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怎样猜测词义
词义猜测题的命题分析
1.
词义猜测题的命题依据
高考英
语主要考查的是考生对于高中英语基础知识和基本技能的掌握情况，
侧重考查考
生的综合语言运用能力，
特别是运用英语获取信息、
处理信息、
分析问题和解决问题的能力。
词义猜测题正是对
于这种能力的具体考查，
它是从特定的角度考查考生的阅读理解能力和处
理生词的能力，对此英语课程标准和高考英语考试大纲都有具体的要求。
英语课程标准的要求是：能够根据情景及上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象。
高考英语考试大纲要求考生能读懂书、
报、
杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、
说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息
。考生应能：
1
．
理解主旨和要义；
2
．
理解文中具体信息；
3
．
根据上下文推断生词的词义；
4
．
作出判断和推理；
5
．
理解文章的基本结构；
6
．
理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
2.
词义猜测题的设问特点
词义猜测题的提问关键词为
mean, refer to,
be replaced
等。
常见的设问方式有：
(1) The
underlined word ―___‖ in the second passage
probably means ―___‖.
(2)
Which
of
the
following
words
can
best
take
the
place
of
the
word
―___‖
in
the
first
paragraph?
(3) What does the underlined word ―___‖
in Paragraph 3 refer to?
(4)
The underlined word ―___‖ in Paragraph 1 is
nearest /closest in meaning to ―___‖.
（
5
）
The
word ―……‖ refers to/ probably
means/ could best be replaced by
_______
(6)The word ―……‖ is
most likely to mean____
(7)What do you think the expression
―……‖ stands for? _____
(8)By
saying ―……‖ we mean_______
(9)―……‖ as used in the passage, can be
be
st defined
as
_______.
(10)The underlined
word /phrase/ sentence ―……‖
means_______.
3.
词义猜测题的选项特点
（
1
）
正确选项的特点
●
忠实于原文的语言，即在文字表述上基本和原文相关语句一致。
●
类似于原文的同义词语或同义结构，即和原文相关句子结构
一致，语法表现形式不
同，但语义一样。
（
2
）
干扰项的特点
●
给出所熟悉词的字面意思或常规含义。
1
●
与上下文意思貌似吻合
4.
词义猜测题的考查类型
(1)
考查熟词新义
所谓熟词新义是讲考生已经熟悉这个词的基本意思，但在考查语境中其又有新的含义，
要求考生能推测出这些词在句中的含义。此类题目的最大特点就是熟词有新义。例如：
42. The underlined word ―voice‖
in the second paragraph most probably means ―___‖.
（
2010
年四
川卷
A
篇）
A. an idea
B. a sound quality
C. a way of
writing
D. a world to write about
【分
析】
voice
是考生非常熟悉的单词，但是这个词在文中却有
了新的含义，表示一种写作
的方法，正确答案为选项
C
。
(2)
考查生词词义的猜测
所谓生
词，是指在考纲或教材中没有出现过的词汇，考生完全不了解其含义，主要考查
考生通过
上下文猜测词义的能力。该类题目的最大特点就是新语境中的新词义。例如：
67. The underlined word
―assertiveness‖ in the last paragraph
probably means ―___‖.
（
2010
年
北京卷
C
篇）<
/p>
A. being willing to speak
one's mind
B. being able
to increase one's power
C. being ready
to make one's own judgment
D. being quick to express one's ideas
confidently
【分析】
assertivenes
s
一词对考生来讲，应该算是一个生词，想要明白其意，必须结合语境
< br>来推测。这一类型的题目对于考生来讲，
是一种较为公平、客观的能力考查。正确
答案为选
项
D
。
(3)
考查代词词义的猜测
代词的主要作用就是用来指代上下文所出现的名词以及名词词组。由于代词的这种指代性，<
/p>
使得文章的行文更加流畅、
逻辑更加严密。
该类题目的最大特点是内在的逻辑和指代。
例如：
68. The underlined word
―them‖ in Paragraph 2 refers to ___.
（
2010
年北京卷
D
篇）
A. taxpayers
B. pressing
calls
C.
college graduates
D. governments resources
【分析
】综合第
2
自然段的段落大意，可判断此处的
< br>them
指代的是
pressing
calls
。
58. What
does ―to do that‖ refer to in the second
paragraph?
（
2010<
/p>
年四川卷
E
篇）
A. To live with John
B.
To hire a house for John
C. To allow
John to see the children
D. To ask John to set up a
regular life
【分析】此题属于对文段语境指代能力的考查。需要根据
―to
do that‖
所在的前后段落大意及
文章的中心进行分析，
才能作出合理的判断。正确答案为选项
C.
To
allow
John
to
see
the
children
。
(4)
考查对短语含义的猜测
短语是由两个或两个以上的词组合起来构成的，
考生必须注意词与词之
间的关系以及上下文
的语境，进而对短语的含义做出猜测。该类题的最大特点是词语之间
的关系。例如：
72. The phrase
―communications blackout‖ in Paragraph 1 most
probably refers to ___ during the
2012
Olympics.
