-
Unit 1
1.
主观题
2.
How did the Norman
Conquest and the Renaissance influence the
English vocabulary ?
The
transitional period
（转型时期）
from Old English to Modern
English is known as Middle English(ME
1100----1500), which is
characterized
by the strong influence of French following the
Norman Conquest in 1066, French was
used for all state affairs and
for most
social and culture matters, which influenced
English in
daily life.
The
English language from 1500 to the present is
called Modern
English. In the early
stage of this period the
Renaissance
（文艺复
兴）
brought great change to the vocabulary.
The
renewed
（复兴的）
study of Greek in the Renaissance not
only led to the borrowing of
Greek
words indirectly through the
medium
（媒介）
of Latin, but
also led to
the introduction of some Greek words directly into
English vocabulary. Greek borrowings
were mostly literary,
technical and
scientific words,(page 4~5)
3
.Enumerate the causes for
the rapid growth of
neologisms
（新词，
旧词新意，
新词的创造者
/
使用者）
after
W
orld W
ar
Ⅱ
.
Give
four
examples for each cause.
①
marked progress
of science and technology. Example: to
blast off
(
炸
掉，炸毁
) ,to countdown
,capsule,launching pad
②
socio-
economic
（社会经济）
, political
and cultural changes. Example:
roller-hockey ,surfriding
,sk
ydiving
（跳伞运动）
,disignated
hitter
③
the
influence from other cultures and languages
（
page6~7
）
Exam
ple:
cosmonaut
,<
/p>
discotheque
（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）
,
ombudsman
（调查
官员舞弊情况的政府官员）
,
apartheid
（种族隔离）
.
4
.What are the
fundamental features of the basic
word
stock
（词库）
of
the English vocabulary ?
(1).
National character
(
全民通用性
)
：
Words of
the
basic
word stock
belong to the
people as a whole, not to a limited group.
(2).
Stability
（稳定性）
:As
words
in
the
basic
word
stock
denote
the
commonest things
necessary to life, they are likely to remain
unchanged.
However, a certain number of
Old English words have dropped out of the
basic word stock, while new words have
joined the rank of basic words,
following social and technological
changes.
(3).
Word-forming a
bility
(
构词
)
：
Basic words are very active in
forming
new words.
(4).
Ability
to
form <
/p>
collocations
（搭配能力）
：
Basic
words
combine
readily with other
words to form habitual expressions and phrases.
Since the great majority of the basic
word stock are native words, they are
naturally
the
ones
used
most
frequently
in
everyday
speech
and
writing.(Page 10
paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 2)
5.
What are the
characteristics of the English vocabulary as a
result of its
historical development ?
The historical development of English
language shows that English
is a
heavy borrower; it has
adopted words from almost every known
language,
especially from
Latin, French and
Greek.
（
page
18.
）
6.
Why do we say that native
words are the core of the English
vocabulary?
First, because
the native words form the great majority of the
basic
word stock of the English
language. And the basic word stock is the
foundation of the vocabulary
accumulated over a number of epochs.
Second, they make up the most familiar,
most useful part of the
English
vocabulary. So we say that native words are the
core of the
English vocabulary for its
importance.
（
Page 10
paragraph 2, and
Page 19
paragraph 2
）
7
.What do we
mean by literary and common words ?
(1)
Common or popular words are words connected with
the
ordinary things or activities
necessary to everyday life. The great
majority of English words are common
words . The core of the
common words is
the basic word stock. They are
stylistically
(
在文
体上
) neutral ,
and hence they are appropriate in both formal and
informal writing and speech. (Page 11
paragraph 6)
(2) Literary words are
chiefly used in writing, especially in books
written in a more
elevated
（升高的，提高的，崇高的）
style, in
official
documents, or in formal speeches. They are
comparatively
seldom used in ordinary
conversation.(Page 12 paragraph 1)
Chapter 2
Q1:Explain the following terms and
provide example:
a.
Morphemic
形位
b.
Allomorph
形位变体
c.
free and bound
morphemic
d.
hybrid
混合词
Morphemic:
the
smallest
meaningful
linguistic
unit
of
language,
not
divisible
or
analyzable
into
smaller
forms.
Example:
nation
(page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)
Allomorph: any of the
variant forms of a morphemic as
conditioned by
position or adjoining
sounds. Example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph
3, line 4)
Free
morphemic: one that can be uttered
alone
with meaning. Example:
man
，
read
，
faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1
To2
)
Bound
morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete
utterance
表达
; it
must
appear
with
at
least
one
other
morphemic.
