had been +
动词的现在分词。
用法:表示一直
持续到过去某个时间的行为动作,此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束(可以从上下文看出)
。这一时态经常与一般过去
时一起使用。例如:
When he came in, I had been trying to
repair the TV for a couple of hours.
他进
来的时候,我一直在努力修理电视机好几个
小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had been
raining for two whole days.
道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had been
digging since dawn.
他们累了,因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new
mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a
long time.
那男孩得到一辆新山地自
行车很高兴。
很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9
、一般将来时
< br>一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式:
p>
(
1
)
shall
/will +
动词原形
表示单纯的将来,不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称
I,
we
用
shall
或
will
,其余用
will.
其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下:
否定式
疑问式
I shall/will
not study
…
.
Shall I study
…
?
You will not
study
…
.
Will you
study
…
?
He will
not study
…
.
Will
he study
…
?
否定疑问式
简单回答(肯定
/
否定)
Shall I not
(shan
’
t i)
study
…
?
Yes, you
will. No, you won
’
t.
Will you not
(Won
’
t you)
study
…
?
Yes, I
shall/will. No, I shan
’
t/won
’
t.
Will he not
(Won
’
t he)
study
…
.?
Yes, he
will. No, he won
’
t.
例如:
I shall be
twenty years old next year.
我明年二十岁。
The sky
is black. I think it will rain.
天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this
afternoon.
你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon.
火车快要到了。
- 3 -
When shall we see you
next time?
我们下次什么时候能看见你呢?
He probably won
’
t
go with us.
他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意:
1
)
shall,
will
的缩写形式为’
ll,
如
I
’
ll,
you
’
ll,
he
’
ll
和
she
’
ll
等。
< br>
2
)
will
用于第一人称时,可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等;
shall
用于第二、三人称时,可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。
例如:<
/p>
I will give you a new pen
for your birthday.
我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。
(允诺)
I will take the
college entrance examination.
我将参加大学入学考试。
(决心)
Shall I open the window?
我打开窗户好吗?(征求允诺)
You shall have the book as soon as I
get it.
我一拿到书就给你。
(说话人的允诺)
The enemy shall not pass.
决不让敌人通过。
(说话人的保证)
I will do my best to help
you.
我愿意尽力帮助你。
(意愿)
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. <
/p>
任何人开会都不能迟到。
(说话人的命令)
(
2
)
be
going +
动词不定式
1<
/p>
)这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如
:
My brother is going to
learn English next year.
我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am
going to meet Tom at the station at six.
我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be
there.
她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your
work?
你的工作什么时候做完?
He
is going to stay a week.
他准备呆一星期。
We are
going to call a meeting to discuss it.
我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2<
/p>
)这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如:
Look at these black
clouds
?
it is going to rain.
看这些乌云?要下雨了。
I
think it is going to snow.
我看要下雪。
I am
afraid I am going to have a bad cold.
恐怕我要得重感冒。
10
、将来进行时
shall/will be +
现在分词
用法:将来进行时动词表
示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This
time next week we shall be working in that
factory.
下星期这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my
mother will be getting breakfast for me.
当我明天早晨起床时,我妈妈将在为我准备早
饭。
I will be seeing him next
month.
我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the
village fair.
我们明天去赶集。
We will
be taking our holiday at the seaside in
July.
七月份我们要去海边度假。
一般将
来时与将来进行时都表示将来,那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢?将来进行时不表示个人意愿,强调主观
上感觉某事
即将发生,并对这一事情有着期待,感情色彩较浓,强调动作。一般将来时主
要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述,
强调事实或意愿。
11
、过去将来时
<
/p>
(
1
)由
sho
uld/would
+
动词原形构成。第一人称用
should;
< br>第二、三人称用
would
。美国英语所有人称一律用<
/p>
would.
should/would
的简略形式为’
d,
如
I
’
d,
you
’
d; would not
和
should not
的简略形式分
别为
wouldn
’
t
和
shouldn
’
t.
(
2
)过去将来时表示从过去某时间看
将要发生的事情,多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如:
They asked me if I would go to
Guangzhou soon.
他们问我是否很快要去广州。
She told me she would come again next
week.
她和我说她下周还来。
I told him to leave immediately, but he
wouldn
’
t.
我告诉他马上离开,但他不。
He
’
d play the
violin when he was in low spirits.
他情绪低落的时候,就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a
part-time job during the summer holidays every
year to earn my tuition.
我上大
学的时候,每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
(
3
)其他表示过去将来时的结构:
12
、将来完成时
shall/will + have +
过去分词
用法:将来完成时动词主
要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作,这一动作也可能继续进行。例如:
< br>
By seven
o
’
clock this afternoon we
shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good
line.
如果火车运行正常,我们今
天下午七点就到上海了
。
Before bedtime Xiao Ming
will have completed his work.
到上床睡觉的时候,
小明会做完他的工作(或作业)
。
By February next year this foreign
expert will have been here on this job for five
years.
到明年二月,这个外国专家在
这儿做这项工作就
满五年了。
By Sept. 2008 Beijing
will have held/hosted the Olympic Games.
< br>到
2008
年
9
月,北京将举行完了奥运会。
二、被动语态
(一)简介
在英语中,
语态是动词的一种形式,
表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态,<
/p>
即主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态
(ac
tive
voice)
表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(
passive
voice
)表示主语是动作的承受者。如:
Saddam is being tried.
萨达姆正在接受审判。
The
Iraqi government is trying Saddam.
伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。
More and more people use computers
now.
(主动语态)
- 4 -
Computers are more and
more widely used now.
(被动语态)
English is spoken all over the world.
(
被动语态
)
(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了,用“被”
“遭”
“
受”等词来表示,如“被捕”
、
“被杀”
、
“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也
不复杂,用“助
动词
be+
动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词
be
有人称、数量和时态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
(三)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“
be+
及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强
调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被
动语态。英
语主动语态有
16
个时态;被动语态常用的有
< br>8
个,以
give
为例说明如下
:
时态
动词形式
一般现在时
Am/is/are
given
一般过去时
Was/were given
一般将来时
Shall/will
be given
现在进行时
Am/is/are being given
过去进行时
Was/were
being given
过去将来时
Should/would be given
现在完成时
Has/have
been given
过去完成时
Had been given
被动语态的疑问句是将第一
个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加
not
或
never
等其他否定词、句末用
句号。如:
“
During the interview, were
you asked questions in
English?
”
“
No, I
wasn
’
t asked questions in
English.
”
“面试的
时候,用英语问你问题了吗?”
“没有,没有用英语问我问题。
”
The origin of the
universe will probably never be explained.
宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。
Is the restaurant being decorated?
那家餐馆正在装修吗?
The
restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the
restaurant has never been
decorated
。
那家餐馆没有
在装修。实际
上,那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
(四)被动语态的用法
1
、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁
干的,这时就用被动语态。例如:
I felt a
littlie nervous when I was being interviewed.
我接受面试的时候,有点紧张。
These fighters are imported from
Russia.
这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。
That place has been turned into a
swimming pool.
那个地方已被变成游泳池。
2
、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态<
/p>
He
’
s
said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A.
据说
/
据信
/
据报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型(
that
后面跟句子)
:
It is said
that
……
.
据说
It is
reported that
……
.
据报道
It is hoped
that
……
.
希望
It is
believed that
……
.
人们相信
It is
announced that
……
.
据宣布
it is (well)
known that
……
.
众所周知
It has been
decided that
……
.
已经决定
It is
supposed that
……
.
人们认为
It is
suggested that
……
.
有人建议
It must be
remembered
that
……
.
务必记住
It is taken
for granted
that
……
.
被视为当然
(五)主动句变被动句的注意事项
一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。还要作如下变动
:把主动语态的宾
语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在
by
的后面,组成介词短语,再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的
执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,
by
短语可以省略。例如:
They will open a
new supermarket there soon.
他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。
A new supermarket will be opened there
soon.
一个新超市不久将在那里开办。
The doctor gave two lectures in
English.
那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Two lectures were given by the doctor
in English.
由那位医生用英语讲了两次课。
Somebody has warned us to be careful of
rats.
有人警告我们要当心老鼠。
We have been warned to be careful of
rats.
我们受到警告,要当心老鼠。
如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)
,变为被动语态时,可将其中
任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变。但较常见的是将
间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。<
/p>
The reporters asked the
president some questions.
记者们问了总统一些问题。
The
president was asked some questions by the
reporters.
(
变间接宾语为主语)
Some
questions were asked the president by the
reporters.
(变直接宾语为主语)
We have given him a job.
我们已给了他一个工作。
He
has been given a job.
(变间接宾语为主语)
A job
has been given (to) him.
(变直接宾语为主语)
(六)含有情态动词的被动语态
句
中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是:情态动词
+be+
过
去分词:
- 5 -
The timetable can be changed any
time.
时间表随时可以改变。
This book may not be taken out of the
reading room.
这本书不允许带出阅览室。
This dictionary must be taken good care
of.
这本词典必须保管好。
(七)关于被动语态的几点说明
1
、有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如
:
School begins in September.
学校九月份开学。
The
library doesn
’
t open on
Sunday.
图书馆星期天不开放。
The
machine runs well.
这台机器容易操作。
My pen
writes well.
我的钢笔好使。
The
cloth washes well.
这料子耐洗。
The
dictionary sells well.
这词典销路很好。
The
book hardly sells.
这书买不出去。
The door
will not shut/lock.
门关
/
锁不上。
2
、
make, see,
watch, hear, notice, feel
等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后
面可以接不带
to
的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不
定式符号
to
必须补上。例如:
They made him go.
他们让他去。
He was
made to go.
他被要求去了。
I heard him say good-bye to his
friends.
我听见他向他的朋友说再见。
He was heard to say good-bye to his
friends.
有人听到他向他的朋友说再见。
3
、除助动词
be
外
,动词
get
有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是比较口语化
的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用
by
短语。例如
:
I got lost in the huge market.
在那个巨大的市场中我迷失了方向。
You might get killed/hurt.
你会送命
/
受伤的。
< br>
In the end this story got
translated into English.
这故事最后被译成了英文。
His
car got damaged in a road accident.
他的车在交通事故中被毁了。
4<
/p>
、
“
have/get+
宾语
+
过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。
如:
I
’
ll have the
bike repaired in no time.