（
2010
年上海
卷
C
篇）
A. the extinguishing of the Olympic
torch
B. the collapse of broadcasting systems
C. the transportation breakdown in
London
D. the
destruction of weather satellites
2
【分析】
blackout
有
―
停电
‖
、
―
舞台熄灯
‖
之意，
communication
有
―
传播
‖
、
―
交流
‖
之意。因此<
/p>
在推测
―communications
blackout‖
这一短语的含义时应注意两者之间的语义关系，答案应为
选项
collapse of broadcasting
systems
。
(5)
考查对句子含义的猜测
该类题目的最大特点是要对句子前后的语境进行分析以及对句中重点词语的把握。例如：
42. The underlined part in
Paragraph 2 most probably means that games can ___
.(2010
年天津卷
B
篇
)
A. describe life in an exciting
way
B. turn real-life experiences into a
play
C. make learning life skills more
interesting
D. change people's views of sporting
events
【分析】通过分析划线句子的前后语境，可以得出答案为选项
C
。
方法与技巧一
:
定义
/
解释法<
/p>
即根据给出的定义或解释
/
举例猜测词义
为了解释或说明某个词语的意义，
有时作者会用直接定义法或用其它方式对该词进行解释或
说明。
如：
Anthropology is the
scientific study of man.
由此可知
anthropology
意为
―
研究
人类的
科学，人类学
‖
。
关键信息词
有：
is
，
means
，
r
efers to
，
is considered to
be
，
is known
as
，
is
called
，
can be defined
as, that is
（
to
say
）
,or, be considered to
be
，
in
other words ,namely
（即，就是）
,
破折号，同
位语
,
定语从句等等。
1.
根据定义（
definition
）猜测词义
定义常用的谓语动词多为：
be,
mean, deal with, be considered to be, be called,
define, represent,
refer to, signify(
意味，表明
)
等。
【实例验证】
1.A
calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a
particular year.
2.A biography is the
story of a person's life written by someone else.
3.A person who is skilled at making or
repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.
uncle is a zoologist, an expert who
does research on animals.
herdsman,
who looks after sheep , earns about 650 yuan a
year.
are on the night shift --- from
midnight to 8 a.m. --- this week.
7.
The word
―
adolescence
‖ means the
period between children and adulthood.
A
少儿期
B
幼儿期
C
青春期
D
成人期
8.
（
2005
年湖北卷）
Do
you
know
what
a
―territory‖
is
?
A
territory
is
an
area
that
an
animal ,usually the male,
claims
（声称）
as its own.
Youth
Summit
was
aimed
at
increasing
understanding
and
friendship
between
young
students of the two countries through
visits and y-
five American students
were
selected to visit also visited
the Nixon Library on July 21 before leaving for
Beijing
the next head of the library
said he was pleased to see the American and
Chinese students
talking and laughing
together.
◆
The words ―Youth
Summit‖ refer to ________.
3
A
．
visit to the
Nixon Library
B
．
the Chinese
students‘ visit to the U
．
S.
C
．
a meeting
discussing relations between China and the
U
．
S.
D
．
activities to
strengthen the ties between the Chinese and
American students
2.
根据复述推测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、
详细，
但是它提供的信
息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，
至
少读者可以根据复述猜测
生词的大致
―
义域
‖(
意义范围
)
。
复述部分可以是
词、
短语、
或从句。
（
1
）
同位语复述：
在复述中构成同位关系的两
部分之间常用逗号连接，
有时也使用破折号，
冒号，分号，引号
和括号等。同位语前常有
信号词
or, similarly, that is to say, in other
words,
namely, or other, say, i.e.
等。
（
2<
/p>
）定语从句复述：例如
1.(05
浙江卷
B
段
)In
fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild
cat, exist in the U.S. today.
writers
are
no
longer
writing
about
the
modern
values
of
the
USA--money,
Success
or
expensive things to buy.
slang, the term
―jam‖
constitutes a state of
being in which a person finds himself or herself
in
a difficult situation.
medicine
began
with
the
stethoscope,
a
medical
tool
used
for
listening
to
the
movements of a person‘s
lungs and his heartbeats.
harbor is protected by a
jetty
—
a wall built out into
the water.
is indecisive, that is,
she can‘t make up her mind
easily.
8. Capacitance, or
the ability to store electric charge, is one of
the most common characteristics of
electronic
circuits(
电器装置
).
9. For the purpose of electrostatic
theory all matters can be divided into two fairly
different classes:
conductors
，
in
which electrical charge can flow easily from one
place to another
；
and
insulators
，
in which it
cannot.
will be very hard but also
very brittle
－
that is, it
will break easily.
A
easily broken
B
soft inside
C
very hard
D
expensive
3.
根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。关键词有：
such
as,
e.g
,
such,like,
for
example/
instance,
especially, include, consist
of
等
young
couples who are just starting their households
often spend lots of their money on
appliances ,for
example
，
washing--
machines
，
fridges and color
TVs
．
includes
poultry
for
main
course
（
e.g.
chicken,
turkey,
duck,
goose
）
salad,
bread
and
vegetables, and features of variety of
desserts, for example, pie, puddings and ice
cream.
must have certain safety
devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good
brakes
（刹车）
.
4.
(04
辽宁卷
C
段
< br>)The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation
states.
It will provide more space to study particular
issues such as relationship among countries in
the European Union, third world debt,
local and international disagreement, and the work
of such
international bodies as the
United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the
World Bank.
【真题验证】
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