-
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Chapter 1 Geography, People and
Language
全名
:
the
United Kingdom of Great
Britain
（大不列颠联合王国）
and
Northern
Ireland
（北
爱尔兰）
.
由成千上万的小岛组成（
the
British Isles
）
.
两大岛屿：
Great
Britain
（大不列颠）
and
Ireland
（爱尔兰）
The River Thames
(second
longest and most important),
originates
（起源于）
in southwestern England -----North Sea.
Scotland
(
Edinburgh
爱丁堡
)
important
river:Clyde River
kilts
（苏克兰小短裙）
Wales
(
Cardiff
加迪夫，著名港口
).
The Severn River is the longest river
of Britain------flow through western England.
Northern Ireland
(Belfast
贝尔法斯特，首府
)
Lough Neagh----
the largest lake in the British Isles.
Climate
: temperate, with
warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipita
tion(
降雨量
)
，
冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛
Three major features
: winter
fog, rainy day, instability
冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定
London
---Buckingham
Palace
（白金汉宫）
, Guildhall
(
市政厅
),
St.
Paul
’
s
Cathedral
（圣保罗大教堂）
, The Tower
Bridge of London
（伦敦塔桥）
The majority of the
population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a
Germanic people
from Europe.
大部分的人口是盎格鲁
-
撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼
人
Most people in
Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic
people, including the Irish
people
威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人
English belongs to the Indo-European
family of languages. English is in the Germanic
group.
英语属于日耳曼语语系
Germanic group: East Germanic, North
Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from
the West Germanic group.
日耳曼语
系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从
西日耳曼语中发展。
1
、
Old
English
:
was
influenced
by
Old
Norse
spoken
by
the
Vikings
and
was
related
to
the
German and
Dutch languages.
受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关
.
was
ended
with
the
Norman
Conquest,
when
the
language
was
influence
by
the
French-speaking
Normans.
古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服
2
、
Middle
English
:
William
the
Conqueror
invaded
and
conquered
and
the
Anglo-Saxons
(Numerous French words came into the
English vocabulary)
征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁
-
撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）
3
、
Modern
English
(15
century):
William
Caxton
brought
standardization
to
English,
and
spelling and grammar became fixed. The
first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel
Johnson:
A Dictionary of the English
Language was influential in a standard form of
spelling.
卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，
并成
为固定的拼写和语法。
第一本字典发表于
1604
。
约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。
Standard English
is
based on the speech of the upper class of
southeastern England. It is also
called
“
the
Queen
’
s
English
”
or
“
BBC
English
”
. A third of
world
’
s population use
English.
标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也
被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英
语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。
Chapter 2 History
1.
有记
录的历史起始于
55BC,
Julius
Caesar
（凯撒大帝）
and his Roman
troops invaded the
island.
410
年
,
Germanic
（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治
2.
Celtic→Spain
and France
凯尔特人→西班牙和法国
Anglo-
Saxon
→
Germanic Tribes
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊→日耳曼部落
3. Norman
Conquest
（诺曼征服）
of
England marked the establishment of
feudalism
（封建
制度）
4. Henry II
建立
rule of the House of
Anjou(
安茹王朝
) in England,
亦称为
the House of
P
lantagenet(
金雀花王朝
). He
improved the courts of justice, introduce the jury
system and
institutionalized common law
.
他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。
5. The Magna Ca
(
大宪章）：
英国宪政的基础
the foundation of the British
constitutionalism
6. Henry III wages
wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de
Montfort, drafted the Provision
of
Oxford(
牛津条约
) to
limit the King
’
s power by
calling regular meetings of 15-member Privy
Council(
枢密院
).
由
Simon de Montfort
率领的贵族
，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用
15
名枢密院会议限制国
王的权力（枢密院）
Simon de Montfort
facilitated the modern idea of a representative
parliament.
西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。
Wars of the Roses: the House of York(
white rose) and the House of Lancaster( red
rose)
→
winner.
Henry Tudor became
King Henry
VII
and started the rule of
the House of Tudor.