我一会就把自行车修好。
I
had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was
shopping.
上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。
He got his leg broken when playing
football.
踢足球的时候他把腿弄断了。
I bought these books at a discount and
had two hundred dollars saved.
我打折买了这些书,省了两百美元。
5
、在
need, want, re
quire
后面,主动的
-ing
形式
表达被动的意思:
My watch needs
cleaning. (=
…
needs to be
cleaned)
我的表需要清洗。
Your
garden needs watering. (=
…
to
be watered)
你的花园需要浇水。
Does
your suit require pressing, sir?
先生,您的衣服要烫吗?
三、虚拟语气
多数中国人对虚拟语
气的理解是:虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,是假设的,虚构的,与事实相反的,或者是不太可能的。这种理解固<
/p>
然是对的,但并不全面。在英语中,虚拟语气是个广义的概念,包括好几种句型和结构。假
设,意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。
英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异:
< br>而在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位 ,又一次证明要学好英语
语法,就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词
的特殊形式来表示的,因此,掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词
形式变化是掌握虚拟
语气的关键,这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。
p>
学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构,各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各
种句式中的用法分别介绍。
(一)虚拟语气用于表示假设的
条件状语从句,状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…”
“要是…”等。
请看一个句子:
If she
invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party.
如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我就去。
这是个带条件从句的主从复合句,是直接的陈述语气,主句谓语动词用将来时,从句谓语动词用现在时代替将 来时,表示能实现的动
作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只
要她邀请我”
,
“去”这一动作就能实现。
请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较:
1
)
If she invited me, I should go to the
party.
假如她邀请我参加聚会,我就去。
(说话人认为
邀请的可能性较小或不可能。
)
这
句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,其含义是:
She will probably not invite me, so I
shall not go to the party.
她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会,所以我不会去。
2
)
If she had invited me yesterday, I should have
gone to the party.
假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会,我就去了。
这句话主句谓语动词用“
should
+
have +
过去分词”形式,
从句用过去完成时,对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设,表示与过去
事实相反的情况,其含义是:
She didn
’
t invite
me yesterday, so I didn
’
t go
to the party.
她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会,因此我没有去。
3
)
If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to
the party.
如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我会去的。
< br>这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时,从句谓语动词也用过去将来时,表示的意思是,
“邀请我”的可能性较小,对将来要发生的情况表
示怀疑。其含义是:
It is unlikely that she will
invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the
party.
明天她不可能会邀请我,因此我不会去。
<
/p>
从以上例句可以看出:
虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式
来表示与现在、
过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑,
和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过 去完成式、过去将来式
等只表示不同的虚拟语气,与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时
等毫无关系,在学习时应注意加以区别,不要混淆。
现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下:
<
/p>
1
、对现在的虚拟,表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句
的谓语动词用过去式(
be
的过去式用
were.
而主句中的谓语动词用
would
(should, could, might) +
动词原形。见下表:
- 6 -
条件状语从句的动词形式
主句的动词形式
If+
主语
+
动词过去式
(be
的过去式
were.
在口语等非正式场
合中,
I
,
he
,
she
,
it
I (we)should+
动词原形
等后面也可用
was.
但在
I
f I were you
中,一定要用
were
,不能用
was.
主语
+would
(might,could)
十动词原形
2
、
对过去
的虚拟,
表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,
条件状语从句的谓语
动词用过去完成时
,
主句的谓语动词用
would
(should,
could,
might)+
过去分词。见下表:
条件状语从司的动词形式
主句的动词形式
i(we)sho
uld+have+
过去分词
If
+
主语
+had+
过去分词
主语
+could
(might,could)+have
+
过去分词
3
、表示与将来事实相反的假设,对将来表示怀疑,或将来的动作不太可能实现时,条
件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式:
(见
表)
条件状语从句的动词形式
(
< br>三种
)
主句的动词形式
(1)if
十主语
+
< br>动词过去式
(be
的过去式用
w
ere)
,通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用
.
I(we)should+
动词原形
(2)If+
主语
(
< br>任何人称和数
)+should+
动词原形
主语
+would (might, coul
d)+
动词原
(3)if+
主语
(
任何人称和数
)+were
to+
动词原形
形
4<
/p>
、
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一
致时,
动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。
这与以上三种
情
况不同,虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。
5.
以上句型可以转换成以下形式:
1
)
条件状语从句省略
if
:
在书面语中,
如果条件状语从句的谓语中有
were,
had
或
should,
就可以省略
if,
并将
were,
had
或
should
放到句首,谓语主语之前,用
“
Were/Had/Should +
主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带
if
的条件状语从句相同。当然,如
果从句没有
were
, had,
或
should,
就不
能省略
if.
2
)用介词短语代替
条件状语从句。
(可以改为条件状语从句)
。例如:
Without air, there would be no
living things.
But for your help, I
couldn
’
t have done it.
3
)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。
)例如:
It would
produce bad results to do that.
用动词不定式
=If you did
that/should do that, it would produce bad results.
6
、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句
表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。
p>
(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法
<
/p>
1
、用在“
wish+
< br>宾语从句”中,表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望,可以翻译为“但愿…”
,
p>
“悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿
望,从句的谓语动词用过去
式;表示将来的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“
would
(co
uld)+
动词原形”
;对过去的事情表示愿望,从句的谓
p>
语动词用
“
ha
d+
过去分词”
或“
could
+
have
+
过去分词”
。
Wish
后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气,不管这个愿望是否能实现。如:
I wish it were Spring all the year
round.
I wish you could go with us.
We wish we had arrived there two hours
earlier.
2
、用在
as
if/as though,
或
even if/even
though
引导的从句中
:
这时,
如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去,则谓语动词用
had
+过<
/p>
去分词形式;如果指的时现在的状况,则用过去式
(be
用
were)
;指将来则用
would(should, could)+
动词原形。这里只看从句动作发
p>
生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系。
3
、在
It is (high)
time (that)
…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式
< br>(be
的过去式用
were),
或用
should+
动词原形
(sh
ould
不能省略
)
来表示。这句话
的意思是“
(现在)该…”
。
For
example:
It is time we left/should
leave.
It is high time that you got
married.
4
、在
I
would rather
(that)
…句型中,后面的从
句的谓语动词用过去式
(be
的过去式用
were)
。这句话的意思是“我宁可…”
,表示
说话人的意愿。
For example:
I
’
d rather I were
in the rain now.
I
’
d rather you
did not tell him.
5
、用在
suppose
开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与
< br>as if
后面的动词变化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。<
/p>
意思是“假如…”
,但
suppose
是动词,不是连词。如:
Suppose the boss walked in. What should
I do?
Suppose Saddam had not been
captured. What would the U.S. do?
Suppose Chen Shui-bian should declare
Taiwan independent.
What
would China do?
6
、用在
for fear that
或
lest
引导的从句中,表示“怕…
”
“万一…”等意思。从句的谓语动词用
should
+动词原形,
should
可以
省略。如:
She closed the windows for fear that
she (should) catch cold.
The officer
forbade the use of artillery lest the
city
’
s industry be damaged.
Lest the wall should collapse, they
evacuated from the building.
7.
在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词,如
arrange,
command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose,
request, require,
suggest, beg,
move
(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用
should
+
动词原形,
should
可以省略,而引导宾语从句的
that
不能
省略。例如:
- 7 -
We
suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with
us.
The doctor ordered that she
(should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start
right away.
The commander ordered that
the bridge (should) be bombed.
The
villagers requested that the old building not be
pulled down.
Now
let
’
s do some translation:
总经理坚持该项目必须按计划执行。
The general manager insisted that the
project be carried out as planned.
省长请求再给他一次机会。
The governor requested that he be given
another chance.
美国要求伊朗必须无条件放弃其核武器计划。
The
United
States
demanded
that
Iran
should
unconditionally
give
up
its
nuclear
weapon
program
(program
to
develop
nuclear
weapons)
最高法院裁定此案必须重新审理。
The Supreme Court ruled that this case
be retried.
医生建议,即使在节假日人们也不应该熬夜。
8
、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词,或在这些动词用
作名词时,名词之后的从句用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语
动词用
s
hould
+动词原形,
should
可以省略。从句的引导词
that
不
能省略。这与上述第
7
项类似。如:
He made a request that he (should) be
allowed to take 3 days off. = He requested that he
be allowed to take 3 days off.
Our
suggestion is that education not be
industrialized. = We suggest that education not be
industrialized.
The
president
’
s decision is that
the war against terrorism be launched at the right
time. =The president decided that
the
war against terrorism be launched at the right
time.
9
、上述动词在
It
is
suggested
that
…
,
It
is
required
that
…
,
It
’
s
requested
that
…
,
It
’
s
ordered
that
…
,
It
’
s
arranged
that
…句型中,
that
之后的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用
should+
动词原形
, should
可以省略,但引导词
that
不能省略。如:
It was
suggested that he attend the conference.
It was requested that the trial be
openly reported.
10
、在
It
’
s important
(imperative, necessary, essential, vital,
desirable, advisable, better)
that
…句型中,
that
引
p>
导的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用
should
+
动词原形
,should
可以省略。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。
For example:
It is
essential that there should be enough food and
clothing for the winter.
It is
desirable that your wedding be postponed until
next July.
It is imperative that the
board chairman be present at the board meeting. <
/p>
另外,在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。但最好把这些习惯用语作为一种句型来记住
。如:
May you be happy!
May you succeed!
Long live
the People
’
s Republic of
China!
Everybody leave the room!
You had better not resign.
I would rather not tell you.
总之,虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点,因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多,动词的变化比较复杂。在学习的时候 要逐个过关。同时,也
要善于发现虚拟语气的规律。根据动词的变化,大致可以把虚拟语
气分为三种:
一种是动词
用过去式,过去分词式,或过去将来式,这主要是用
if
…
p>
, wish, suppose
的情况;
一种是动词用
should+
动词原形(
should
可以省略)<
/p>
,这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句,以及
It is important (necessary) that
…后面所接的从句;
一种是动词用过去式,如
It is (high) time
(that)
…和
I would rather
后面的从句。同学们还可以自己总结适合自己的规律,
如把虚拟语气句型可
以分为用于简单句、条件状语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、定语从句、同位语从句等。
Now let
’
s
do some exercises to consolidate what we have
learned about subjunctive mood:
四、非谓语动词
1
、我喜欢做饭。
“
I
like cooking.