Example:
unkind
(page23 , paragraph2, line4)
Hybrid: a word made up of elements form
two or more different language.
Example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 ,
paragraph2, line 4)
Q2.
What are the differences between inflectional and
derivational affixes?
P26
页第
4
段开头
P29
页第
4
自然段末尾
Inflectional affixes
（屈折词缀
）
are related
to grammar only. Derivational
affixes
（派生词缀）
are subdivided into prefixes and
suffixes, which are
related to the
formation of new words. Roots,
prefixes
前缀
and
suffixes
后缀
. are the building
blocks with which words are formed.
The
number of derivational affixes, although limited,
is much larger than
that of
inflectional affixes.
Q3:In
what
two
ways
are
derivational
affixes
派生词缀
classified?
p26
Derivational affixes are
classified in prefixes
前缀
and
suffixes
后缀
.
Q4:How are words classified on the
morphemic
（语素的）
level? P29
paragraph 5
On
the
morphemic
level,
words can be
classified
into
simple,
complex
and compound
words
（复合词）
.
Chapter III
Ⅰ
Explain
1
、
(p32)Word-formation
rules:
The
rules
of
word-formation
define the
scope
and methods
whereby
speakers
of
a
language
may
create
new
words
2
、
Root,
stem
and
base.
Analyze
the
word
denationalized
into root,
base and stem.
Denationalized
①
Root
：
nation
②
< br>stem
：
denationalize
③
base
：
nationalized
Ⅱ
Compounding
1
、
What
are
the
relative
criteria
of
a
compound?
(p35-p36)
①
Orthographic criterion
②
Phonological
criterion
③
Semantic criterion
Ⅲ
Derivation
1
、
What is
derivation?
(p42-p43)Derivation
is
a
word-
formation
process
by
which
new
words
are
created
by
adding a prefix, or
suffix, or both to an already
existing
word.
2
、
What is the
difference between prefixation
and
suffixation?
Prefixation
is
the
addition
of
a
prefix
to
the
base. Prefixes modify
the meaning of the base,
but they
do not
generally
alter its
word-class.
Every prefix has a specific meaning of
its own;
prefixes
are
therefore
classified
according
to
their meanings.
Suffixation
refers to the addition of a suffix to
the
base.
Suffixes
frequently
alter
the
word-
class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are
classified
according
to
the
class
of
word
they
form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-
forming
suffixes, etc(p66)
3
、
How are the
major living prefixes classified?
Give
a few examples to illustrate each kind.
（
P44
）
The
major
living
prefixes
are
classified
into
the
following
eight
categories
by their meaning :
1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- ,
dis- , a- ).
eg
,
unhappy
,nonhero
,
injustice ,disadvantage ,
atypical
）
2)
reversative or privative prefixes
（
un - , de
-
,
dis
-
）
.
eg
,
unwrap
,
decentralize
,disunite
3) prejorative prefixes ( mis
- , mal - , pseudo
- ) .eg. mistrust ,
maltreat, pseudo-science
4) prefixes of
degree or size ( arch - , super - ,
out
- , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - ,
mini
-
)
eg,
archbishop
，
supercurrent
hyperactive,
outlive , ultra-conservative
5) prefixes of attitude ( co - ,
counter - , antic - ,
pro
-
)
eg,
cooperation,
anti-nuclear
,
pro-student , counterpart
6)
locative
prefixes
(
super-,
sub-
,inter-
,
trans-
) eg. Subarctic , superacid,
transcode
7)
prefixes
of
time
and
order
(
fore
-
,pre
-
,
post
-
,
ex
-
,
re
-
)
forehead
,
reconsider ,prereading ,
post-war
8) number prefixes ( uni - /
mono - , bi - / di - ,
multi
-
/
poly
-)
multi-purpose
,
monocle
,
bi-media
4
、
How
can
you
form
deverbal
nouns,
denominal
nouns,
deadjective
verbs,
and
denominal adjectives by
suffixation?
（
P50
）
answer
：
1
< br>）
deverbal
noun
suffixes:
verb-noun suffixes
, such as
–
er in writer ,
-ee
in employee, -ation in exploitation
and
–
ment
in
development .
2)
denominal
noun
suffixes
:
noun
–
noun
suffixes , such as
–
hood in boyhood , - ship in
scholarship
,
-
let
in
booklet
,
and
–
dom
in
stardom .
3) deadjective
verb
suffixes :
adjective
–
verb
suffixes
,
such
as
–
ify
in
simplify
,
-
ize
in
modernize
, and
–
en in quicken
4)
denominal
adjective
suffixes:
noun
–
adjective
suffixes,
such
as
–
full
in
helpful,
-less
in
limitless,
-y
in
silky
and
–
ish
in
foolish.
