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Document types
批
示
Group show
批示是上级
领导机关用于转发或批转下级机关的工作报告、
建议时所使用的应用
文体。批示与批复不能混用。批示虽具批复作用，但其发送对象较广泛，一般要
带附
件。通常由标题、称呼、正文、署名与日期等部分组成。标题有的带
“
< br>批示
”
，
有的不带。
正文首先引叙来的请示事项，
作为批示的依据。
然
后针对来文提出下
级机关应当如何贯彻执行的方法和措施。
Instructions are the
leading organs for forward or forward lower organs
work
report, suggest to use when
applied style. Instructions and reply should not
mix. Instructions are approved, but the
object is sent over a wide range,
generally with attachments. Usually by
the title, title, body, signature and date
etc.. Title Some
with
matters, as the basis for
instructions. Then the paper subordinate organs
should be how to carry out the method
and measures.
各级党政机关的负责同志对于各种文件、
报告、
情况反映等提出自己的意见、
要
求，通常也称为
“
批示
”
，也作为要求各有关部门和下级机关贯彻执行的依据。但
这类
“
批示
”
不是一个文
种，也没有格式要求，应用时比较灵活。
All levels of Party and government
organs responsible comrades for various
documents, reports, situation to put
forward their opinions, requirements,
usually referred to as the
departments and organs at lower levels
to implement the basis. But this kind
of
flexible.
议
案
Discussion on case
一、概说
One, overview
是指国家大会代表，
大会常务委员会向本届大会提出，
并请求大会予以审议的文
书。
Refers to
the National Congress, its Standing Committee to
the Congress, and
asked Congress to
review the documents.
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< br>.
议案一般涉及重大问题，具有建议性、可行性特点。《宪法》第
72
条规定：
“
全
国人民代表和全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员，
有权依照法律规定
的程序
分别提出属于全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权范围内的
议案
”
。
Motion is generally related
to the major problem, has suggested, feasibility
characteristic.
People's
Congress and the Standing Committee of National
People's
Congress members, have the
right in accordance with the procedures
prescribed by law, to submit to the
National People's Congress and the
Standing Committee of the National
Peoples Congress within the remit of the
motion
二、写法
Two, style of writing
全文由标题、主送机关、正文、落款组成。正文包括提出议案的案由、案据和方
案三部分。议案撰写要目的明确，理由充分，文字简洁，忌用命令口气。
The full text consists of
the title, the main text, addressee, inscribe
composition.
The text includes a
forward motion of the case, and the three part
case
according to plan. Bill writing
aims, well-reasoned, concise text, Jiyong orders.
议案与建议的区别：
议案涉及重大问题并且有一定的呈文程序，
建议适用范围较
广，事无巨细，均可提出建议。
Motion and proposal
are distinguished: motion involves the major
problem and
some reports suggest
procedures, wide applicable range, execute, can
suggest.
通
告
Pass on
一、概说
One, overview
通告
是属于周知性的文种之一，
是在一定的范围内，
对人民群众、<
/p>
机关团体公布
应当遵守和周知的事项的文件。
通告与布告、
公告都同属于周知性公文，
但它们
之间相比还有其特点。
通告所宣告的事项多属于专业性或业务性的，
多涉及公安、
交通、金融方面，而布告内容广泛得多，涉及面较广；公
告为重大事项的发布。
通告适用的范围，
不仅仅限于上级对下级
，
不相隶属的单位也可使用。
它有具体
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范围和时限性。通告发布的形式较多，
可登报，可广播，可张贴。布告以张贴为
主，公告多广播、登报。
Notice is the one of the
known languages, is in a certain range, the masses
of
the people, organizations and well-
known issues announcement shall be in
compliance with the documents.
Announcements and notices, announcements
are belong to the well known documents,
but between them and its
characteristics. Announcement
announcement item belongs to professional or
business, many related to public
security, traffic, finance, and bulletin content
is much wider, involve wide notice for
important matters to release. Circular
application scope is not limited to,
superior to subordinate, not to subordinate
units may be used. It has a specific
scope and time limit. Announcement form
more, can be in the newspaper,
broadcasting, post. Notice to post, broadcast,
newspaper announcement.