”
本句中,
“
like
”
(喜欢)是谓语。
“
cooking
< br>”
(做饭)是宾语,用动名词形式。又如:
“
He
likes
cooking.
”在英语中。谓语动词经
常随着主语的人称、数而变化,但动名词作宾
语时是不变的。
2
、对我来说,学
英语不容易。
“
It' s not easy for
me to learn English.
”
3
、从太空看,地球是个蓝色的球体。
“
Seen from the space, the
earth is a blue sphere.
”
p>
请比较这些句子的中英文。在这几个汉语句子中,做饭、学英语、从太空看分别作句子的宾语
、主语和状语,但是其动词形式“做”
、
“学”
、
“看”没有变化。而在这几句英语中,
“做饭”变成
了
cooking,
“学”变成了
to
learn
,
“看”变成了
seen.
动词形式发生了
变化,而且必须发生变化,因为这些句子有另外
的谓语动词。因此这些动词叫做“非谓语动词”
,又叫“非限定性动词”
,
他们没有人
称和数的变化。这是英汉动词的巨大差别
,也是中国人学英语的一个难点,同时也是在使用英语时容易犯错误的地方。需要特别注意
的是:英语的单句一般只有而且必须有一个主谓结构,即一个谓语,如果单句中出现了另外的动词,这些动词就
要改变形式。
以上英语句子中
cooking, to learn,
seen
等具有动词特征,但是在句子中不能作谓语的动词形式,就叫动词的非谓语形
式,也叫非
谓语动词。
我们再比较
“
I
like
cooking.
”
与
“
He
likes
cooking.
”
p>
这两句话主语不同,
谓语动词
like
p>
形式变了,
但意义没有变化。
而
cooking
没有任何变化。再看
“
It is not easy for me to
learn English.
”
和
“
It
is not easy for him to learn
English.
”
“对我”
- 8 -
for me,
“对他”
for
him
之后的
“
to learn
”没有任何变化。
可以看出,非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的,它们不受人
称和数的限定,所以
又叫“非限定动词”
。
动词在句子
中除了充当谓语外,还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用,在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。
这就是
动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的
成分时,就要使用这种形式。
动词的非谓语形式有三种:
(
p>
1
)动词不定式:
to study
(to +
动词原形
)
(
2
)分词:
studying (
现在分词
)
、
studi
ed (
过去分词
)
(
3
)动名词:
studying
(
形式与现在分词相同
)
动词非谓
语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。
< br>动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化(以
write
为例
)
:
形态
主动
一般
To write
进行
To be writing
动词不定式
完成
To have
written
完成进行
To
have been writing
一般
Writing
现在分词和动名词
完成
Having
written
一般
被动
To be written
To have been written
Being written
Having been written
written
A
、
动词不定式
其形式是“
to+
动词原形”
。
t
o
是不定式符号,无词义。其否定式是在
to
< br>前面加上
not,
never
等否定词。
不定式可以有
自己的逻辑
主语,由
for
引出,加在
不定式短语前面。
如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作
的承受者,则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语,就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于
非谓语动词等带有动词的特征,但又不是谓语动词,所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语,而在逻辑上又是这
个动作的执行者,所
以就称为逻辑主语。
< br>如果不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,
这个不定式一般要
用被动语态。
疑问词
(
who,
whom,
whose,
what,
which,
when, where, why, how
还包括
whether
)等后面加不定式构成不定式短语,可做主语,表语,宾
语等。
(一)作主语。
在不定式短语作主语的句子中,往往用
it
作形式主语,而不把不定式短语放在句子的后面。如:
To die like that is a terrible
thing.=It is a terrible thing to die like that.
象那样死去是一件可怕的事。
(
it
作形式主语,把真正的主语
to die like
that
放在后面)
To
know oneself is
difficult.=It
’
s difficult to
know oneself.
有自知之明不容易。
To tell a lie is not always easy.=
It
’
s not always easy to tell
a lie.
撒谎并非总是容易。
Never to offend anyone is my
principle.
永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。
It
’
s against
nature to remain single.
保持单身是违反自然的。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
For a dog
to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a
terrible thing for a dog to die like that.
一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。
(
for a
dog
是不定式的主语)
For
one to know everything is impossible.=
It
’
s impossible for one to
know everything.
一个人什么都知道是不可能的。
For his brother John to go to sea seems
natural.= It seems natural for his brother John to
go to sea.
他兄弟<
/p>
John
去
当水手是很自然的事。
It
’
ll
be a great shame for you to forget her.
你要是把她忘了,那可太不应该了。
It
’
s not proper
for us not to accept the invitation.
我们不接受邀请不合适。
(否定)
It has not yet been decided when and
where to discuss her resignation.
何时何地讨论她的辞职还没定。
但是,下列形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语由
of
引出:
careless
粗心的,
clever
聪明的,
cruel
残忍的,
foolish
< br>愚蠢的,
good
好的,
kin
d
好心的
,
naughty
淘气的,
nice
好的
,
polite
礼貌的,
right<
/p>
正确的,
rude
无礼的
,
silly
愚蠢的,
p>
stupid
傻的,
unwise
不明智的,
wise
明智的,
< br>wrong
错误的,等等。
为什么这些词要用
of
引出不定式呢?
因为这些形容词都
是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。
“
It is +
形容词
+
of sb + to do sth
”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何,可以
改写为:
“
Sb + be +
形容词
+ to do
sth.
”
而“
for sb to do
sth
”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如:
1
、
It is difficult for me to learn
English.
更强调学英语很难,不能写成
I am
difficult to learn English.
(这句话含有逻辑错误。
)
2
、
It is unwise of you
to
go
to
the United States at this
time.
=You
are unwise to go
to
the United States at
this
time.
强调你不明智。
It
’
s very kind of
you to come to see us off.
=You
’
re kind to come to see
us off.
你来为我们送行太好了。
It
’
s unwise of
him to drink and smoke so much.=He is unwise to
drink and smoke so much.
他喝这么多酒、抽这么多烟是不
明智的。
It
’
s extremely
cruel of John to kill animals.
John
杀害动物真是残忍之极。
It
’
s rude/polite
of Jack to say this to her.
Jack
对她说这个,很无礼
/
礼貌。
(二)作宾语及宾语补语。
1
p>
、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。常见的这类动词有:
aff
ord
负担得起,
agree
同意,
arrange
安排,
ask
要求,
attempt
试图,
beg
乞求,
begin
开始,
choose
选择,
< br>claim
声称,
consent
同意,
dare
敢,
decide<
/p>
- 9 -
决定,
< br>decline
谢绝,
desire
欲想,
demand
要求,
det
ermine
决心,
expect
期待
,
fail
失败,
forget
忘记,
hate
讨厌,
help
帮助,
hope
希望,
p>
intend
打算,
learn
学习,
like
喜欢,
l
ong
渴望,
manage
设法,
p>
mean
打算,
need
< br>需要,
offer
主动提出,
p
lan
计划,
prefer
更喜欢,<
/p>
prepare
准备,
pretend<
/p>
假装,
promise
答应,
refuse
拒绝,
remember
记得,
seek
寻求,
s
eem
好像,
tend
倾向,
threaten
威胁,
undertake<
/p>
承担,
volunteer
志愿,
want
想要,
wish
希望等。
I agreed to support
him.
我答应支持他。
He
said he wanted to be a professor.
他说他想当教授。
My
daughter preferred to have eggs and milk for
breakfast when she was in her twenties.
我女儿二十几岁时早饭喜欢吃鸡蛋和牛奶。
2
、不定式可以和
how,
which,
what,
who,
whom, whose, when,
where
还有
p>
whether
等词连用作宾语。常跟这种结构作宾语的动词有:<
/p>
ask
询问,
advise
建议,
consider
考虑,
decide
决定,
discover
发现,
discuss
讨论,
ex
plain
解释,
find out
查
明,
forget
忘记,
inquir
e
打听,
know
知道,
learn
学会,
remember
记得,
show
演示,
tel
l
告诉,
teach
教,
think
想,
understand
懂得,
wonder
想知
道
,等等。例如:
I
don
’
t know where to get so
much money.
我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。
They haven
’
t
decided whether to leave or stay.
他们还没决定是走还是留。
此外,这种不定式结构还可作主语,表语,和介词宾语等。
How to live a happy life is a difficult
question to answer.
怎样过幸福生活是个很难回答的问题
The question is whom to choose for the
position.
问题是这个位臵选谁。
That
was a discussion about how to increase their
strength.
那是一次关于怎样增强他们力量的讨论。
He said nothing about what to do with
her.
关于拿她怎么办,他啥也没说。
She asked my suggestion just now about
where to go for her holidays.
关于去哪里度假,她刚才征求了我的意见。
3
、有些动词需要不定式作宾语补足语。这种动词常见的有:
< br>ask
请求,
advise
劝告
,
allow
允许,
beg
乞求,
believe
相信,
call on
号召,
cause
促使,
compel
强迫,
comma
nd
指挥,
direct
指导,
enable
使…能够,
encourage
鼓励,
expect
期望,
feel
觉得,
force
迫使,
get
使得,
hate
不喜欢,
have
使,
hear
听见,
help
帮助,
p>
inspire
鼓舞,
intend
p>
打算
,invite
邀请
< br>,instruct
指示,
know
知
道,
lead
引导,
let
让,
like
喜欢
,
listen to
听,
look
at
看,
make
使得
,
notice
注意到
, observe
观察,
order
命令,
permi
t
允
许,
persuade
说服,
prefer
更喜欢,
press
施加压力,
remind
提醒,
request
请求,
tea
ch
教,
tell
告诉,
urge
敦促,
want
想要,
warn
警告,
wish
希望,等等。
I asked my
mother to buy a new bike for me.
我请求妈妈给我买辆新自行车。
Tony knew his girl friend to be a shy
college student.
托尼知道他的女朋友是一个害羞的大学生。
They helped you to get on the bus,
didn
’
t they?
他们帮你上了汽车,
是吗?
