-
词汇期末复习（
C1
-
C7
）
Chapter
1
一、
Word
词的定义
(1)
a minimal
free form
（最小的自由形式）
(2)
a sound unity
(3)
a
semantic unity
（
meaning
）
(4)
a form that can function alone in a
sentence.
（具有句法功能）
二、
Vocabulary
词汇的定义
All the words in a language make up
what is generally known as vocabulary.
一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、
Sound&Meaning
发音和意义
The connection between
the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary
(
任意的
) and conventional.
二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的
四、
Sound &
Form
发音和形式
(1)
The written
form of a natural language is the
orthographical
（正字的）
record of the oral
form.
自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)
The reasons
of differences occur between sound and form:
发音与形式不同的原因：
①
English
alphabet was adopted from the Romans
英语字母表来自罗马
②
the
pronunciation has changed more rapidly than
spelling over the years.
发音改变快
速
③
Differences
created by professional scribes.
专业抄写员的不同
④
More
differences brought by the continuing change of
sounds and the standardization
of
spelling.
发音不断变化，书写标准化。
⑤
borrowing :
words were borrowed from other languages such as
Latin, Greek, French,
etc.
外来词
五、
Classification of
Words
词的分类
①
Basic
Words
The basic vocabulary
has the following characteristics:
基本词汇特点：
?
1. All national
character
全民性
(indispensable to all the people who
speak the language).
?
2. Stability
稳定性
（
relatively stable or
unchanged
）
?
3. Productivity
多产性
（
form new words in
combination with other roots and affixes
)
?
4.
Polysemy
多义性
?
5.
Collocability
搭配性
②
Non
-
basic
Words
Non
-
basic
vocabulary:
terminology, jargon, slang,
argot, dialectal words, archaisms,
neologisms.
非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚
语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。
①
Content
Words/Full words/National
words
：
They
denote clear notions.
能够表达清楚的含义
②
Functional
words/Empty words/Form
words
：
They show
the relation between notions.
显示了与概念之间的关系
①
Native
Words
：
Anglo
-
Saxon words
brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles,
Saxons and the Jutes.
②
Borrowed
Words
：
loan words
or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the
major languages in the world. It
includes Denizens
同化词
Aliens
非同化词
Translation
loans
译借词
Semantic loans
借义词
Chapter 2
一、
The
Indo
-
European Language
Family
印欧语系
(1)
The
Indo
-
European language
family is made up of most languages of Europe, the
Near East,
and India.
印欧语系是由欧
洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。
(2)
The
classification of
Indo
-
European language
family :
①
The Eastern Set
②
The Western Set
（
Germanic
）
二、
Three phases of the
Vocabulary
Development
词汇发展三阶段
(1)
Old
English(450
-
1150)
特点：
?
It has a small vocabulary of about
50,000 to 60,000 words.
词汇量小
?
It has small
number of borrowings came from Latin and
Scandinavian.
拉丁
/
斯堪的纳维亚外来词少
?
It is a highly
inflected language. (it has the words full of
endings.)
完整词尾
(2)
Middle Englis
h(1150
-
1500)
特点：
?
It has a comparatively large
vocabulary;
词汇量相对较大
?
It has absorbed
a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from
French and
Latin;
吸收
大量发育和拉丁词汇
?
Word endings
become leveled.
词尾扁平
(3)
Modern
English(1500 up to the present)
特点：
?
it has a huge and heterogeneous
vocabulary;
巨大且多样的词汇
?
It has
tremendous borrowings;
许多外来词
?
It has words
with lost endings.
词尾消失
三、
General
Characteristic
一般特征
(1)
Receptivity,
adaptability and
heterogeneity
接受性、适应性、异质性
(2)
Simplicity of
inflection
简洁性、屈折性
(3)
Relatively
fixed word
-
order
相
对固定的语序
四、
Foreign
Elements in the English
Vocabulary
英语词汇中的外来成分
(1)
主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语
(2)
次要外来成分：意大利语、日
耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语
五、
Growth of Contemporary
English Vocabulary
当代英语词汇的发展
Modes of Vocabulary
Development
发展方式：
?
Creation
创词
Semantic
change
旧词新义
Borrowing
借词
Chapter 3
一、
Morphemes
词素
(1)
词素的定义：
It is the
smallest functioning unit in the composition of
words.