5
、
Give
the
meaning
of
the
following
words
and analyze the
structure of each word:
（
P51
）
answer:
1)
a
driver
means
a
person
who drives
2)
a
lighter
means
a
machine
used
for
lightering
3) a gardener means a person who garden
4)
a
New
Yorker
means
a
person
from
New
York
5) a villager means inhabitant of
village
6) a diner
is
‘
a dining
carriage on a train
‘
7)
a
lifer
is
‘
slang.
A
person
sentenced
to
imprisonment for life
8) a dresser means
Analyse : as for
1
、
2
、
3
,affixed to a verb ,the
suffix
forms
agent
nouns
with the
meaning of
?
one who performs an action
‘
as
for 4
、
5
，
this
affix
may
also
be
joined
to
the
means
of
cities , countries , and to other place
names . as
for
6
、
7
、
8
colloquial and slangy .
Ⅳ
Conversion
1
、
what is the
difference between
conversion
（此类转化法）
and
suffixation
（加后缀）
?
(P55
介绍
conversion
的第一段
)
：
Conversion is a word-formation process
whereby a word of a certain word-class
is
shifted into a word of another word-
class
without the addition of an affix.
It is also
called zero-derivation.
e.g. bottle (n. ) ---- bottle ( v. ),
buy (v. ) ----
buy ( n.), tutor ( n. )
---- tutor ( v. )
（例子也可
以举其他的如
attack
）
(P49
介
绍
Suffixation
的
第
一
段
)
：
Suffixation:
It's
the
formation
of
a
new
word
by adding a suffix or a combining form
to the
base,
and
usually
changing
the
word-class
of
the n. + -ish -- boyish adj.
boy n.
+hood --
boyhood n.
2
、
In a conversion
pair, how can you determine
which of
the two is the base and which the
derived
word(
派生词
)?
（
P56
中间三个例子）
?
The base is derivation by
zero suffix.
Spy
–
a deverbal noun without
suffix, meaning
one who spies.
?
The derived word is
derivation by suffix
Wirter---a
deverbal
noun
with
suffix
，
meaning one who writes
3
、
Illustrate the
axiom
（原理）
,
grammat
ical classification of any word is
pendent upon its use.
（
P57
最后一段）
Notice how the
word-class of
round varies in
accordance with its use in the
following sentence:
i.e. The second
round(n)
（回合）
was exciting.
Any
round(adj)
（圆的）
plate will do.
Some drivers round(v)
（
绕行）
coners too
rapidly.
The
sound goes round and
round(phrase).
(
旋转
)
The above examples tell us a very
important
fact: because word
order
（
词序）
is more fixed
in Modern
English than ever before, the
function
shifts within sentence structures are
possible without causing any confusion
in
intelligibility(
可懂度，
可理解性
).
『这一段可
不要』
4
、
Why
is
the
conversion
from
noun
to
verb
the most productive
process of conversion?
(58
—<
/p>
59
页
)
Fir
st
in
contemporary
English,
there
is
a
tendency
o
f
―
a
preponderance
of
nouns aver
verb
‖
.
Second
,
there
are
only
a
few
verb-forming affixes in
English. They are be-,
en-, -ify, -ize
and
–
en.
5
、
What
are
the
major
semantic
types
under
noun to verb
conversion?
（
a
）
“
to put in/on
N
”
<
/p>
（
b
）
“
to give N, to provide
N
”
<
/p>
（
c
）
“
to
deprive
of
N;
or
to
remove
the
object
denoted
by
the
noun
from
something
”
（
d
）
“
To….with
N
”
<
/p>
（
e
）
“
To
｛
be/ act
as
｝
N with respect
to…
”
(1)verbs from human nouns
(2)verbs from animal nouns
(3)verbs from
inanimate nouns
（
f
）
“
T
o
｛
make/change
｝
…into N
”
（
g
）
“
To
｛
send/go
｝
by
N
”
(1)mail
(2)bicycle
（
h
）
“
To spend the
period of time denoted
by
N
”
6
、
Why
is
the
poor
an
example
of
partial
conversion?
< br>（
62
页）
It is
used as noun when preceded by
the
definite article; yet the converted noun
takes
on
only
some
of
the
features
of
the
noun;
i.e.
It
does
not
take
plural
and
genitive
inflection,
nor
can
it
be
preceded
by
determiners like a, this, my, etc.