4
、有些动词要求省掉
to
的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有:
feel
觉得,
have
使,
hear
听见,
hel
p
帮助,
let
让,
< br>listen to
听,
look at
看,
make
使,
noti
ce
注意,
see
看见,
observe
观察,
watch
观看
等,一类是感官动词,一类是使役动词。
A policeman saw the accident
happen.
一位警察看见事故发生。
We
listened to her talk about her experience
abroad.
我们听她讲国外的经历。
We
’
d be glad to
have you work with us.
我们会很高兴有你和我们一起工作。
上述
help
后面的不定式省掉
to
与保留
to
都可以。在被动语态中,上
述动词后面的不定式要把省去的
to
还原。
I heard the dog come in.
我听见那条狗进来。
=The
dog was heard to come in.
有人听见那条狗进来。
I saw
her go out by bike.
我看见她骑着自行车出去了。
=She was seen to go out by
bike.
有人看见她骑着自行车出去了。
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
我可以帮着搬起这个沉重的箱子吗?
You may as well help me (to)get things
straight.
你不妨帮我把东西整理好。
She
helped the old woman (to) cross the
street.
他帮助那位老妇人过街
在
had
better
(最好)
,
would
rather
(宁愿)
,
would
sooner
(宁愿)
,
would
(just) as
soon
(宁愿)
,
cannot b
ut
(不能不,不由
得不)
,
cannot help but
(不能不,不由得不)等成语后面也跟
不带
to
的不定式:
He would rather listen to others than
talk himself.
他宁愿听别人也不愿自己说。
He would sooner play than
work.
他宁愿玩也不愿干活。
You had better go away right
now.
你最好立即就走。
I would rather take this method.
我倒愿意采取这个办法。
I
’
d rather walk
than take a bus.
我宁可走也不愿坐公共汽车。
She
’
d rather die
than lose the children.
她宁可死也不愿失去孩子们。
I
’
d rather not
have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
She
’
d sooner stay
at home.
I would as soon do it by
myself.
I would just as soon stay as
go.
我宁愿住下也不愿去。
We couldn
’
t but
weep at the sad news.
You
can
’
t but respect them.
Rather
than
和
sooner than
同
义,都是“宁可”
,
“与其…(不如)
”
,
“不是…(而是)
”的意思。当它
们放在句首时,其后跟不带
to
的不定式;在其它位臵时其后的
不定式可带也可不带
t
Rather than risk
breaking up his marriage, he told his wife
everything.
他把一切都告诉了妻子,而不是冒离婚的危险。
Rather than cause trouble, he left.
他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。
Sooner than marry that man, she would
earn her living as a waitress.
她宁可当女招待养活自己,也不嫁给那个男人。
He decided to write rather than
telephone.
他决定写信,不打电话。
The manager believes it is important to
invest in new machinery rather than to increase
wages.
经理相信重要的是投资买
新机器,而不是增加工
资。
Rather than John do it,
I
’
d prefer to do the job
myself.
与其让
John<
/p>
干这件事情,我宁可自己动手。
- 10 -
4
、有些动词要求省掉
to
的不定式作宾语补语。
在
Why
起首的疑问句中跟不带
p>
to
的不定式:
Why not come with us?
为什么不跟我们一起来呢?
=Why don' t you
come with us?
Why not go for a game of
tennis?
为什么不去打网球呢
?
Why not relax yourself?
为什么不放松你自己呢?
Why
not try to train your character?
为什么不培养你的性格呢?
Why
not give the $$40 to Tom?
干吗不把那
40
美金给汤姆呢?
For
God
’
s sake, why bring that
up again?
看在上帝的份上,干吗又提这事呢?
Why split hairs over the color of the
dress?
干吗对连衣裙的颜色吹毛求疵呢?
Why run this risk?
干吗冒这个险?
Why risk breaking the law?
干吗冒犯法的险呢?
5
、不定式作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时,常用
it
来代替不定式短语,而把真正作宾语的不定式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有:
co
nsider
认为,
feel
觉得,<
/p>
find
发现,
make
使,
think
认为,等等。例如:
< br>
I think it best to go.
我想最好走。
Do you
consider it right to send our doctors over?
你觉得派我们的医生去对吗?
I
found it strange for her not to come today.
我发现她今天没来是很奇怪的。
注
意:
hope
希望,
demand
p>
要求,
suggest
建议,这三个词不能
跟不定式作宾补。
错误的句子:
I hope you to be happy.
我希望你快乐。
I
suggest you to take him seriously.
我建议你要把他当回事。
We demanded them to give us a definite
answer.
我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
正确的句子:
I hope
that you
’
ll be happy.
我希望你快乐。
I suggest that you
take him seriously.
我建议你要把他当回事。
I
advise you not to take him seriously.
我建议你不要把他当回事。
We demanded that they give us a
definite answer.
我们要求他们给个确切的答复。
(三)作定语。
不定式短语作定语时
,一般放在被修饰的词之后,有些名词的后面常用不定式作定语。常见的有:
abili
ty
能力,
agreement
一致,
协
议,
ambition
抱负、野心,
anxiety
焦急,
attempt
试图,
campaign
战役,
chance
机会,
claim
声称,
courage
勇气,
decision
决定,
determination
决心,
drive
努力,
eagerness
殷切的心情,
effort
努力,
failure
失败,
hope
希望,
intention
目的意图,
motive
force
动力,
movement
运动、协议,
need
需要,
opportunity
机会,
plan
计划,
promi
se
诺言,
readiness
乐意,
refusal
拒绝,
relucta
nce
勉强不愿,
resolution
决心,
tendency
倾向,
ri
ght
权力,
struggle
斗争,
threat
威胁,
time
时候,
way
方法,
w
illingness
愿意,
wish
希望。
与这些词相对应的形容词或动词常接动词不定式。如
ability
→
be able
to, refusal
→
refuse to
等。
作定语时不定式表示将要发生的动作。
There is not any one to save
him.
没有任何能救他的人。
He
’
s a not a man
to tell lies.
他不是那种撒谎的人。
He
’
s a man to be
trusted
他是个可以信赖的人。
He
needs love to strengthen his broken heart.
他需要爱来给他那破碎的心以力量。
I don
’
t
understand his idea to send his son to the Sahara.
我不明白他把儿子送到撒哈拉沙漠的想法。
I need to buy a box to hold my CDs.
我需要买个装
CD
片的盒子。
This
visit is a good opportunity to learn
Chinese.
这次访问是学习中文的好机会。
No investigation, no right to speak.
没有调查就没有发言权。
Not
to speak much is the best way to avoid trouble.
不多言是避免麻烦的最好办法。
This is a good way to make money.
这是个赚钱的好方法。
We
were given some bread to eat.
给了我们一些面包吃。
I
’
ve a lot of
things to take care of in the office today.
今天我办公室里由于很多事情要处理。
Have you got a key to unlock this
door?
你有开这个门的钥匙吗
?
He
needs a place to live in.
他需要有个住的地方。
This
is not a pen to write with but to draw with.
这不是写字而是画画用的笔。
I
have not a friend to talk with.
我没有能谈心的朋友。
作定语时,也可以给不定式加上主语。例如:
The order for the army to start has
been given.
已经发出了让部队开始的命令。
The power for science to serve mankind
is limitless.
科学为人类服务的力量是无穷的。
The letter for you to answer is placed
on your desk..
要你回的那封信放在你办公桌上。
(四)作表语。放在系动词之后。
例如:
To gamble is
to commit suicide, but not to get rich.
赌博就是自杀,而不是致富。
To
criticize others is to make enemies.
批评别人就是树敌。
To do
everything is to do nothing.
什么都做等于什么也做不成。
Perhaps the most popular way of
relaxing is to participate in sports.
也许最受欢迎的放松方式就是参加体育活动。
This matter is for you to
consider.
这个问题是要你考虑的。
These apples are for the guests to eat.
这些苹果是给客人们吃的。
My
hope is for all members to come together once a
year.
我的希望是所有成员每年聚会一次。
My advice is for you to apologize to
her.
我的建议是你向她道歉。
The question is where to go for help.
问题是到哪里求助。
- 11 -
To respect others is
to be respected.
尊重别人就是受到别人的尊重。
To
see her is to love her.
见到她就会爱上她。
(五)不定式短语和疑问词连用(
who, whom,
whose, what, which, when, where, how,
还包
括
whether
)
(
1
)做主语。
例如:
Who to turn
to is what she wants to know.
找谁帮忙是她想知道的。
It
’
s problem what
to do.
干什么还是个问题。
How to be wealthy, healthy and happy
will always remain a question mark.
怎样才能富有,健康和幸福将永远是个问号。
(
2
)做表语。例如:
The question is which to take
first.
问题是先拿哪一个。
What remains for you to explain is how
to put the plan into practice and whose help to
seek.
剩下需要你解释的是怎样实
施计划以及寻求谁的帮
助。
The question is which of
the methods to adopt.
问题是采取这些方法中的哪一个。
(
3
)作宾语,常用这一结构作宾语的动词有
< br>ask, consider, decide discuss, explain, forget, find out, guess, inquire, know,
learn,
remember, see(=understand), show, settle(=decide),
tell(=know), think, understand,
wonder
等。
I
’
ve found out
where to buy them cheaply.
我发现了在哪里买这些东西便宜。
Do you remember when totch off the
machine?
你记得什么时候关掉机器吗?
I
can
’
t tell what to do .
我说不好怎么办。
How can
you tell which button to press?
你怎么知道按哪个按钮?
You
know very well when to say what and how to say it.
你很清楚什么时候说什么话以及怎样说。
He can
’
t decide
what time to leave or whether to leave at
all.
他不能决定何时离开或者到底是否离开。
有些双宾语及物动词,也可用这个结构做直接宾语。常用的有
tell,
inform, show, advise, ask,
teach,
等。如:
I
showed her how to use the remote
control.
我向她演示怎样使用遥控器。
The salesman told him whichtch to turn
on first.
售货员告诉他先开哪个开关。
Will you advise me which to
buy?
你建议我买哪个?
Please inform me where to get the
tickets.
请告诉我到哪里去弄票。
(
4
)做定语。例句
:
I must find a pen with which to fill in
this form(=to fill in this form with).
我必须找支钢笔填表用。
He
offered me some hot coffee with which to refresh
me spirit (=to refresh me spirit with).