语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。
(2)
词素的特点：
①
All
the
morphemes
have
their
own
meanings,
but
they
cannot
be
further
divided,
otherwise they will not make any sense.
所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否
则将会没有
任何意义。
②
Morphemes may have some variants.
词素可能会有一些变。
e.g.
-
ation. May also be
-
tion,
-
sion,
-
ion, but they belong
to the same suffix because they have the same
meaning and
grammatical
function.
二、
Morphs and
Allomorphs
形素和词素变体
(1)
形素的定义：
The
phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which
realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’.
体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。
(2)
形素与词素的关系：
Morphemes are abstract units, which are
realized in speech by discrete units known as
morphs.
词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。
(3)
词素变体：
An
allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs,
which represent one morpheme.
词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。
总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。
morpheme
又可称为形位、语素等。词素是抽象的，它是
通过形素
morph
表现出来的。词素还有变体形
式，在语
言学中称为词素变体
allomorph
。
三、
Classifying
Morphemes
词素分类
(1)
in terms of
their capacity of occurring alone
根据能否独立出现分类
Free vs. bound morphemes
自由词素
/
粘着词素
?
Free morpheme
s(
自由词素
)
：
Morphemes
which
are
independent
of
other
morphemes
are
free.
Free
morphemes
have
complete meanings in themselves and can
be used as free grammatical units in
sentences.
自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完
整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。
举例：
man, wind, open,
tour
?
自由词素都是词根
,
也叫自由词根
,
能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。
?
Bound morphemes
(
粘着词素
)
：
Morphemes
which
cannot
occur
as
separate
words
are
bound.
They
are
bound
to
other
morphemes to form
words or to perform a particular grammatical
function.
粘着词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其
他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。
?
粘着词素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。
举例：
bound root:
-
dict
-
,
-
ced
-
affix:
-
ion,
-
ist,
-
ic
(2)
on the basis
of the capacity of forming new
words
根据能否构成新词分类
Derivational vs.
inflectional morphemes
派生词素
/<
/p>
屈折词素
?
Derivational
morphemes(
派生词素
)
Derivational
morphemes
are
used
to
derive
new
words
when
they
are
added
to
another
morpheme. In English derivatives and
compounds are all formed by such
morphemes.
派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词
。英语中派生词都是由这样的词素构成的。
派生词素的特点：
?
改变词干的意义和词性
?
表明单词内的语义
?
出现在一些词类里的部分语素中
?
在任何屈折词缀添加之前出现
?
Inflectional
morphemes(
屈折词素
)
Inflectional
morphemes
indicate
the
syntactic
relationships
between
words
and
function
as
grammatical markers. Inflectional
morphemes are confined to suffixes.
屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，
< br>屈折语素只限于词缀。
屈折词素的特点：
?
不改变词干的意义和词性
?
表明句子中不同单词的句法和语义关系
?
出现于一些大的词类里所有语素中
?
出现于单词的边缘
(3)
on a semantic
and syntactic basis
根据语义和语法分类
Content/lexical
vs. grammatical morphemes
实义词素
/
语法词素
Lexical
词汇
/
content
实义
morphemes
are morphemes
which have a lexical content and
are
used for the construction of new words as in
compound words and derivational morphemes
such as –ship,
-
ize.
实义词素是拥有词汇意义并且用来构造新词，就像复合词和派生词。
?
Grammatical
morphemes
function primarily as
grammatical markers. They encompass both
inflectional
affixes(
-
s) and free
morphemes ( in, and, do, have…functional
words)
语法词素主要作为语法标记，包含屈折词缀和自由词素。
四、
Identifying
Morphemes
词素的识别
How to identify morphemes?
They should be identifiable by their
forms, meaning and distribution.
他们应该通过形式、意义、分布来识别。
五、
Morphemization
and New Morphemes
词素化和新词素
(1)
Morphemization is the process of
creating a morpheme using a word, or part of a
word.
词素化是通过一个词或者词的一部分来创造一个词素的过程。
(2)
two ways of
creating new morphemes:
①
clipping
?
front clipping
e.g.
e
-
,
info
-
, and docu
-
?
back cliping
e.g.
-
net(from internet),
-
gate(from
watergate)
②
using an old form as a
morpheme
e.g.
