希罗神话与英语词源

?

Greek and Roman Mythological

Elements

in

English Language Stock

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Introduction

Even

before

the

Conquest

a

number

of

Greek

words

had

entered

English by way of Latin, in addition to some very early loans that may

have come into Germanic directly from Greek, such as

Church

. From

the

middle

English

period

on,

Latin

and

French

are

the

immediate

sources

of

most

loanwords

ultimately

Greek

—

for

instance

(from

Latin),

allegory, anemia,

（贫血）

，

anesthesia, aristocracy, barbarous,

chaos, comedy, cycle, dilemma, drama, electric, enthusiasm, epithet,

epoch,

history,

homonym

（同形同音异义）

,

metaphor,

mystery,

paradox, phenomenon, rhapsody

（狂想曲）

, rhythm, theory,

and

zone;

(from French)

center, character, chronicle, democracy, diet,

dragon,

ecstasy, fantasy, harmony, machine, nymph, pause ,rheum

（泪 水，

鼻

炎

）

,

and

tyrant.

Straight

from

Greek

(though

some

are

combinations

unknown

in

classical

times)

come

acronym,

agnostic(

不可知论者

),

anthropoid(

类人猿

),

autocracy,

chlorine(

氯

),

idiosyncrasy(

习性< /p>

,

癖好

),

pathos(

痛苦

,

疾病

),

phone,

telegram,

and

xyl ophone(

木琴

)

, among many others.

The

rich

foreign

sources

of

present

English

word

stock

are

Latin

,French

and

Greek

(including

those

words

of

Greek

orign

that

have come to us by way of Latin and French). Many of the Latin and

Greek

words

were

in

the

beginning

confined

to

the

language

of

erudition(erudition n.

博学

),

and

some

of

them

still

are;

others

have

passed

into

the

stock

of

more

or

less

everyday

speech.

It

must

be

remembered

in

this

connection

that

in

earlier

periods

Latin

was

to

the English the language of literature, science, and religion. Although

Greek

had

tremendous

prestige

as

a

classical

language,

there

was

comparatively little firsthand knowledge of it in western Europe until

the advent of refugee Greek scholars from Constantinople

君士坦丁

堡

(

土耳其西北部港市伊斯坦布尔

) after the conquest of that city by

the Turk in 1453. Hence, most of the Greek words that appear first in

early Modern English occurred, as far as the English were concerned,

in Latin works, though their Greek provenience (

起源

,

出处

) usually

would

have

been

recognized.

Latin was,

in

fact,

freely

used

in

both

written and spoken forms by the learned all over Europe throughout

the

medieval

and

early

modern

periods.

Petrarch(

彼

特

拉

克

（

1304-1374,

意大利诗人

,

学者、欧洲人文主义运动的主要代表）

)

translated

Boccaccio

< br>’

s(

卜伽丘

(Giovann i,

1313-1375,

文艺复兴时期

意大利作家

,

《十日谈》的作者

)

Italian,

and

it

was

this

Latin

translation that Chaucer

(

乔叟

(

英国诗人

, 1340-1400)

)used

as

the

source

of

is

Clerk

’

s

Tale

.

More,

Bacon,

and

Milton

all

wrote

in

Latin,

just

as

the

Venerable

Bede(

比德

(Saint,

673-735,

英国历史学家及神学家

)

)and

other

learned men had done centuries earlier.

avarice,

ambrosia(

神的食物

,

特别美味的食物

),

nectarnectar([

希神

]

神

酒

,

任< /p>

何

美

味

的

饮

料

,

花

蜜

,

甘

露

),

chronicle,

nymph,

siren,

nocturnal,

uranium,

plutonian([

< br>地质

]

深成的

),

erotic,

atlas,

martial,

merchant,

mercury,

mercurial,

geology,

chaotic,

music,

muse,

museum,

echo,

narcissism,

noxiousnoxious

(adj.

有害的

),

lethargic,

lethal,

hide,

ocean,

giant,

titanic,

t antalizing(adj.

非

常

着

急

的

),

volcano

…

.

2

Myths of Creation

Chaos:

chaos:

a : a state of utter confusion

b : a confused mass or mixture (

Merriam- Webster Dictionary

)

神

谱

,

神统系

,

记述神的史诗

116]

Chaos is the void which came into being before anything else. But

some say that Chaos was born from Mist,

and that Mist was the first to exist. Others

affirm that Chaos is not a void, but a rough

unordered mass of things. It is also asserted

that Chaos existed from the beginning,

together with Nyx([

希神

]

尼克斯

(

< br>司夜女神

,

夜

的化身