他给我提供了点热咖啡提提
神。
Nobel began to seek ways in which to
make the explosive safer to handle.
诺贝尔开
始寻找那种炸药操作起来更安全的方法。
(六)作状语。不
定式短语作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。位臵一般在句尾或句首。
(
1
)表示目的。如
:
We waved
flags, beat drums and blew bugles to encourage the
players.
我们摇旗擂鼓吹号,来鼓励运动员。
They went to the U.S.A. not to study
English but to study law and business.
他们去了美国,不是为了学英语,而是为了学
法律和商务。
为了强调,有时用
in order to
(为了)或
so as to
(以便)加动词原形,放在句首或句尾均可。例如;
In order to improve my English, I read
China Daily every day.
为了提高英语水平,我每天都看《中
国日报》
。
He took a
taxi so as not to miss the train.
为了不误火车,他坐了出租车。
有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾,作独立成分。例如:
To be frank(with you), this is not
satisfactory.
老实(和你)说,这不令人满意。
To be fair, she is an honest
girl.
说句公道话,她是一个诚实的姑娘。
To tell you the truth, you are
wrong..
实话告诉你,你错了。
这样的短语还有
to tell you the
truth
实话告诉你,
to conclude
最后,
to begin
with
首先,
to cut a long story
short
简而
言之,
to go
back to the point
回到正题,
not to
make too much of it
别小题大做,
to
put it another way
换句话说,
to
hear
him
talk
听他说话的口气,等等。
(
2
)表示原因。例如
:
To hear him talk in that manner, you
would think him a foreigner.
他这样说话,你会以为他是外国人。
The old
father smiled
to know his
success.
知道他成功的消息,那位老父亲笑了。
不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用,有时说明产生这种情绪的原因,有时不是说明原因,而 是和形容词一起说明主
语的情况。
常见的这类形容词和过去分词有:
able
有能力的,
afraid
害怕的,
amazed
感到惊异的,
angry
生气的,
anxious
急于的,
astonished
感到惊讶的,
careful
小心的,
certa
in
有把握的,
clever
聪明的,
comfortable
舒服的,
c
ruel
残忍的,
deep
深的,
p>
delighted
高兴的,
difficult
有困难的,
di
sappointed
感到失望的,
determined
有决心的,
eager
急于的,
easy
容易的,
fit
合适的,
foolish
愚蠢的,
fortunate
幸运的,
free
< br>自由的,
frightened
感到害怕的,
glad
高兴的,
good
好的,
happy
幸福的,
har
d
艰苦的,
lucky
幸运的,
overjoyed
高兴的,
pleased
高兴的,
possible
可能的,
proud
自豪的,
ready
准备好的,
relieved
感到轻
松的,
right
正确的,
sad
p>
悲伤的,
shocked
感到惊讶的,
p>
sorry
难过的,
sure
肯定的,
surprised
感到惊讶的,
unable
没能力的,
useless
没用的,
willing
愿意的,
worthy
值得的,
wrong
错误的等。
例如:
He
’
ll be angry to
hear these words.
听到这些话他会生气的。
You
’
re lucky to
have me as your teacher.
有我当你们老师,你们很幸运。
He feels proud to be on the school
football team.
作为校足球队队员他感到很自豪。
Be careful not to catch cold.
小心别感冒。
He
’
s anxious to
go back straight to London.
他急于直接回伦敦。
- 12 -
They
’
ll be ready
to leave in about an hour.
再有大约一小时他们就准备好了。
The new manager is easy to get along
with .
新经理很容易相处。
This river is broad, deep and good tom
in.
这条河宽且深,是游泳的好地方。
Your sofa is comfortable to sit
in.
你的沙发坐上去很舒服。
(
3
)不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词:
l
earn
得知,
find
发现,
see
看见,
hear
听见,
to be
told
被告知,
make
使得
等。
o
nly+
不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如
:
He hurried to the airport to learn that
the flight had already taken off.
他急忙赶到机场,却得知飞机已经起飞了。
He returned home from his holiday only
to find that his house had been broken into.
他休假回家,却发现他的房子被破门
而入了。
(
4
)
不定式还可以与“
be said, be reported
,
…”等连用构成复合谓语。这一结构可变成“
It
’
s said,
It
’
s reported,
…”<
/p>
(
见
被动语态部分
)
。如:
An
explosion is reported to have happened, and three
are known to have been killed.
=
It
’
s reported that an
explosion has happened and
it
’
s known that three have
been killed.
据报道发生了一起爆炸,已知三人被炸死。
(七)不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式,即一般式、进行式和完成式。
< br>
(
1
)
p>
一般式(
to+
动词原形)
:表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如:
We
’
re
happy to have you on our side.
有你在我们这边我们很高兴。
I
saw him go out.
我看见他出去了。
(
不定式
go out
与
see
同时发生。
)
They invited me to have dinner with
them.
他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。
I hope to see you again.
我希望再见到你(
to see
发生在
hope
之后)
(
2
)
进行式(
to be+
现在分词)
p>
:表示主句谓语的动作发生时,不定式动作正在进行。例如:
She
’
s said
/believed to be living nearby.
据说
/
据信她就住在附近。
When he came in, I happened to be
sleeping in bed.
他进来时,我碰巧正在床上睡觉。
They seem/appear to be enjoying
themselves.
看上去他们似乎很快活。
He
pretended to be doing his homework when he heard
his father
’
s sound.
他听见父亲的声音,假装正在做作业。
The president was reported to be
visiting the hospital.
据报道总统正在访问那家医院。
(
3
)完成式(
to have+
过去分词)
:表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。
如:
I
’
m
glad to have met your parents here.
我很高
兴在这儿见到了你父母。
(已见过)
I
’
m sorry to have
kept him waiting for me so long.
我很抱歉让他
等了我这样久。
(已经等过了)
(八)不定式的被动语态。当<
/p>
不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定
式的被动形式有两种:
一般式:
to
be+
过去分词
完成式:
to have
been+
过去分词
例如:
You
’
re lucky to
have been accepted .
你很幸运已经被接受了。
These criminals are to be hanged .
这些罪犯是将被绞死的。
We
’
re glad to
have been invited.
受到邀请我们很高兴。
What
’
s to be done
next?
下一步做什么?
It
is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.
我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。
p>
(八)为了避免重复,不定式可省略,但
to
有时保留,有时不保留。
例如:
You will make it if you try
(to).
如果你努力,你会成功的。
George says he is going to leave
Shanghai, but I don
’
t think
he really wants to. George
说要离开上海,但是我不认
为他
真的愿意走。
Some of
them retired, and others were ready to.
一些人退休了,还有的准备退。
He always speaks faster than he needs
to.
他说话总是没必要的快。
I
’
d like to do it
now, but I haven
’
t got the
time (to).
我倒是想现在干,但没时间。
“
Would you go there with
me?
”
“
I
’
m
glad to.
”
“你愿意和我
一起去吗?”
“愿意。
”
“
Did you pass the
exam?
”
“
No, I tried (to), but I
failed.
”
“你考试及格了吗
?”
“没有,我努力了,但没成功。
“
Do you want to sing them an
English song?
”
“
I prefer not
to.
”
“你愿意为他们唱首英文歌
吗?”
“我不想唱。
”
You
’
d better sing
an English song if they ask you (to)
again.
如果他们再要求你,你最后唱一首英文歌。
<
/p>
后面常省略不定式而保留
to
的结构,还
有:
used to
常常
be going to
打算
mean
to
打算
ought
to
应该
plan
to
计划
want
to
要想
(九)两个不定式由
and, or, except,
but, than
连接时,第二个可省略
to
,尤其是两个不定式紧密相连时。
例如
:
I intend to
call on him and discuss this question
again.
我打算去拜访他并和他谈谈这个问题。
I
’
d like to lie
down and go to sleep.
我想躺下睡觉。
You
’
re free to
talk or laugh here.
在这里你可以随便说笑。
I
’
m anxious to go
and ask him about it.
我急于去问问他这个事。
Do
you want to have lunch now or wait till later?
你想现在吃午饭还是再等会儿?
We had nothing to do except (to) look
at the posters outside the cinema.
我们无事可做,只有看看电影院外面的招贴。
He had nothing to do except talk
nonsense.
除了胡说八道,他没别的事干。
I
would rather die than be insulted.
我宁死也不受侮辱。
- 13 -
B
、动名词
动名词可以起名词的作用,在句子中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾
语和状语,构成动
名词短语。
动名词的否定形式是在前面加上
not,
never
等否定词。
(一)做主
语和表语。动名词短语用
and
连起来做主语时,谓语用复数形
式。
例如:
Fishing in this lake is forbidden.
这个湖里禁止钓鱼。
Going
abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are
two different things.
出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。
It seems that reading English is easier
than speaking
it.
似乎读英语比说英语容易。
My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting
stamps .
我最喜欢的爱
好是钓鱼
/
集邮。
在
It
’
s
no use; It
’
s (no) good;
It
’
s useless
It
’
s (not) wise;
It
’
s (not) worthwhile;
It
’
s of great (no, little)
importance
等习惯表达中,
It
为形式主语,而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如:
It
’
s no use /good
ringing her up now.
现在给她打电话没用了。
Is
it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents?
为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗?
It
’
s wise trying
again.
再试一次是明智的。
It is of great importance fighting
against pollution.
制止污染有重要意义。
It is
no use operating on the sick man. He should have
been sent here early.
给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该
早些把
他送来。
It is no
good smoking; you
’
d better
give it up.
吸烟没好处,你最好戒掉。
(二)动名词短语作宾语。
常用的能
接动名词的动词有:
admit
承认,
appreciate
感激,
avoid
避免,
advise
建议,
can
’
t
help
不禁,
celebrate
庆祝,
consider
考虑,
complete
完成,
contemplate
沉思
、
打算,
defer
推迟,
delay
延期,
deny
否认,
detest
痛恨,
discontinue
停止,
dislike
不喜欢,
p>
dispute
不同意,
endure
忍耐,
enjoy
喜欢,
escape
逃脱,
excuse
原谅,
fancy
想象,
feel like
想要,
finish
结束,
严禁,
forgive
原谅,
hinder
阻碍,
imagine
想象,
keep
保持,
mention
提到,
mind
在意,
miss
错过,
pardon
饶恕、原谅,<
/p>
permit
允许,
postpone
推迟,
practise
实践、练习,
prevent
阻止,
recall
回忆,
report
报告,
resent
怨恨,
resist
抵制、阻止,<
/p>
risk
冒险,
stop
停止,
suggest
建议,
understand
明白、理解,等等。
例如:
He avoided
giving me a definite answer.