-
speak (Clinton
speak)
六、
Morpheme and Word
-
formation
词素和构词
In
word
-
formation, morphemes
are labeled root, stem, base and affix.
在构词法中
,
语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。
①
Affixes
are forms that are
attached to words or word elements to modify
meaning or
function. All affixes are
bound morphemes.
词缀都
是粘着词素，依附于单词或其他构词材料构成新词或表示词的语法意义。
?
Two types of
affixes:
Inflectional affixes and Derivational
affixes
屈折词缀和派生词缀
②
A
root
is that part of a word form that
remains when
all inflectional and
derivational
affixes
have
been removed.
词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
③
A
stem
is that part of the
word
-
form which remains when
all inflectional affixes have
been removed
.
词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
④
A
base
refers to a form to
which
affixes of any kind (both
derivational and inflectional)
can be
added
. It can be a
root
or a
stem
.
词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。
它与词
根有区别，
因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，
在上面可
以加上派生词缀。
但是
词根则不容许做进一步的分析
。
词基与词干也是不同的，
因为派生词缀和屈折词
缀都可
以加在词基上，而
只有屈折词缀可以加在词干
上。
举例：
individualistic
individualist
[stem, base]
individual
[stem, base]
dividual [base]
divide [root, stem, base]
Chapter
4
一共
9
中
构词方法：
?
Affixation (derivation)
词缀法
?
Compounding
复合法
最重要的三种（往年考过）
?
Conversion/
Shifting
转类法
?
Blending
拼缀法
?
Clipping/
Shortening
截短法
?
Acronymy
首字母拼音法
?
Back
-
formation
逆生法
?
Sound
Reduplication
语音重叠法
?
Commonization
of Proper Names
专有名词的普通名词化法
一、
Affixation/Derivation
词缀法
/
派生法→构成：派生词
Derivativ
e
(1)
定义：
Affixation refers to the formation of
words by adding word forming or derivational
affixes
to bases.
词缀法指的是给词基添加
派生词缀或者可用于构词的词缀来构成新词。
Derivation: a process by which new
words are derived from old or base
forms.
派生是指一个新词通过旧的或者基本形式派生出新的词。
(2)
分类：
1)
Prefixation
前缀法
Prefixation is defined as
the formation of new words by adding prefixes to
bases.
通过给词基添加前缀构成新词。
前缀类型：
①
Negative
Prefixes
表否定的前缀
②
Reversative or
Privative Prefixes
表逆向意义的前缀
③
Pejorative
Prefixes
表贬义的前缀
④
Prefixes of
Degree or Size
表程度大小的前缀
⑤
Prefixed of
Orientation and Attitude
表倾向和态度等意义的前缀
⑥
Locative
Prefixes
表方位意义的前缀
⑦
Prefixes of
Time and Order
表时间和顺序等意义的前缀
⑧
Number
Prefixes
表数字的前缀
⑨
Conversion
Prefixes
用于转换词性的前缀
⑩
Miscellaneous
Prefixes
其他种类意义的词缀
11
New Prefixes
新的前缀
2)
Suffixation
后缀法
Suffixation is
the process
of new words by adding
word
-
forming or derivational
suffixes to bases
.
通过给词基添加可构词的词缀或者派生后缀来构成新词。
后缀类型：
①
noun suffixes
名词后缀
②
adjective suffixes
形容词后缀
③
adverb suffixes
副词后缀（如：
-
ward/
-
wards
）
④
new suffixes
新后缀（如：
-
nik...
的成员、
-
holic
上瘾
、
-
burger
汉堡的）
?
Prefixes:
前缀特点：
Preposed
放在词前
Grammatically unimportant (mostly not
changing word class/ part of speech)
语法上不特别重要，大多不改变词类词性。
Modifying lexical meaning
修饰词汇意思
?
Suffixes:
后缀特点：
Postposed
放在词后
Grammatically significant
语法意义重要
Of less
significance in lexical meaning
词汇意义上相对不那么重要
二、
Compounding
复合法→构成：复合词
(1)
定义：
Compounding
is the formation of new words by joining two or
more bases.
复合法是通过添加两个或以上的词基来构成新词。
A
compound
is
“a
lexical
unit
consisting
of
more
than
one
base
and
functioning
both
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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