8
、
Pick
out
the
converted
words
in
the
sentences below and state(1)the word-
class
of the converted words and their
meanings;
(2)to
what
word-class
the
base
of
each
of
the converted words
belongs:
（
1
）
They are going to summer in Guilin.
the converted word:
< br>summer
（
v.
）
the
word-class of it:
conversion
meaning:
避暑；过夏天
the
base
of
the
word
of
the
word-class
belongs:
summer(n.)
(2)They
hurrahed
his
wonderful
performance.
the converted
word:
hurrah(v.)
the word-class
of it:
conversion
meaning:
欢呼，叫好，为<
/p>
----
喝彩
the
base
of
the
word
of
the
word-class belongs:
hurrah(n.)
(3)You
have
to
round
your
lips
in
order
to
make the sound/u:/.
the converted word:
round(v.)
the word-class of it:
conversion
meaning:
弄圆，使
---
成圆形
the
base
of
the
word
of
the
word-class belongs:
round(n.)
(4)
They are
great sillies.
the converted
word:
silly(n.)
the word-class of it:
conversion
meaning:
傻瓜
the
base
of
the
word
of
the
word-class
belongs:
silly(adj.)
(5)
She dusted the furniture every morning.
the converted word:
dust(v.)
the
word-class of it:
conversion
meaning:
拂去灰尘
the
base
of
the
word
of
the
word-class belongs:
dust(n.)
(6) It is a good
buy.
the converted
word:
buy(n.)
the word-class of
it:
conversion
meaning:
购买，买卖；所购的物品
the
base
of
the
word
of
the
word-class belongs:
buy(v.)
Chapter4
1.
Initialism:
Initialism is a type of shortening,
using the first letters of
words
to
form
a
proper
name,
a
technical
term,
or
a
phrase
；
an
initialism is pronounced letter by letter.
2.
Acronym:
Acronyms are words
formed from the initial letters of the
name of an organization or a scientific
term, etc.
3.
Blend:
Blending is a process
of word-formation in which a new
word
is
formed
by
combining
the
meanings
and
sounds
of two words, one of
which is not in its full form or both
of which are not in their full forms.
4.
Front and back clipping:
The
process
of
clipping
involves
the
deletion
of
one
or
more
syllables
from
a
word
(usually
a
noun),
which
is
also available in its full form.
Back clipping may occur at the end of
the word. This
is
the most
common type of clipping.
Front clipping
occurs at the beginning of the word.
5.
back-
formation:
Back-formation
is
a
term
used
to
refer
to
a
type
of
word-formation by which a shorter word
is coined by the
deletion of a
supposed affix from a longer form
already
present in the language.
6.
Reduplication:
Reduplication
is
a
minor
type
of
word-
formation
by
which a
compound word is created by the repetition(1)of
one
word
like
go-go;
(2)of
two
almost
identical
words
with
a
change
in
the
vowel‘s
such
as
ping
-pong;
(3)of
two
almost
identical
words
with
a
change
in
the
initial
consonants, as in teenyweeny.
Chapter V
are
the
sound
and
meaning
of
most
words
related?
Give examples to
illustrate your point. (P93)
Most
English
words
are
conventional
（常规的）
,
arbitrary
symbols;
consequently
, there is no intrinsic
（
内在的，
固有的）
relation between the sound-symbol and
its sense.
e.g.
house
( English)
maison
( French)
fangzi
( Chinese)
dom
(
Russian)
casa
( Spanish)
A
more
convincing
evidence
of
the
conventional
and
arbitrary
nature
of
the
connection
between
sound-
symbol
（声音符号）
and
meaning
can
also be
illustrated
by
a set of homo
phones(
同
音异义词
):
write,
right,
and
rite(
仪式，礼拜式）
.
They
are
pronounced the same but convey
different meanings.
do we mean by phonetic motivation?
（
P94
和
PPT<
/p>
）
W
ords
motivated phonetically are called echoic
words
（拟声词）
or
onomatopoeic
words,
whose
pronunciation
suggests
the
meaning.
They show
a close relation of name to sense
whereas
non-echoic words
don‘t show any such
relationship.
Onomatopoeic
words
（拟声词）
can
be
divided
into
primary
Onom
atopoeia
（直接拟声）
and
secondary
Onomatopoeia
（间接拟
声）
.Primary
Onomatopoeia
means
the
imitation
of
sound
by
sound.
Secondary
Onomatopoeia
means
that
certain
sounds
and
sound-sequences
are
associated
with
certain
senses
in an expressive
relationship.
a short poem
or passage that shows the literary effect of
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