他避免给我一个正确答案。
David suggested selling your dog and
car to pay the debt.
戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车抵债。
(我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:
David
suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car
to pay the debt.
)
I couldn
’
t risk
missing that train.
我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。
下列动词既可用动词不定式又可用动名词做宾语:
abhor
憎恶,
attempt
试图,
begin
开始,
cannot
bear
无法忍受,
cannot
stand
无法忍受,
cease
停止,
continue
,继续
,
,
decline
拒绝,
des
erve
值得,
disdain
蔑视,
dread
害怕,
endure
忍耐,
forget
忘记,
< br>hate
痛恨,
intend
打算,
learn
学,
like
p>
喜欢,
loathe
厌恶,
love
喜欢,
mean
意思
是、意味着,
need
需要,
negl
ect
疏忽,
omit
省略,忽略,<
/p>
plan
计划,
prefer
更喜欢,
propose
建议,
< br>regret
后悔,
remember
< br>记得,
require
需要,
s
corn
蔑视、
瞧不起,
start<
/p>
开始,
try
尝试,
努力,
entail
必须,
inv
olve
涉及,
necessitate
使成为必要,等。以上多数动词用不定式或用动名词作宾语意思一样,个别不同。
(三)动名词短语作介词宾语的时候最多。
尤其是在短语动词后面。如:
The children are fond of listening to
pop music.
孩子们喜欢流行音乐。
Are you interested in going to the
show?
你有兴趣去看演出吗?
Thomas insisted on doing it in his own
way.
托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事。
我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:
Thomas insisted
that he (should) do it in his own way.
Excuse me for interrupting
you.
请原谅我打扰你,
Since returning from
Xi
’
an, he has been
busy.
从西安回来后,他一直很忙。
He
warned me againstmming in this lake.
他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。
改为不定式短语:
He warned me not tom
in this lake.
We came out without
being seen.
我们出来没被人看见。
Before finishing your homework,
you
’
d better not go out.
做完作业之前,你最好别出去。
改为用
before
作连词:
Before you finish your
homework, you
’
d better not
go out.
(四)动名词也可以有自己的逻辑主语,就是在动名词短语前面加上
物主代词或名词的所有格。
带逻辑主语的动名词短语可做主语
,宾语,表语等。在非正式文体当中,经常把物主代词简化为宾格人称代词,把名词所有格简化为
名词。例如:
I insisted on
his (him) going to the cinema with me.
我坚持要他和我一起去看电影。
I
can hardly imagine
Peter(Peter
’
s) sailing
across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
我简直不能想象彼得会在五天内横渡
大西洋。
Linda
’
s coming
will do you good.
(主语)
林达的到来对你有好处。
What
made him angry was their (them)
laughing.
(表语)使他生气的是他们笑。
(五)动名词的完成式和被动语态:
(
1
)完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
I apologize for having
broken my promise.
我没有遵守诺言,我道歉。
I
don
’
t remember having talked
with him before.
我不记得以前曾和他谈过话。
恨不相逢未嫁时。
→
I regret not having met
you before my marriage/before I got married.
(
2
)当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象
或承受者时,动名词要用被动语态。例如:
I could
no longer stand being treated like
that.
我再也不能忍受被那样对待。
- 14 -
She was proud of
having been trained in the U.K.
在英国受过训,她感到自豪。
他不喜欢嘲笑别人。
→
He
doesn
’
t like laughing at
others.
他不喜欢被人嘲笑。→
He
doesn
’
t like being laughed
at.
(六)某些动词可接不定式也可接动名词做宾语,但意义有差别。
(
1
)
like, love, hate, prefer
等表示喜爱,厌恶的动
词后面,可用动名词也可用不定式作宾语,意义差别不大。但当这些词前面
有
should
或
would
时,一定要用动词不定式作宾语。表示想要,愿意,打算。例如:
She likes dancing. But she
wouldn
’
t like to dance with
you.
她喜欢跳舞。
(泛指)但他不喜欢和你跳。
(特指)
He looked tired
and I didn
’
t like to disturb
him.
他看上去很累,我不想打扰他。
I don
’
t like
reading, but I
’
d like to
read a magazine in bed tonight.
我不喜欢看书,
但是今天晚上倒想躺在床上看本杂
志。
Little Jim should love to be taken to
the theatre this evening.
小吉姆今晚喜欢被带去看戏。
The reporter would /should like to see
you again.
那位记者还想见见你。
We don
’
t like
talking about people behind their
backs.
我们不喜欢背后议论人。
hate to do sth
表示“真不想做某事,
(但不得不做)
”
。如:
I hate to disturb you now, but I
have no choice.
我真不想现在打扰你,但没有办法。
(
2
)
forget to do sth.
忘记去做某事(未做)
forget doing
sth.
忘记做过某事(已做)
例如:
The light in
the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着。她忘记关了。
(关灯的动作没做)
The light in the office is
off. She turned it off, but she forgot turning it
off.
办公室的灯没亮着。是她关的,但她忘
记关过灯。<
/p>
(已关过灯,她忘了)
她昨天又来还我二百元钱。她忘记上个月还我了。→
She
came
to
pay
back
RMB
200
to
me
again
yesterday.
She
forgot
having
paid
it back to me last
month.
(
3
)
remember to do
sth.
记着去做某事
remember doing sth.
记得做过某事
例如:
Do you
remember meeting me at a party last year?
你记得去年一次宴会上见过我吗?(已见过面)
You must remember to leave
tomorrow
。
你一定要记着明天离开。
(还没离开)
(
4
)
sto
p to do sth.
停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth.
停止做某事
例如:
She stopped
to have a rest on a big rock by the side of the
path.
她停下来,在路边的一块大石头上休息。
As long as you live, your heart never
stops beating,
只要你活着,你的心脏就永远不会停止跳动。
(
5
)
regret to do sth.
对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾
;
regret doing sth.
对已做的事情表示后悔
例如:
I regret
saying that.
我后悔说了那话。
I
regret to tell you the following truth.
我非常遗憾地告诉你下面这个事实。
(
6
)
try
to do sth
努力去做某事
try doing
sth.
做某事试一试
例如:
You must try
to do it again.
你必须想方设法再做一次。
Let
’
s try doing
the work in some other way.
咱们用另一种方法做这工作试试。
(
7
)
mean to do sth.
打算、意欲做某事
mean doing
sth.
意味着做某事
例如:
If it means
delaying more than a week,
I
’
ll not wait.
如果这意味着拖延一个多星期,我就不等了。
I mean to help you, and nothing
else.
我想帮助你们,没别的。
我不是想伤害你,对不起。→
I
didn
’
t mean to hurt you.
I
’
m sorry.
宣布台独就是对中国宣战。→
Declaring
Taiwan independent means declaring war on China.
(
8
)
go
on to do sth.
做了一件事又去做另一件
go on doing
sth
继续做原来的事情
例如:
After he
finished his maths, he went on to do his
physics.
他作完数学后,接着又做物理。
I
hope it won
’
t go on raining
all day long.
我希望这雨别一天下个没完。
C
分词
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。
作为谓语,现在分词和
be
一起构成
进行时;过去分词和
be
一起构成被动语态,和
have
一起构成完成时。
例如:
I am reading
a novel by Maupassant.
我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。
p>
(现在分词和
be
一起表示主语正在进行的动作。
)
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of
wine already.
鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。
(过去分词和
have
一起表示主语已经完
< br>成的动作。
)
The
gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now.
p>
金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。
(过去分词和
b
e
一起表示主语是动作的承受者。
)
作为非谓语形式,分词可用作形容词和副词,在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但
它仍保持动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾
语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词
短语。
- 15 -
现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动
词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态;它的完成式(
having
+
过去
分词)表示在谓语动词所表示
的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。
现在分词有主动语态和被动语态
(being +
过去分词
)
。
过去分词只有一般式,表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之
前发生的动作。过去分词(及物动词)本身可以表示被动的含义,因而没有
别的被动形式
。
例如:
Having failed three times, he
didn
’
t want to try again.
(=As he had failed three times, he
didn
’
t want to try again.) <
/p>
他失败了三次,不想再干了。
(
havi
ng failed
表示发生在前的动作)
Walking
along
the
sands,
Crusoe
saw
in
the
sand
the
mark
of
a
man
’
s
foot.
(=While
he
was
walking
along
the
sands,
Crusoe
…
)
< br>克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候,看见沙上有人的脚印。
(
wa
lking
表示同时发生的动作)
The question being discussed seems
important. (=The question is being discussed. It
seems important.)
正在讨论的问题
似乎很重要。
The old days are gone.
旧时代一去不复返了。
(
gone
表示完成的状态)
I had
my hair cut yesterday.
我昨天理发了。
(
cut
是及物动词的过去分词,表示“被人理发”
。
)<
/p>
分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上
not,
never
等否定词构成。
例如:
Not fearing
the fire, the child touched and got a finger
burnt.
小孩儿不知道怕火,用手去摸,把手指烫了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I
asked a policeman for help.