约
< br>克（白玫瑰）和兰开斯特家族（红玫瑰）→赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世，开始了都铎王朝的统治
8. In 1584, King Henry VIII
issued
the Act of Supremacy
《至尊法案》
. In 1651, Cromwell
destroyed Charles
II
’
s army, which marked the
end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided
to
restore Charles II to the throne
which put an end to the Commonwealth.
1
584
，国王亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》至上的行为。在
165
1
，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，
这标志着内战结束。在
1660
届议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位，这将结束了英联邦
。
9.
在
1688
，光荣革命（
Glorious Revolutio
n
）发生。在
1689
年，议会通过了
人权法案（
the Bill
of
Rights
）。
10.
19
世纪中期，工业革命完成。
11.
The British
Empire
began
with the
colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By the end
of
19
th
century,
the British Empire included about
1/4
of the global population
and the world
’
s
l
andmass.
大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民
1583
。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括了
1 /
4
的世界人口和世界的
陆地。
12.
South African
is the fourth self-government dominion of the
British Empire after Canada,
Australia
and New Zealand.
南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自
治领。
Chapter 3 Government and
the Commonwealth
1.
Britain is a
parliamentary democracy
议会制民主
with a constitutional m
onarchy
君主立宪
制
.
The British Constitution is made up of
①
Statutory law
成文法
,
制定法（
the most important
）
→
passed by parliament
②
Common
law
判例法，普通法
→
customs or legal precedents
③
Conventions
习惯法，衡平法
→
not legally exist, but
still vital
The King or
Queen
’
s role is
ceremonial,
unpolitical and
symbolic
3.
4.
The House of
commons
（
下议院）
三大职能①
The most important is
drafting new laws.
立
法②
to scrutinize,
criticize and restrain the actions of the
government
约束政府③
to influence
the
future government
policy
影像未来政策
6.
The parliament: a
two-party
system
两党制
7.
Three main parties: The Conservative
Party
保守党
, The Labor
Party
工党
, The Liberal
Democrats
自由民主党
.
获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党
8. The Queen of Britain is considered
the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are
all
located in London.
英国女王被认
为是英联邦的元首（然并卵，只是个代言人而已）。总部都设在伦敦。
Chapter 4 Economy
1.
By the
19
th
century, the British
economy had produced 1/3 of the
world
’
s manufactured
goods.
十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品
2.
In order to
separate
politics and
economic policy, Tony Blair made the Bank of
England
independent. His government was
successful in limiting government spending,
keeping inflation
under control and
reducing unemployment.
为了独立的政治和经济政策，布莱尔让
英国央行独立。他的
政府是成功的限制政府开支，控制通货膨胀，减少失业率。
3.
Important crops are wheat, barley,
sugar beet and potatoes. The major fishing areas
are the
North Sea, the English Channel,
the waters off the Irish coast and the sea area
between Britain and
Iceland.
重要的农作物有小麦、大麦、甜菜和土豆。主要的捕鱼区是北海，英吉利海峡，爱尔兰海岸和英国
和冰岛之间的海域。
4.
Major source of energy: coal mining,
oil industry (relatively new), nuclear power
能源的主要来
源：煤炭开采，石油工业（相对较新），核电
< br>
5.
Three
principal financial
centers
三大金融中心
: London,
Tokyo, New York
6.
Tourism: Stonehenge, Windsor Castle.
Britain is one of the
world
’
s largest centers for
international
conference.
最大国际会议中心
7.
Export
出口
partners: Germany, the United Stated,
the Netherland,
France
Import
进口
partner: Germany, the United Stated,
the Netherland,
China
Chapter 5 Education, Media and
Holidays
1.
Before 1870
, education was
voluntary
and schools were
set by the church. 1870
年之前教育
是自愿的，教堂开设学校
20
th
century
later on, government take responsibility for
education
二十世纪以后，政府承担教育
2.
Four
stages
:
①
primary<
/p>
初中
: 5---11
②
secondary
高中
: 11---
16
③
further
education
两年以上高中
---16 two
more years in preparation for
higher
education
④
higher
education
高等教育
---18
3.
Two parallel
school system
?
State system
国家制度
93%
→
free to all children between 5---16
years old
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