二、种类
Two, species
通告从内容上分类，
一类为全国范围内的重大法规性通告，
如
《中华人民
共和国
公安部通告》
；
一类为针对某一
项工作或专门问题发布的通告。
从通告的效用上
分，
又可分为制约性通告和周知性通告。
前者属于在一定范围内，
为保证某一项
工作的开展与某项活动的进行，而发布的规定性措施。
Tell from content
classification, one for the nationwide major
regulatory notice,
such as
the
such as for a job or specialized
issues notice. The utility from a circular points,
can be divided into restrictive notices
and notice notice. The former is in a
certain range, in order to ensure a job
begin with an activity, and issued a
regulation measures.
指
示
To show
—
、概说
,, of the
（一）指示的含义及特点。
( a ) indicates the meaning and
characteristics of.
指示，是上级领导机关根据宪法、法律、法
令以及有关决定、命令等，对下级机
关部署工作，
阐明工作活动
的指导原则，
提出基本要求，
指出方法步骤的指导性
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下行公文。指示同命令、
指令的不同之处是：命令、指令一般由国家行政领导机
关或领导人发布。
指示，
党的领导机关和领导人亦可使用；
命令、
指令一经发布，
即产生法律效力，必须坚决执行，没有变通余地。而指
示，下级可根据本部门的
实际情况灵活掌握，不象命令那样严格。
Indicator, is the leading
organs in accordance with the constitution, laws,
decrees and pertinent decisions,
orders, to organs at lower levels and
deployment, elucidating the work
guiding principle, put forward the basic
requirement, pointed out the method
steps of guidance documents issued to
the lower levels. The same command
instructions, instructions difference: the
command, command by the state
administrative authority or leader released.
Indication, the leading bodies of the
party and leaders can also use; command,
command was released, which produce
legal effectiveness, must be resolutely
implemented, no alternative. While the
instructions, the lower according to the
Department of the actual situation in
flexibility, not as strictly as command.
指示，一般可分为两种：一种是针对普遍性、全局性的问题，向下级发布指示，
阐明
指导原则、
目的、
要求和方法步骤；
另
一种是针对某项工作、
局部性的问题，
向下级机关布置任务，说
明意义，提出办法。指示是指导性的公文，其特点主要
有：
Instructions, can generally
be divided into two kinds: one is for the general,
the
problem of global sex, issued
instructions, illustrated guide principle,
purpose,
requirement and method steps;
another is a work, local problem to organs at
lower levels, decorate the task,
illustrates the significance, proposed measures.
Indicator is a guiding document, its
main features are:
1
．内容具有原则性。
1 elements have principle.
指示布置工作任务，
阐明工作活动的指导原则，
不像通知那样对工作作具体、
详
尽的安排。受文单位可
按指示精神，结合本地区、本单位实际，加以贯彻落实，
指示的内容都是原则性的。
Instruction
layout tasks, to elucidate the work guiding
principle, unlike the
announcement that
about work specific, detailed arrangement. By the
unit
according to the spirit of the
instructions, combined with the region, this unit
actual, to implement them, indicating
the contents are principled.
2
．作用具有指导性。
2 role of guidance.
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指示是针对全
局或局部的重要工作而发，
其中有些问题按以往的政策措施不能解
决或解决得不好。上级机关为了统一认识，统一行动，以期取得好的效果，便在
指示中
提出切实可行的政策措施和工作原则。
指示不仅体现上级机关的意图，
< br>还
明显地体现其政策性和指导性。
Instructions for global or
local important work, some of them according to
the
previous policy measures cannot be
resolved or not good. The higher
authorities to unified understanding,
unified action, in order to achieve good
results, and in the instructions to put
forward the feasible policies and
measures and work principle. Indicator
reflects not only higher authorities
intentions, also manifests its policy
and guidance.
3
．发文机关级别较高。
3 issued by higher level. <
/p>
理论上说，凡有下级机关的机关，都可发指示。但实际上，基层单位一般不用，
市以上的机关才用得较多。这一点，同内容有关，高级领导机关居高临下，才能
较好地提出指导原则问题。另外，指示的特点和适用范围决定了指示的严肃性，
切忌
滥发，
既不能对任何问题都发指示，
也不能对任何机关和个人都
发指示。
除
了高中级党政机关及其主要领导人外，
县以下的基层机关及其领导人，
不宜直接
发指示。一
般情况下，县以下的机关向下级机关布置日常具体工作，多用
“
通知
”
行文。
（二）适用范围和类型。
In theory, all the lower organs organs,
can issue instructions. In fact, basic unit
is generally not, the city over the
body can use more. At this point, the same
content, senior leadership organs look
down from a height, in order to better
present the guiding principle problem.