我不知道怎样找到地铁,就去找警察帮忙。
(一)现在分词和过去分词的区别
(
1
)在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或
物的行为;及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或
物是动作的承受者
。换言之,现在分词是它修饰的成分所作出的动作,过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。
例如:
convincing facts
有说服力的事实
/ convinced audience
被说服了的听众
the
exploiting class
剥削阶级
/ the
exploited class
被剥削阶级
a frightening
dog
一条让人害怕的狗
/ a frightened
dog
一条被吓坏了的狗
driving gears
主动齿轮
/ driven gears
从动齿轮
< br>(
2
)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去
分词表示动作已完成。
例如:
the rising sun
(
正在升起的太阳
) / the risen
sun
(升起的太阳)
the
falling rain
(正在下的雨)
/ the
fallen leaves
(落下的树叶)
stolen money
(被盗的钱
/
偷来的钱)
/ill-gotten
wealth
(不义之财)
a
high-flying kite
(高飞的风筝)
再看一些例子:
boiling
water
沸腾的水
/boiled
water
开水
/developing
countries
发展中国家
/developed
countries
发达国家
/an
exciting
story
令人激动的故事
/ excited people
激动的人们
(
2
)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已完成。
再看一些例子:
surprising
news
令人惊讶的消息
/a surprised
man
受惊吓的人
/an inspiring
leader
具有号召力的领袖
/the inspired
soldiers
受
到鼓舞的士兵
/a
delighted
speech
令人高兴的演说
/the
delighted
audience(
感到
)
高兴的听众
/a
moving
film
动人的电影
/the
moved
children
受到感
到的孩子们
/a box containing
tea
装茶叶的盒子
/the tea contained
in a box
装在盒里的茶叶
/ falling
snow
正
在下的雪
/fallen
snow box
落在地上的雪
(
3
)做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征,
意思是“令人如何”
。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,意思是“感
到如何”
。
例如:
His lecture
is disappointing
。
I
’
m
disappointed
。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the
news
。
The news is surprising<
/p>
。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The situation is
encouraging
。
We
’
re
encouraged
。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。
<
/p>
常用的还有:
amusing/amused
,
astonishing/astonished
,
p>
disappointing/disappointed
,
exciting/excited
,
fri
ghtening/frightened
,
interest
ing
interested
,
mo
ving/moved
,
rela
xing/relaxed
,
satisfying/sati
sfied
,
shocking/shocked
,
surprising/surprised
,<
/p>
terrifying/terrified
,
< br>tiring/tired
,
worrying/wor
ried
等等。
(
4
)做状语的区别,分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分
词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主
动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作
之前发生、意思是被动的。
例如:
Seeing nobody at
home
,
she decided to leave
them a note
。看到没人在家,她决定给他们留个条。
(
主动意义,几乎同时
)
The
secretary worked late into the
night
,
preparing a speech for
the president
。秘书工作到晚上很晚,给总统准备一篇演
说。
(
主动意义,同时
)
Tired of the
noise
,
he closed the window
p>
。对噪音感到厌烦,所以他把窗户关上。
(
被动意义,在谓语之前
)
Deeply
moved
,
she thanked me again
and again
。她深深地受了感动,再三谢我。
(
被动意义,在谓语之前
)
Persuade by my
mother
,
she gladly went there
alone
。在我母亲劝说下,她才高兴地独自去那里。
(
p>
被动意义,在谓语之前
)
如果现在分词
的动作在谓语动作之前发生,现在分词要用完成形式,但意思仍然是主动的。
例如:
Having
watered the vegetables
,
they
began to pick up the
Apples
。
=After they had
watered the vegetables
,
they
began to
pick up the
apples
。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。
Having finished the
work
,
he packed his tools and
left
。完工后,他收拾起工具走了。
分词做状语时,前面可用连词或介词。
- 16 -
例如:
After eating
my dinner quickly
,
I went to
see Jim off
。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。
Though built before the Second World
War
,
the engine is still in
good condition
。尽管是在二战以前建的,这引擎仍然处于
良好状态。
Unless paying by
credit card
,
please pay in
cash
。如果不用信用卡付款,请用现金付。
Tom will never do this unless compelled
。汤姆永远也不会干这种事,除非被逼无奈。
She
’
s been quite
different since coming back from
America
。从美国回来后,她大变了。
(二)用法
1
.作定语。
作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是
something
,
anything
,
everything
,
nothing
等,则分
词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常
放在被修饰的名词之后。
例如:
This is an interesting
book
。
(=This is a
book
。
It is interesting
。
)
这是一本有趣的书。
There is something interesting in the
news
。
(=There is something in
the news
。
It is interesting<
/p>
。
)
消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is
our math teacher
。
(=The man
who is sitting by the window is our math teacher
p>
。
)
靠窗
户坐着的
那个人是我们的数学老师
The machine run
by the old worker is made in
Shanghai
。
(=The machine that
is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai
。
)
那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were
girls
。
(=Most of the students
who were singing
…
)
唱歌的学生多数是女生。
Many of the
villagers questioned refused to
answer
。
(=Many of the
villagers who were questioned
…
)
被问的许多村里人都
拒绝。
注意:
(
1
)
分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:
分词和它所修饰的名词
有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系,而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。
现在分词
动名词
A sleeping
child(a child who is
sleeping)
正在睡觉的孩子
A sleeping car(a car for
sleeping)
卧车
A
flying bird(a bird that is
flying)
飞鸟
A
flying course(a course for
flying)
飞行课程
A
swimming girl(a girl who is
swimming)
游泳的女孩
A
swimming pool(a pool for
swimming)
游泳池
The
running water(the water that is
running)
流水
The
running track(the track for
running)
跑道
现在分词和
它所修饰的名词都要重读,动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。
(
2
)现在分词作定语时,它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词
所表示的动作同时发生
(
或差不多同时发生
)
。
例如:
Who is the
boy dancing over
there
?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀
?
The girls swimming in the sea were in
danger
。
在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。
如果
两个动作在时间上有先后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而往往用主从复合句结构。
例如:
The man who
has gone to Shanghai will be back
again
。到上海去的那个人会回来的。
The teacher wants to talk to the
students who smashed the
windows
。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。
<
/p>
(
3
)
be
p>
的现在分词
being
不能用作定语
(
可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词
)
。表示这种概念时,也用主从复合句结构。
例如:
He has a
brother who is a
worker
。他有一个当工人的兄弟。
< br>2
、
作状语。
分词和分词短语作
状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。
例如:
Seeing the teacher entering the
room
,
the students stood
up
。
(=When the students saw
the teacher entering the
room
,
They stood up
。
)
学生们看见老师走进房间,都站了起来。
(
时间
)
Heated
,
the Metal
expands
。
(=The metal expands
if /when it is heated
。
)
金属受热而膨胀。
(
条件、时间
< br>)
Being
excited
,
I
couldn
’
t go to
sleep
。
(=As I was excited
,
I
couldn
’
t go to sleep
< br>。
)
我兴奋得睡不着觉。
(
p>
原因
)
Being a
student
,
he was interested in
sports
。
(=As he was a
student
,
he was interested in
sports
。
)
他是个学生,所
以对体育运动感兴趣。
(
原因
)
Inspired
by
’
s
speech
,
Li
Hua
and
his
classmates
decided
to
study
physics
harder
。
(=As
they
were
inspired
by
’
s
speech
,
Li Hua and his
classmates decided to study physics harder
< br>。
)
李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞,决定更加
努力学习物理。
(
原因
)
The children went away
laughing
。
=The children went
away
。
They laughed as they we
nt
。孩子们笑着走开了。
(
行为方式
)
The
professor
stood
there
,
surrounded
by
many
students
。
(=The
professor
stood
there
。
He
was
surrounded
by
many
students
。
)
教授站在那里,许多学生围着他。
(
行为方式
)
While reading
the newspaper
,
father nodded
from time to time
。
(=While he
was reading the
newspaper
,
father nodded from
time to time
。
)
看报时,父亲不时地点头。
(
时间
)(
分词前,可加表示时间的连词
while
p>
或
when
。
)
3
、作宾语补足语。
例如:
Can you get
the machine going
again
?你能使机器再动起来吗?
You should have your hair
cut
。你该理发了。
I saw
him coming last
night
。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
4
、作表语。
例如:
The film is
very moving
。这部影片很感人。
Your homework is well
done
。你的作业做得好。
- 17 -
The visitors looked
surprised.
参观者看上去很惊讶。
The boys were seen walking on the
grass
。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。
5
、作句子独立成分(分词有自己的逻辑主语时,称为独立主格结构。
)
例如:
Flags flying
,
the
army men marched in the
streets
。旗臶飘扬,军队在街上行进。
All his ribs
broken
,
he lay half
dead
。他的肋骨全部折断,半死不活地躺着。
分词
(
短语
)
作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是
在分词前面加上它的逻
辑主语。
My wife had a long talk with Sally,
explaining why she didn
’
t
want the children to play together
我妻子与莎
莉谈了很
长时间,解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。
(
p>
现在分词
explaining
是句子主语
my
wife
做的动作,它们之间是主动关系
)
Given more
attention
,
the trees could
have grown better
。如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好
。
(
过去分词
given
表示的动作是句子主语
the
trees
承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系
)
We explored the
caves
,
Peter acting as
guide
。我们到那山洞探险,彼得做向导。
(
独立主格
)
The train
having gone
,
we had to wait
another day
。分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语
和句子之间不
能用并列连词
(
如
but
,
and)
,
因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。
例如:
误:
Having been told many
times
,
but he still
couldn
’
t understand
it
。
正:
He was told many times,
but he still couldn
’
t
understand it
。
注
意:
(
1
)分词作状语时,逻辑主语即
句子的主语
;
否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。
例如:
Looking out of the
window
,
I saw lots of people
there
。
(=When I looked out of
the window
,
I saw lots of
people there
。
)
我往窗外一看,看见那儿有许多人。
(looking out of the window
的逻
辑主语,就是句子的主语
I
。
) <
/p>
(
2
)在
see
,
hear
,
watch
,
notice
等动词后,
用动词不定式作宾语补语,通常表示
(
强调
)
动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在
分词作宾语补语
,则通常表示动作正在进行。
例如:
We sat two
hours and watched the teacher make the experiment<
/p>
。我们坐了两个小时,看老师做实验。
(
两小时一直在看老师做实
验
)
We
passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making
the experiment
。我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。
< br>(
只是在走过教宰
的一刹那间,看见老师正存做实验
p>
)
I saw him enter the room,
unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph
it and put it back
。我看见他走进房间,打开
抽屉,拿出一份文件,拍了照又放回去
(
表示一个接一个的
一系列动作的全过程时,用动词不定式。
I
noticed
them
sitting
in
the
corner and
talking
about something
secret
。我注意到他们坐在角落里在谈论什么秘密事儿。
(
表
示几个同时正在进行的动作,用现在分词
< br>)
(
3
)在“
have+
宾语
+
分词”的
结构中,用现在分词或过去分词表示的意义不同。在“
have+
宾语
+
现在分词”的结构中,现在分词所表
< br>示的动作往往是主体让
(
叫、使、听任、允许
)
客体做的,或使客体保持或处于某种状态。
例如:
He had the
fire burning day and
night
。他让火日夜燃烧着。
Father had me swimming the whole summer
vacation
。父亲让我整个署假天天游泳。
在“
have(get)+
宾语
+
过去分词”的结构中,过去分词所表示的动作往往是别人做的或与主体的意志
无关。
例如:
Mary had her dress washed
。玛丽
叫别人洗了她的衣服。
(
衣服是被洗
)
had his legs broken
。他的腿骨折断了。
(
表示与主体意志无关的客观遭遇
)
I had my watch stolen yesterday
< br>。昨天我的表被人偷了。
(
表是被偷
)
They had Jack beaten
。他们
叫人打了杰克。
(Jack
是被打
)
(
4
)分词作表语时,现在分词有“主
动”
、
“进行”
、
“使”等意义;过去分词有“被动”
、
“完成”
“受”
、
“感到…”等意义。
例如:
The
story is interesting
。这个故事很有意思。
(
故事使人感兴趣
)
He
is interested in
dancing
。他对舞蹈感兴趣。
(
5
)谓语动词的现在进行时和作表语的现在分词形式相同;被
动语态动词谓语和作表语的过去分词形式相同,但两者的意思不一样。
试比较
:
They are
moving their bed.
他们正在搬床。
(are
moving
是谓语,表示主体的动作
)
The story is very
moving.
这个故事很感人。
(moving
是表语,表示主体的特征
)
Her homework was done by her
sister.
她的作业是她姐姐做的。
(was
done
是谓语动词被动语态
)
Her homework is well
done.
她的作业做得很好。
(
done
是表语
)
(
6
)
generally speaking
(一般地说)
,
roughly speak
ing
(粗略地说)
,
strictl
y speaking
(严格地说)等现在分词结构都是习惯
用
语,在句子中作插入语。
例如:
Generally
speaking
,
a footballer of 20
is better than one of 40
。
一般地说,二十岁的足球队员比四十岁的强。
(
7
)分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,而独立
结构的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不同的。
例如
:
The last bus
having gone
,
we had to walk
home.
末班公共汽车已开走了,我们只好走路回家。
(三)分词的时态和语态
过去分词
可以表示“被动”和“完成”等意义,因此没有时态和语态方面的形式变化。下面谈一下现在分词的时态和语态。
- 18 -
1.
现在分词的完成式
(having+
过去分词
)
表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作
之前或两个动作在时间上有一定的间隔。
例如
:
Having
written the letter
,
John went
to the post office.
(=After he had
written the letter
,
John went
to the post office.
约翰写完信后,就去邮局了。
Having lived in Beijing for
years
,
Lao Wang knows the
city quite well.
(=As he has lived in
Beijing for years
,
Lao Wang
knows the city quite well.)
老王在北京住了多年,所以对这个城市很熟悉。
Having drunk two glasses of water, Xiao
Ma felt a little better.
(=After he
had drunk two glasses of water Xiao Ma felt a
little better.)
小马喝了两杯水,感觉好一些了
一
般式和完成式现在分词都可以表示先后接连发生的动作。在可能引起误解的场合应该用完成式现在分词表示先发生
的动作。
例如
:
Opening the
drawer
,
he took out his
wallet.
(=He opened the drawer and
took out his wallet.)
他打开抽屉,拿出钱包。
Coming into the
room
,
he put down his bag.
(=he came into the room and put down
his bag.)
他走进房间,放下提包。
Having brushed his
teeth
,
Mr. Brown came
downstairs for breakfast.
布朗先生刷过牙,就下楼来吃早饭。
(
此句如写成
:Brushing
his teeth, Mr. Brown came downstairs for breakfast
.
可能指“边刷牙,边下楼’
。
)
2.
现在分词的被动语态
(being
+
过去分词
)
通常表示“正在被…”的意思。如强调现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之
前时,可用现在分词被动语态的完成式
(having + been +
过去分词
)
。
例如
:
The bridge being built will be
completed next
month.
正在修建的那座桥将于下月完成。
Having been kept out of the room about
half an hour for his returning
late
,
Tom was let in.
< br>汤姆回来晚了,所以被关在门
外半小时左右才让他进去。
五、独立主格结构
独立主格结构由名
词或代词加上其他成分
(
分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、
副词或介词短语
)
构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语,所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语,分词
或不定式表示的
逻辑谓语,
有时还有其他修饰成分。
(
判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。
p>
)
这种结
构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原
因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用,主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独
立主格结
构可以改为句子形式
(
从句
):
独立主格结构加上连词,
非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式,
这样就成为从句了。
例如
:
Today being
Sunday, the library isn' t
open.
今天星期天,图书馆不开放。
< br>(
原因
)
改为从句
:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the
library isn' t open.
例如
:
There being no
buses
,
we had to take a taxi.
没有汽车了,我们只好坐出租车了。
Because there were no buses, we had to
take a taxi.
The signal
given
,
the bus
started.
信号发出后,公共汽车就启动了。
(
时间
)
改为从句<
/p>
:
After the signal was
given, the bus started.
The boy
followed that man here
,
and
climbed in
,
sword in
hand.
少年跟那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。
The boy followed that man
here
,
and climbed
in
,
and had a sword in his
hand.
The mid-term examination is
over, the end-of-term examination to come two
months later.
期中考试结束了,两个月之后进行
期末考试
.
The mid-term
examination is over, and the end-of-term
examination is to come two months later.
Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the
Great
Wall.
如果天气允许的话,我们就去参观长城。
If weather permits, we' 11 visit the
Great Wall.
The boy followed that man
here, and climbed in, sword in hand.
少年跟
那个人到这里,并爬了进来,手里拿着剑。
(
伴随状语
)
上文例句中
sword in hand
是由“名词
+
介词短语”构成,表示伴
随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构,有时可以用
with
引出,二者的意思是一样的,
with
结构更加口语话,更
加常用。
She left the office
with tears in her
eyes.
她眼里含着泪水,离开了办公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom,
with a ruler under his arm and some books in his h
and.
老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子,
手里拿着几本书,走进了
教室。
The teacher walked into
the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his
arm and some books in his hand.
Tian'
anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights
on.
华灯齐放,天安门广场显得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way, we found
his house with no difficulty.
由这孩子领路,我们毫
不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give
us a lead, our team is bound to turn out
well.
有他给我们带头,我们对一定能搞好。
1
、指出下列句子中的独立主格结构
:
1) My work having been finished, I went
home.
---My work having been finished
- 19 -
2)The
woman sat smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a
faraway look in her eyes.
---A faraway look in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I didn' t
know what time it was.
---My watch having been lost
4) He came into the room, his face red
with cold.
--- his
face red with cold
5) There an elderly
patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone, head
bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her
back to mast of the others
6) A man
came in, his face hidden by an upturned coat
collar and a cap pulled law over his brow.
--- His face hidden by
an upturned
……
.
2
、
用独立主格结构改正下列句子
:
1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
---It being cold,
…
2) Being no
bus, we had to walk home.
--- There being no bus, ...
3) Getting colder, same birds are
flying away to the south.
--- It getting colder, ...
4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson
in place of Mr. Wang.
---
Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught..
5)
Asia is the largest continent, being about 43
million square kilometer.
---
…,
its size
(area) being about 43
…
.
3
、
用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空
:
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____
(
手里拿着一个大苹果
).
---- (with) a big apple in his hand.
2)
_____(
下课了
)
,
the
children ran out of the class room.
---The class being over
3
)
The little
girl waited at the bus stop for a long time,
_____(
鼻子冻得通红
).
---her nose red with cold
4)
Here comes
the Shanghai train, _____
(
从福州来的火车
)
---the Fuzhou train to come half an
hour later.
5)
He was doing his homework._____
(
他的父亲坐在旁边
)
6)
____(
谁也没有什么可说的
),
the meeting was closed.
-----Nobody having any more to say.
六、一致关系
英语的一致有三种
p>
:
主谓一致,代词一致,肯定与否定一致
(一)主语与谓语的一致
英语语法
要求,主语如果是单数,谓语动词也要用单数形式
;
主语若是复
数,谓语动词也要用复数形式
例如
:
She likes to
eat well.
她好吃
We
all like good food.
我们都喜欢好饭菜。
Everybody was happy with the decision.
人人都对这个决定感到高兴。
I
am a doctor.
我是个医生。
(二)概念一致
1. And
p>
连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式
His opinion and mine are
different
他的观点和我的是不同的。
Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob
和
peter
是死对头。
What she says and what she does are
totally different.
她说的和做的完全不同。
但是如果
and
连接的是指一个单一概念时,谓语动词用单数。
Bread and milk has been my
breakfast for years.
牛奶面包多年来一直是我的早餐。
Her lawyer and old friend is going to
marry her.
她的律师和老朋友要娶她。
All this effort and sacrifice has come
to nothing.
所有这些努力和牺牲都白费了。
由
and
连接的单数主语分别有
many a
,
ever y
,
each
,
no
修饰时,动词用单数。
如:
During the holidays, every
train and every plane was
crowded.
假期期间每列火车及每架飞机都非常拥挤。
No boy and no girl has the right to
refuse education.
男孩和女孩都没有拒绝教育的权利。
Man a man and man a woman was moved b
this picture
。许多男男女女都被这幅画感动。
2.
如果主语是一个抽象概念
(
如不定式、
动名词、
主语从句等
)
谓语动词用单数形式。
如果主语是用
and
连接的两个
或多个抽象概念,谓语动词用复数
形式。
如:
Swimming
jogging and cycling are all goad farms of sports e
xercises.
游泳、慢跑和骑自行车都是很好的运动形式。
To live to eat is not a very goad
attitude toward life.
活着就是为了吃不是好的生活态度。
To live to eat and to eat to live are
very different attitudes toward life.
以
what
,
who
< br>,
why
,
haw,
whether
等
wh
一词引起的从句做主语时,谓语动词通常用单数
;
由
and
连接的两个主句如果指两件事,动词
用复数
。
例如
:What he is
doing is not clear
yet
他在干什么还不清楚
What he is doing and whether I know him
are two different
things.
他在干什么和我是否认识他是两件不同的事。
- 20 -