In addition, indicating the characteristics
and applicable scope determines the
indication of seriousness, avoid
spamming, neither to any problem
issuing instructions, nor can any of the
organs and individuals send
instructions. In addition to high intermediate of
Party and government organs and its
main leaders, county the following basic
organization and its leader, not direct
indication. In general, the county the
following organs to the layout of the
lower bodies of the specific daily work,
more than the
1
．全局性指示。
1 global indicator.
为解决当前工作中一些全局性、普遍性问题而发的指示，叫全局性指示。
In order to solve the
current work in some situation, problems and
instructions,
called global indicator.
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2
．局部性指示。
2 local indicator.
< br>针对当前工作中具有重要意义的局部问题而发的指示，叫局部性指示。
In view of the current work
is of great significance to local issues and
issued
instructions, called local
indicator.
二、写法
Two, style of writing
指示不论是全
局性的，还是局部性的，都是由标题、发文字号、正文和发文日期
等部分组成。
Indicating whether
it is global sex, or local, are by the title,
text, text and date of
birth and other
components.
（一）标题。
( a ) the title.
指示的标题，多用全称（完整式），即发文机关、事由和文种三要素都俱全的标
题。发
文紧迫的指示，其标题可在文种前加
“
紧急
”
字样。指示的标题如果省略了
发文机关和文种，应该在题
解中加以必要的说明。
Indicative of the title, with full (
complete ), namely the dispatch organization,
the reasons and the three elements of
the title language completely. Issued
urgent instructions, its title in the
script before the
the title if you omit
the dispatch organization and language, should be
in the
key of necessary explanation.
（二）正文。
( two) the text.
指示的内容如果比较简单
，
正文可以是一段到底。
有的指示涉及的内容较多，
篇
幅较长，结构上就要适当安排。这种指示的正文，一般分指示依据、指示
事项和
执行要求等三个部分。
The contents of instructions if the
relatively simple, text can be a really. Some
instructions to more content, length is
longer, structure to appropriate
arrangements. This indicates the text,
generally indicating basis, indicating
matters and implementation requirements
of three parts.
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指
令
Refer to
一、指令的定义和适用范围
One, the definition and scope of
application of instruction
指令是专门发布经济、
科研等方面的指示性和规定性相结合的措施和要求的下行
公文。
1987
年《国家行政机关公文处理办法》指出：
< br>“
发布指示性和规定性相结
合的措施或要求时用
‘
指令
’
。
”
Instruction
specifically released economic, research and other
aspects of
indicative and regulation
combined measures and requirements of the
downlink document.
1987
processing
approach
combined with the ' command '
or request.
指令的特点和命令大致相同，
它本身也
具有强制性和权威性，
要求受文单位必须
执行。国家为了统一措
施，制定一致性的要求，对于经济、科研、事业、企业、
社会的各方面往往用指令性文件
加以统制，
表现了行政管理的强制性。
它是国务
院及各地各级政府经常使用的文件之一，非国家行政权力机关无权使用。
Instruction characteristics
and command of roughly the same, it is compulsory
and authority, by asking the unit must
be performed. Countries in order to
unified measure, making consistency
requirement, for economic, scientific
research, industry, enterprise, all
aspects of society often use mandatory
document management, performance of the
administrative compulsory. It is
the
State Council and local governments at all levels
often use one of the files,
the state
administrative authority shall have the right to
use.
二、指令的写法和要求
In two, the writing and the
requirements of instruction
指令多用于经济、科研、
技术方面的文件，因此它的专业性很强，多使用一定的
专业性术语和某些专业的理论知识
。
指令的起草多数由专业部门撰拟，
贯彻主管
< br>部门的要求与管理精神，
再由它的上级单位核稿，
并以上
级机关的名义发布，
实
行对该行业与全局的管理。
Instruction for
economic, scientific, and technical aspects of the
document, it is
professional very
strong, more use of certain professional
terminology and
certain specialized
theoretical knowledge. Drafted by the professional
sector
command most draft, implement
the requirements of the competent
department and the management spirit,
again by its parent unit nuclear release,
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